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A proportional valve is one of the important parts used by the hydraulic control system to make precise operations. Flow control and direction are functions of proportional directional control valves. Despite this being important there are some problems, such as in flow control. This operation may cause the deficient performance of the actuator and the system. This paper presents the improvement of the performance hydraulic proportional directional control valve. The work suggests that the proportional valve would only be able to control flow in one direction, either metering in or out. Accordingly, the proposed work arrangement suggests many types of setups, by adding two-way directional control valves. Firstly, to know how the performance is deficient, some case is studied analytically. To demonstrate that, the prepared proposal has been made. The setup of the proposed arrangement is achieved. The arrangement is subject to simulation and tested practically to study the performance. The work included the electronic setup. As a result, the work leads to the improvement of the operation of proportional valves to control flow in one direction. The result of this investigation is to think about a new sort of valve that might be created to function better. As well as can also be made more flexible operations, depending on the type of load effect and flow control needed. In conclusion, the valve operation can be used as meter-in or meter-out flow controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenoid operated valves (SOVs) are critical components in many industrial applications. There has been a continuing interest in the industry to have robust condition monitoring, prognostics and health management tools to support the condition based maintenance and predictive maintenance program for such valves. For critical assets like SOVs, it is of paramount interest to understand why a component might be declared as defective. In such a situation, a first principle-model based approach will always be preferred to a purely data-driven approach, because of its inherent interpretability. Furthermore, first principle-models typically have less free parameters than their data driven counterparts and will require less data to identify their parameters. In this paper, we present the improvement of a first-principle model of alternating current (AC) powered SOVs taking into account two important degradation effects. Using this model, we show that the state of degradation can be estimated from current and input voltage measurement signals on the solenoids. Our method is validated using data from an accelerated life test campaign on 48 identical AC-powered SOVs. [Display omitted] • An electro-mechanical model of AC-powered SOVs is improved. • Methodology to extract three CIs using the improved model and test data is proposed. • Accelerated life test data of 48 valves demonstrate the effectiveness of the CIs. • One CI shows a monotonically increasing trend which is good for prognostics. • Other two CIs are good for shading ring degradation diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central magnetic flux density is usually simulated via finite element methods that require a significant amount of inputs and computation resources. We develop the Gaussian process regression (GPR) model to shed light on the statistical relationship between structural descriptors of the iron yoke and the central magnetic flux density for superconducting solenoids. The model is highly stable and accurate, contributing to fast and robust estimations of the central magnetic flux density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Dante in literature and in other cultural fields still holds a privileged position nowadays, when rereadings and reuses acquire surprising, innovative and stimulating forms. Within this context, we propose a Dantean reading of Mircea Cãrtãrescu's super-novel, Solenoid, which is a representative and appropriate example to showcase a dense inter-textual dialogue between the two authors irrespective of the 700 years separating them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenoid valves represent indispensable elements in various engineering systems. Their failure can lead to unexpected problems. This failure may be caused by fluctuations in the coil resistance of the electromagnetic solenoid (EMS) which actuates these solenoid valves. Hence the need to monitor this parameter for a preventive maintenance of these actuators. The proposed method consists to use supervised machine learning to monitor coil resistance of the EMS valve. The EMS valve is coupled to an optical fiber squeezer which, acts as a force sensor. The solenoid armature applies a mechanical force to the optical fiber and changes the polarization state of the light that travels through the optical fiber and then this force infects the power of the light. A Simulink model is used to determine the open loop system step response. The identification of the system allows obtaining its transfer function, which depends on the parameters of the EMS and in particular on its coil resistance. By varying the coil resistance while fixing the other physical parameters of the EMS, we generate a database whose elements are the coefficients of the transfer function of the solenoid open loop and the electrical resistance of its coil. The generated database is used for training several supervised machine learning models whose predictors are the elements of the transfer function; the response is the coil resistance. The Gaussian process for regression allows to predict the variations of the coil resistance with the smallest relative error although it takes a relatively long time for the training compared to the other models used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pilot operated proportional directional valves (POPDVs) with a flow rate ranging from 100 to 1000 L/min are widely used in electro-hydraulic systems (EHSs). The deadzone of the pilot stage valve and its control compensation could significantly affect the position control performance for the main stage valve that could directly affect dynamics of EHSs In this paper, it is concluded that micro flow rates exist at the intermediate position of the valve based on the analysis of the continuity equation of the flow in the control chamber of the pilot stage. The micro flow rate is helpful to eliminate the discontinuity and unsmooth domain in the previous inverse deadzone compensation function. An improved deadzone detection method is proposed to calibrate the pilot valve flow characteristics which include the micro flow rate. This new method avoids the threshold selection of the main valve spool displacement which affects the detected deadzone values. Its detection processes are realized based on the pilot flow rate characterized by the speed of the main valve spool and the pilot valve displacement characterized by the solenoid current. The deadzone compensation control strategy based on the improved deadzone detection method is also designed. The experimental results using the steady-state position tracking and sinusoidal position tracking methods are verified. It is concluded that the tracking accuracy of the main valve spool position is effectively improved with this control strategy. • An improved deadzone detection method is proposed. • The micro flow rate in the pilot stage is detected. • The deadzone compensation control strategy with calibrated flow rate characteristic of the pilot valve is proposed. • The accuracy of the position control of the main valve is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel semi-active joint for connecting mechanical (i.e., sliding/rolling) bearings or guideways to an ultra-precision motion stage is presented. The semi-active joint enables the benefits of bearing/guideway friction on in-position stability while avoiding its adverse effects on rapid ultra-precision positioning. The joint is equipped with solenoids that switch its stiffness from low, during settling, to high once the stage gets into position. A two-step scheme is implemented to mitigate adverse effects of switching on positioning performance. Experiments demonstrate up to 81% and 60% improvements in settling time and in-position stability, respectively, compared to cases with solely low- or high-stiffness joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the transient response performance in liquid filling rate control of hydrodynamic retarders, a dynamic model of proportional solenoid valve was established and verified with experiment data. Optimal Euler hypercube DOE method was used to analyze the sensitivity of typical parameters to determine the influence of the valve's parameters on output pressure characteristics. The results show that the diameter of the spool is most influential to the pressure overshoot of the proportional solenoid valve, and the cross term of equivalent mass and preload come next. The analysis results provide a certain guiding for the proportional solenoid valve's output characteristic experiment verification and the precision control of the parts in the machining process. Multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters and obtain corresponding Pareto optimal solution. Compared with initial design point, optimized design point can make the pressure overshoot decreased sharply with a maximum drop of 72% when the response time of proportional solenoid valve remains constant. It can effectively improve the transient pressure control characteristics of the proportional solenoid valve for hydrodynamic retarder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development designed, fabricated, and installed four pipe rigs in Flint, Mich., to help the city optimize corrosion control. The lead service line (LSL) pipe loops were constructed of polyvinyl chloride pipe and fittings and welded steel channel frames. Each pipe rig consisted of four approximately 4 ft‐long sections of 0.75 in. inside diameter lead pipe that were excavated from homes fed by the Flint distribution system. The rigs were operated on a set daily on/off schedule such that a specified amount of water passed through each pipe using a solenoid valve‐operated timer system. Solenoid problems resulted in sporadic and enhanced daily flow volume (but no flow rate changes) that prevented restabilization of pipe scales. Lead levels were relatively sporadic and statistically different during this period. After the solenoids were replaced, the lead pipe rigs were successfully conditioned, and lead release with consistent influent water chemistry became relatively stable. Average lead levels across all 16 loops ranged between approximately 2 and 5 μg/L after the solenoid replacement. The lead results were consistent with levels measured from LSLs from homes in the city during sequential sampling efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large eddy simulations are carried out to predict the flow noise produced in the solenoid valve of an antilock braking system (ABS) using Lighthill's acoustic analogy and the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) surface integral method. The fluid inside the valve is assumed to be incompressible at a fixed temperature. The solenoid valve operation is realized by applying an overset grid methodology to the moving plunger, and the plunger has a linear motion in the axial direction. Several types of solenoid valves are numerically designed to maximally reduce the flow noise. The upstream flow is detached through a small opening between the plunger and the seat, which generates pressure fluctuation around the narrow gap, which is subject to high wall pressure fluctuations and shear stresses. Large eddy simulations are performed by varying the position of the flow separation. An optimal design of the valve is obtained, featuring a small radius of surface curvature, a smooth surface, and a large plunger tip area angle. Measurements are obtained from the optimal design to validate the design in a real vehicle performance test, and the predicted pressure frequency in the solenoid valve agreed well with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses different models to describe the dynamic behavior of the magnetization proportional solenoids belonging to the hydraulic actuators. Modern hydraulic actuators provide fast and accurate motion control technology in various fields. To realize all the advantages of hydraulic drives need to control hydraulic parameters: pressure, flow and direction of working fluid flow using electronic means. The best link between the hydraulic actuators and control electronics are proportional solenoids. For the diagnosis of proportional solenoids it is required to determine the form of the dynamic characteristics of the magnetization method of natural-model experiment. This method requires a model to accurately describe the shape of the dynamic characteristics of the magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hydraulic circuit is introduced, packaged as a singular component and referred to as a multifunctional flow control (MFC) valve, for usage in conjunction with self-circulating hydraulic cylinders. Unlike conventional check valves, whose directional flow restrictions are permanent, the restriction on the flow direction in the MFC valve can be changed. In addition to being able to act as a check valve in either direction, this valve can allow free flow or no flow of the fluid when required, that is, a total of four positions. The proposed circuit for the MFC valve can effectively be represented as a two-way four-position valve. Furthermore, the design for the valve is validated through experimentation. Additionally, an aerospace application for this valve is presented and discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the chemical treatment of industrial circulating cooling water in the field of industrial water treatment, electromagnetic pulse sterilization technology, an advanced technology, is widely used because of its special characteristics--low energy consumption, nonpoisonous and environmentally friendly. In order to get a better cooling water sterilization effect under the premise of not polluting the environment, some experiments about sterilization of heterotrophic bacteria in industrial circulating cooling water by low frequency square wave pulsed magnetic field were carried out. The comparison experiment on the sterilization effect of low frequency square wave pulsed magnetic field on heterotrophic bacteria in industrial circulating cooling water was carried out by change relative flow direction of solenoid magnetic field and water. The bacterial inhibiting effect was 7.22%∼20.35% higher when the direction of flow of water was in parallel with the magnetic field than in anti-parallel. This study analyzed this phenomenon from the perspective of the diamagnetism of the bacteria cells and the electric dipole moment of proteins. Since the bacterium cell membrane contains diamagnetic substances, when a bacterium cell moves in parallel with the magnetic field, it would be slowed down and stay longer in the field than moving in anti-parallel, so the bacterial inhibiting effect would be stronger. Results of this study have important guiding significance for future application of magnetic field sterilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capillary flow of a ferrofluid in a single cylindrical capillaiy tube and through a sandy porous medium under the action of a nonuniform magnetic field is studied experimentally. The dynamics of the capillary rise and the static case have been considered. It has been shown that the nonuniform magnetic field with upward directed gradient accelerates the capillary rise; contrary, the nonuniform magnetic field with downward directed gradient decelerates the capillary rise. Time dependences of the ferro fluid height and maximum reachable height of ferrofluid have been analyzed. The method of the study of ferrofluid capillaiy rise based on the use of magnetic measurements has been proposed. It has been demonstrated that porous material parameters can be extracted from the results of measurements of the inductances of the solenoid with porous medium inside and the small sensing coil within a single experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology is the property of Beijing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Special solutions of the equation for a solenoidal vector field subject to prescribed flux boundary conditions are described. A unique gradient solution is found and proved to be the least energy solution of the problem. This solution has a representation in terms of certain Σ - Steklov-eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Error estimates for finite approximations of these solutions are obtained. Some results of computational simulations for two-dimensional and axisymmetrical problems are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an electronic nose (e-nose) technology for the odor measurement in open and closed systems, i.e. ambient air and the bottle headspace, respectively. Solenoid valves and an air pump control the air flow in the e-nose. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS-type) gas sensors are used for the detection of odor. A humidity-temperature sensor is also equipped for monitoring the humidity and temperature of the air being measured. The e-nose also implements a wireless system for the real-time data transmission to a remote computer. The wireless system will realize the e-nose applications in the field work. In this paper, we demonstrate that the developed e-nose can measure an odor both in open and closed systems and precisely transmit the odor data via the wireless system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a robust optimal fuzzy controller based on the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is proposed to control a laboratory parallel robot using inexpensive on/off solenoid valves. The controller coefficients are determined using Modified Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm. The objective function of this method is considered such that the results show the position tracking by the robot with less force and more efficiency. Regarding the results of experimental tests, the control strategy with on/off valves indicates good performance such that the maximum value of RMS of error for a circular path with increasing force on the system is 3.1mm. Furthermore, the results show the superiority of the optimal fuzzy controller compared with optimal PID controller in tracking paths with different conditions and uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern electromagnetic actuators, in particular proportional solenoids, are complex mechatronic systems, including both an actuator and its control system. Electromagnetic actuators are often used in control systems of increased liability and therefore continuously evolving. The development of new types of electromagnetic actuators is based on experimental configuring of parameters of regulators and comprehensive product testing. The complexity and the continuous improvement of the currently used magnetic systems require new approaches to the management of high-precision position of the movable elements. This article discusses an integrated approach to research, monitoring, diagnostics and control of DC proportional solenoids. This approach is based on sensorless measuring of the complex flux-ampere characteristics of the electromagnetic system employed detecting malfunctions, and for determining the position of the movable drive member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal deposition during overcharge in practical lithium ion cells composed of a lithium metal oxide (LiCoO2) positive electrode coated on A1 foil, carbon (synthesized graphite and hard carbon) negative electrodes coated on Cu foil, polypropylene separator, and liquid electrolyte was observed using in situ solid state 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with an original probe featuring a flattened solenoid coil. Li insertion and extraction in carbon electrodes were monitored during charge and discharge and the intensities of certain peaks were found to be proportional to the cell capacity change. The deposition of metallic Li commenced after the cell voltage exceeded the nominal value and almost saturated after 160% of charge at a low current rate. The measurements showed that the deposition of metallic Li was much easier on graphite compared to hard carbon. The metallic Li deposited on hard carbon was almost completely discharged, whereas that on graphite remained after discharging to 2.5 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to find the force that act on the solenoid actuator core and the its inductance in terms of the core position and in terms of current values that follow the actuator coil. To fulfill this objectives require a parametric analysis of the solenoid actuator in terms of core position and current value involving a preliminary classical numerical modeling. This study starts by solenoid actuator analysis using a two-dimensional numerical modeling program, after that the analysis are extended to tridimensional. The conclusions end this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency cutoff valve is widely used in gas pipelines to ensure operation safety. A proper type of solenoid valve was studied and selected for this application. A new state indicator was designed attached to it to give an off-state signal. The indicator was relative independence to the main body with a simpler structure. It was easy to remote control, easy to maintain and it worked properly. The response time was tested and it was shorter than 2 s. It was far less than the other types of motor-driven valve. The explosion-proof feature was also considered, the explosion- certified parts were used to ensure its safety as an easier and better way. The valve was reliable and cheaper for large-scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency cutoff valve is widely used in gas pipelines to ensure operation safety. A proper type of solenoid valve was studied and selected for this application. A new state indicator was designed attached to it to give an off-state signal. The indicator was relative independence to the main body with a simpler structure. It was easy to remote control, easy to maintain and it worked properly. The response time was tested and it was shorter than 2 s. It was far less than the other types of motor-driven valve. The explosion-proof feature was also considered, the explosion- certified parts were used to ensure its safety as an easier and better way. The valve was reliable and cheaper for large-scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wells require precise separation between the production well and the injection well to ensure the efficient oil drainage of the reservoir. The precise measurement of the distance and direction between the being drilled injection horizontal well and the cased production horizontal well is needed during the SAGD drilling process. This high accuracy downhole surveying is achieved through the use of active magnetic ranging method. Based on this method, a new electromagnetic beacon tool has been invented with the purpose of simplifying the process of the drilling operation and reducing the cost in SAGD projects. A solenoid has been integrated into the beacon as the electromagnetic field source and an "H bridge" circuit has also been designed for alternating the direction of the current in the solenoid. Besides, a telecommunication circuit was designed and configured in the beacon to receive wireless signal. Deployed as the electromagnetic field source in the cased production well, the beacon can induced electromagnetic field for guiding the directional drilling trajectory along a path parallel to the existing production SAGD horizontal well. The electromagnetic beacon tool has a successful experiment in the "shallow well". It can guide the directional drilling process in SAGD horizontal wells and make it possible to drill the injection SAGD horizontal well without any access to the production well. The beacon can simplify the drilling process and decrease the drilling time of SAGD wells. The position certainty and stability of the electromagnetic field are improved. The levels of intelligence and automation of measuring and guiding process are enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During high power pulsed magnetic field treatment of biological samples the cells are subjected to both the high magnetic and induced electric fields. The extent of the influence of each treatment component is poorly studied. The work presents the finite element method analysis of pulsed inductive coils that are used for generation of pulsed magnetic and induced electric fields. The simulated coils, electrical parameters and the output characteristics are evaluated in respect to the induced cell transmembrane potential. The model of the Jurkat T lymphocyte cells is introduced in the analysis. The study includes finite element method analysis of four solenoid coils with different structure and inductance in the range of 2.8 µH to 62 µH. Pulsed magnetic field amplitudes up to 5 T are investigated in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automatika: Journal for Control, Measurement, Electronics, Computing & Communications is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solenoid current regulation is well-known and standard in any proportional electro-hydraulic valve. The goal is to provide a wide-band transfer function from the reference to the measured current, thus making the solenoid a fast and ideal force actuator within the limits of the power supplier. The power supplier is usually a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) amplifier fixing the voltage bound and the Nyquist frequency of the regulator. Typical analog regulators include three main terms: a feedforward channel, a proportional feedback channel and the electromotive force compensation. The latter compensation may be accomplished by integrative feedback. Here the problem is faced through a model-based design (Embedded Model Control), on the basis of a wide-band embedded model of the solenoid which includes the effect of eddy currents. To this end model parameters must be identified. The embedded model includes a stochastic disturbance dynamics capable of estimating and correcting the electromotive contribution together with parametric uncertainty, variability and state dependence. The embedded model which is fed by the measured current and the supplied voltage becomes a state predictor of the controllable and disturbance dynamics. The control law combines reference generator, state feedback and disturbance rejection to dispatch the PWM amplifier with the appropriate duty cycle. Modeling, identification and control design are outlined together with experimental result. Comparison with an existing analog regulator is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, we develop shape expansions of minimal matchbox manifolds without holonomy, in terms of branched manifolds formed from their leaves. Our approach is based on the method of coding the holonomy groups for the foliated spaces, to define leafwise regions which are transversely stable and are adapted to the foliation dynamics. Approximations are obtained by collapsing appropriately chosen neighborhoods onto these regions along a “transverse Cantor foliation”. The existence of the “transverse Cantor foliation” allows us to generalize standard techniques known for Euclidean and fibered cases to arbitrary matchbox manifolds with Riemannian leaf geometry and without holonomy. The transverse Cantor foliations used here are constructed by purely intrinsic and topological means, as we do not assume that our matchbox manifolds are embedded into a smooth foliated manifold, or a smooth manifold. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

One of the key issues of crop protection products, primarily for the protection of fruit trees, is the control quantitative consumption of the plant protection product (PPP) at the application. We have therefore in the research group decided for the synthesis of the fuzzy logic system, by which we may in the future enable realization of control consumption amounts a PPP in real time. Synthesis of the whole process of control was realized with a laptop HP Compaq 6830s NA779ES, simulation software package MATLAB / Simulink R2013a and fuzzy logical tool FIS (Fuzzy Inference System). Ultrasonic measuring system was used for the acquisition reflected signals from canopy of the tree. With the help of the synthesis control consumption amounts process of PPP was found, that we can reduce the quantitative use of PPP, through the solenoid proportional control valve in the range of 0 to 100 %, depending on the intensity of the reflected signal from canopy of the tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koopman operators of ergodic dynamical systems with discrete spectrum are G-operators in the sense of T.T. West (see [3]). We construct such measure preserving dynamical systems on the unit square that are isomorphic to ergodic rotations on a-adic solenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We numerically evaluate the possibility of using borehole electromagnetic measurements to diagnose and quantify hydraulic fractures that have been artificially generated in a horizontal well. Hydrofractures are modeled as thin disks perpendicular to the well and filled with either sand-based or electrically conductive proppant. The study focuses on the effect of thickness and length (radius) of hydrofractures to assess their effects on specific configurations of borehole-resistivity instruments. Numerical results indicate that several measurements (e.g., those obtained with low-and high-frequency solenoids) could be used to assess the thickness of a fracture. However, only low-frequency measurements performed with electrodes and large-spacing between transmitter and receivers (18 m) exhibit the necessary sensitivity to reliably and accurately estimate the length of long hydrofractures (up to 150 m) in open-hole wells. In the case of steel-cased wells, the casing acts as a long electrode, whereby conventional low-frequency short-spaced, through-casing measurements are suitable for the accurate diagnosis of long hydrofractures (up to 150 m in length). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report substantial improvements in a compact wide angle neutron spin filter system that was recently employed on the Multi- Axis Crystal Spectrometer at the Center for Neutron Research at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The apparatus consists of a cylindrical 3He polarizer cell and wide-angle 3He analyzer cells, a vertical solenoid to provide a uniform magnetic field, and a shielded radio-frequency solenoid for the polarizer cell. Nuclear magnetic resonance is employed to reverse the polarization in the polarizer cell and monitor the 3He polarization in all cells. The first experiment using this apparatus was carried out with cylindrical analyzer cells with limited angular coverage due to low polarizations in fused quartz cells. We present results for aluminosilicate glass analyzer cells that cover 110 ∘ and have long relaxation times (100h to 400h). Using two 100W diode bars spectrally narrowed with chirped volume Bragg gratings, we have obtained 65% - 80% 3He polarization in these cells. The 3He polarization has been measured by neutron transmission and electron paramagnetic resonance. Additional progress includes an improved holding field solenoid and decreased spin-flip losses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A multiphysics analysis of a linear control solenoid valve coupled with a single degree of freedom (DOF) system is performed to analyze the spool behaviors of the valve. Axially symmetrical simulations are carried out to investigate simultaneously the phenomena of the electromagnetic field and the flow field. The valve spool stroke is determined by the balance between the forces, i.e., the electromagnetic force, hydraulic force, spring force, and damping force. In turn, the spool stroke influences these forces. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method is employed to describe the dynamic behavior of the system. The simulation results are compared with experimental data to ascertain their accuracy and reliability. In static electromagnetic simulations, a constant electromagnetic force can arise in the lineal control solenoid valve because of the leakage of the magnetic flux at the core pole. In the multiphysics simulations, the controllable range of the valve is found to be i = 0.2 - 1.1 A, which is twice the size of that of the electromagnetic simulations. The hydraulic force due to the feedback pressure pushes the spool forward and enables a wider controllable range. Although the supplied pressure improves the system linearity, a critical supplied pressure is required to ensure the linearity of the linear control solenoid valve. The effects of varying the rising time and the maximum external current on the behavior of the valve and its pressure sensitivities are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider is foreseen to proceed in two phases. An increased luminosity of 2×1034cms-1s-1, is planned for the first phase of the upgrade, called HL-LHC Phase 1. Tracking and identificationofjets originating frombquarks (b-tagging) will continuetobeakeyelementof manyphysics analyses at the upgraded HL-LHC where much higher pileup can significantly reduce the performance. An upgrade of the CMSpixel detector proposedforthe Phase1HL-LHC should enableCMSto maintainthe currentlevelof b-tagging performance even in the presence of very high pileup. We present simulation studies of the proposed baseline Phase 1upgrade pixel detector for tracking and b-tagging performance compared to that for the current CMS detector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An enhancement to the T-980 bent crystal collimation experiment at the Tevatron has been completed. The enhancement was the installation of a pixel telescope inside the vacuum-sealed beam pipe of the Tevatron. The telescope is comprised of six CMS PSI46 pixel plaquettes, arranged as three stations of horizontal and vertical planes, with the CAPTAN system for data acquisition and control. The purpose of the pixel telescope is to measure beam profiles produced by bent crystals under various conditions. The telescope electronics inside the beam pipe initially were not adequately shielded from the image current of the passing beams. A new shielding approach was devised and installed, which resolved the problem. The noise issues encountered and the mitigating techniques are presented herein, as well as some preliminary results from the telescope. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The CMS Silicon Strip Tracker (SST), consisting of 9.6 million readout channels from 15,148 modules and covering an area of 198 square meters, needs to be precisely calibrated in order to correctly reconstruct the events recorded. Calibration constants are derived from different workflows, from promptly reconstructed events with particles as well as from commissioning events gathered just before the acquisition of physics runs. The performance of the SST has been carefully studied since the beginning of data taking: the noise of the detector, data integrity, signal-over-noise ratio, hit reconstruction effciency and resolution have all been investigated. In this paper we describe the reconstruction strategies, the calibration procedures and the detector performance results from the 2010 CMS operation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An overview of the CMS upgrade plans will be presented. A brief status of the CMS detector will be given, covering some of the issues we have so far experienced. This will be followed by an overview of the various CMS upgrades planned, covering the main motivations for them, and the various R&D efforts for the possibilities under study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is one of the two largest and most powerful particle physics detectors ever built. CMS is installed in P5 at CERN''s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and as of early 2011 has completed nearly a year of operation in which it recorded products of interactions produced in protonproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 7 TeV. The proton-proton run 2010 lasted 7 months and was followed by Pb-Pb ion collisions in November. During the first few months of 2011 the LHC has delivered higher luminosity. The LHC machine is performing extremely well, allowing CMS to record enough data to perform a large number of studies of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics in this new energy domain for the first time and to search for evidence of new physics in regions of phase space that have never before been entered. The CMS detector components, the operational experience and the performance with colliding beams will be described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: After briefly explaining the need for a precise muon chamber alignment, the different muon alignment systems implemented at CMS are described. Due to the tight spatial confinement and challenging large radiation and high magnetic field environment, unique alignment systems had to be developed that handle separately the Barrel and the Endcap regions. A third subsystem, called Link, connects these two together and to the Tracker in a common reference frame. The aligned chamber geometry obtained from the Hardware-based muon alignment is validated by comparisons with photogrammetry information and by studies of residuals of muon tracks extrapolated between chambers. Stability studies, for which the hardware systems are particularly well suited, are also discussed.Alignment methods based on tracks are also described. Muons from cosmic rays and from collisions are used to align the chambers relative to the inner tracker. In addition, beam halo muon tracks traversing overlapping endcap chambers are used for internal endcap alignment. A comparison between the track-based and hardware-based results is given, together with an explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of the different alignment strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Improved Poynting''s vector method without movements was proposed to measure ac losses of HTS tapes, formed into a short straight or a solenoidal coil, which were carrying ac transport currents under transverse ac magnetic fields. In the previous Poynting''s vector methods, for a short straight case two sets of both potential lead pairs and pickup coils were rotated around tapes in order to measure local energy flow densities, i.e., the distribution of Poynting''s vector; for a solenoidal coil case two sets of both potential lead coils and spiral pickup coils were shifted to the coil axis direction by one winding pitch of the solenoidal coil. During moving these sets at low temperature, the data acquisition system was working and the value of ac losses was finally obtained. These previous methods, therefore, have inconveniences such as much time to get the value, much space needed for moving sets, or frequent troubles of movements due to low temperature deformation. The present method based on the following idea can resolve them: as for pillar parts of potential lead lines which are standing on the tape surface, only one plays a substitute role for all as long as all lines are connected together. As a result, immovable arrays of sets can be rigidly arranged, so that the signal measured at each position can be simultaneously. Moreover, information enough to clarify the electromagnetic behavior inside the tape can be obtained, because the sets can put more closely to the tape surface. The validity of the present method was confirmed by preliminary experiments using Bi-2223 multifilamentary tapes in liquid nitrogen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solenoid windings of Roebel cable are expected to find application in high field magnets and power equipment. We demonstrate using YBCO Roebel cable to wind a single layer solenoid and report initial mechanical and electrical characteristics. We wind the coil with a 5/2 cable of 7.2 m length with insulated strands to prevent current sharing. Mechanical tests show the cables retain substantially the strength of the constituent wire even under bending with no observable change in Ic for tensile stresses below ∼ 350MPa. We demonstrate a design of the current contacts which promote equal distribution of current in the strands. We report the critical current of the coil and the total AC loss of the coil in liquid nitrogen. These values are compared with the values for straight sections of cable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Vortex-type magnetizing coils are gaining more and more attention to activate bulk superconductors in pulsed-field magnetization (PFM) studies, compared with solenoid-type ones. Following existing reports, we present experimental results of the different penetration patterns of magnetic flux between the two kinds of coils. It was found that the magnetic flux will primarily penetrate inside the bulk from the upper and lower surfaces by using vortex coils, rather than from the periphery in the case of solenoid coils. Moreover, the bulk submitted to a small pulsed-field excitation exhibits a similar field profile as the excitation field (convex or concave shape); a phenomenon named field memory effect. The use of vortex- or solenoid-type coils in PFM will pose an influence on the initial flux penetration patterns during the flux trapping processes, but both coils can finally excite the best conical trapped field shape of the bulk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: While the total AC loss of an HTS winding determines its efficiency, the local loss ultimately sets its stability limit. Electrical measurements typically give the power delivered to sections of a winding, not the power dissipated there. We describe measurements on individual turns of 15 turn solenoids wound with 2G wire and copper tape. Using symmetric and anti-symmetric non-contact pick-ups we measure magnetization and transport components of the local AC loss, correcting for cross-talk between pick-ups with coefficients estimated by finite element modelling. At low current amplitude measured loss in the end turns accounts for more than half the total loss [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simple and robust monodroplet generator was constructed for drop-on-demand application of aqueous solutions of pesticides to crop plants and weeds. A short current impulse regulated the opening of a solenoid valve, allowing pressurised nitrogen gas to flow into a liquid chamber. Once a jet is released from the nozzle, one single droplet is detached, and the remaining part is retracted back into the cylinder as the excess gas is exhausted. The effects of the impulse width, pressure, diameter of the orifice, and the surface tension of the liquids as influenced by adjuvants were evaluated in terms of droplet diameter and generation potentiality. In general, increasing the impulse width and orifice diameter led to an increase in the droplet diameter. In contrast, increased pressure and reduced surface tension of the liquid led to a decreased diameter, although the effect was observed only at lower impulse widths and larger orifice diameters. With an optimum adjustment, we were able to generate monodroplets with diameters ranging from 533 to 1819 μm, although the range could be varied easily by changing the parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]