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Background Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common types of injury in football (soccer). Normative baseline data of performance tests for Return to Play (RTP) decision are still lacking. Purpose The primary aim of this study was to generate baseline values for uninjured elite youth football players for a multifactorial RTP assessment and compare with previously published data. A secondary aim was to investigate the use of the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) as a method to determine whether an athlete passes a performance test or not. Study Design Observational Cohort study Methods Baseline data of performance tests (Y-Balance [YBT-LQ], Heel Rise [HRT]; Singe Leg Squat [SLST]; Single Leg Drop Jump [SLDJ]; Side Hop [SHT]; Figure of 8 Hop [F-8]; Modified Agility T-Test [MAT]) were assessed in 20 elite youth football players, aged 16-21 years. Additionally, the traditional LSI (dividing the result of the non-dominant leg by the result of the dominant leg and multiplying by 100) and directionally corrected LSI (the worst value is divided by the better value and multiplied by 100) were calculated. The test values were compared to previously reported study results. LSI and side-to-side comparisons between dominant and non-dominant leg sides were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results Male elite youth football players achieved better results in the dynamic performance tests (SHT, F-8, and MAT) compared to reference values of the cohorts previously described in the literature: YBT-LQ total score (cm) dominant (dom) 99.3±8.3, non-dominant (ND) 99.5±10.4; HRT (average number) dom. 27.1±5.4, ND 25.2±5.1); SLDJ height (cm) dom 15±5, ND 15±5 and contact time (sec) dom 0.29±0.08, ND 0.29±0.07, Reactive Strength Index (RSI) dom 0.52±0.12, ND 0.50±0.13); SHT (sec) dom 7.12±0.73, ND 7.39±0.93; F-8 (sec) dom 10.52±1.02, ND 10.37±1.04; and MAT (sec) 5.82±0.22. Directionally corrected LSI differed significantly from the traditional calculated LSI (p<0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study highlight the need to determine specific baseline data for RTP testing in male elite youth football players after LAS. The traditional LSI should not be used as a "stand alone method" for determining RTP. LSI calculations should consider the direction of asymmetry to determine passing a performance test or not. Level of evidence 3b [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Adductor-related groin pain involves an injury to the common aponeurosis connecting the rectus abdominus and adductor longus to the pubis. It commonly occurs in sports that require cutting and pivoting and can result in significant loss of playing time. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is often indicated for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and may represent an alternative treatment for patients with adductor-related groin pain. The purpose of this case report is to describe the non-surgical management of adductor-related groin pain in a competitive soccer player with a with an ultrasound (US)-guided PRP injection and physical therapy management. Case Description A 17-year-old male competitive soccer player with right-sided adductor-related groin pain was treated with an US-guided PRP and a multi-phased physical therapy regimen based on tissue healing and individual patient/criteria progression. The patient completed 12 physical therapy sessions over six weeks post PRP injection. Outcomes At the end of treatment, clinically meaningful improvements were observed in pain intensity, passive range of motion, strength (handheld dynamometry, Biodex), functional tests, psychosocial (OSPRO-YF) and patient-reported outcomes (HAGOS, LEFS). The subject returned to sport at six weeks post injection without limitation and at three months follow up, the subject reported that he had returned to 95% of his previous level of play. Discussion This case report may offer support for PRP as an alternative treatment in the management of adductor-related groin pain. Incorporation of PRP as an adjunct to physical therapy led to improvements on all outcomes that surpassed the clinical significance change criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the impact of the meteorological factors air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed on teams' technical performance during the Union of European Football Associations Champions League (UCL). Technical match statistics were collected for five seasons (2016/2017--2020/2021). Thirty-one technical actions and events were categorized into three groups (goal scoring, offense, and defence). Meteorological data were collected from the official UEFA website (air temperature (°C): 11.59 ± 6.87, relative humidity (%): 71.40 ± 17.82, wind speed (km/h): 11.52 ± 7.02). LASSO regression analysis was employed to identify important indicators that affect match outcomes, while separate Poisson regression models were used in generalized linear modelling to determine the effects of meteorological factors on key technical performance indicators. The results revealed that offensive variables were instrumental in distinguishing match outcomes (winning, drawing, and losing), with meteorological factors significantly influencing these variables. Notably, "shot from counter attack" was the most significantly affected variable, being exclusively influenced by air temperature (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.98). Two technical indicators, "dribbles won" and "shots from the 6-yard box," were both significantly influenced by two meteorological factors. "Cards per foul," an understudied variable, displayed a close association with all the three meteorological factors. These findings offer valuable insights for coaches and analysts in comprehending the influence of meteorological conditions on crucial technical variables during the performance evaluation of teams. Moreover, they provide valuable information to help coaches devise appropriate tactics for players before or during a match, considering the potential changes in meteorological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the study were to examine the relative age effect (RAE) in youth female soccer players in the United States (US) and the influence of birth year, playing position, estimated maturation and skill ratings. The sample consisted of 3,364 youth female soccer players who were active in the 2021--2022 US soccer season across three main stages of the talent identification (TID) process for Youth National Team (YNT) players (i.e., Club, TID Center, and YNT). A prevalent RAE for players born in Q1 was present in the full sample. A significant prevalence for Q1 players were identified for both Club and TID Center, but not YNT. A significant RAE prevalence for Q1 players was identified for most of the age groups from U13--U18 at Club (except U18) and TID Center (except U17). Significant RAEs prevalence for players born in Q1 were found in Goalkeepers, Center Backs, Midfielders, and Center Forwards at Club and TID Center (except Wide Forwards). The data identified a consistent RAE prevalence for Q1 players in early and on-time-maturers across all levels. An even birthdate spread was evident in YNT with a prevalence for Q4 players and a higher percentage of late-maturers than elsewhere in the TID process. Results reinforce evidence indicating RAEs still exist in soccer, yet show for the first time within a youth female soccer TID process, the influence of contextual factors on the prevalence of RAE. This information can be used to advance TID and development across the US soccer landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to: a) examine the relationships between high-intensity distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds in English Premier League (EPL) matches across two consecutive seasons and b) analyze the effects of playing position and team possession. Sixteen elite male soccer players (seven defenders, six midfielders and three forwards) participated in this study (age 27.8 ± 3.5 years, height 183.7 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 83.9 ± 7.1 kg). An Optical Tracking System was used to collect the following variables: total distance covered; high-speed running distance (HSRD) (> 5.5 m/s); high-intensity running distance (HIRD) (5.5--7 m/s); sprint distance (> 7 m/s); total distance covered above Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS); distance covered > 85% peak speed (PS); and distance > 30% Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR). All measures were analyzed as whole match totals and as distances covered in the periods of the team in possession (TIP), opponent team in possession (OTIP), and ball out of play (BOP). Analysis by position based on defenders, midfielders and forwards was also performed. Distance > 30% ASR was almost perfectly correlated with HSRD (r = 0.98), while distances > MAS were highly correlated with both HIRD (r = 0.91) and HSRD (r = 0.91), and distance > 85% PS were highly correlated with SD (r = 0.70). Although the generic and relative speed thresholds show almost perfect correlation, the differences between HSRD, HIRD and distance > MAS indicate that players may be exposed to more HIRD when using relative thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week targeted training program on speed, agility, and muscle asymmetries in soccer players. 32 elite soccer players were recruited for the study. Their age, body mass, and body height were 25.8 ± 7.3 years, 77.4 ± 11.1 kg, and 177.5 ± 9.8 cm, respectively. After the warm-up, participants performed two maximum 30 m sprints with a 5-minute rest interval between trials. After the linear sprint test, performed two repetitions of the COD randomized ZigZag test. The tests were performed at the beginning and at the end of the pre-season, which lasted for 8 weeks. EMG was measured bilaterally from the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles with shorts made of knitted fabric similar to elastic clothes. Athletes in the experimental group performed sport-specific targeted strength training based on movement patterns 4 times per week (Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday). The training included 6 bodyweight exercises (Bird Dog, Single-Leg Glute Bridge, Dead Bug, Side Plank, Reverse Lunge, and Clamshell), performed unilaterally in 5 sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise. The load progression included an additional set in each successive week of the experiment. The data analysis showed significant improvement in 5 m and 30 m sprints after applying the 8-week targeted training protocol. A statistically significant improvement in performance was also observed after the 8-week training period in case of COD, while the speed deficit also decreased significantly. The greatest improvements were observed during the COD test. As a result of repeated COD training over a period of 8 weeks, its technique was improved. Implementation of training methods, which target specific aspects of soccer in the pre-season training routines can improve key motor abilities for that sports discipline. A comprehensive training approach including speed, agility, and resistance training based on specific movement patterns should be applied by strength and conditioning practitioners in soccer teams to achieve peak physical performance and reduce injury risk due to the partial elimination of muscular asymmetries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the intra-season variation and the effects of contextual variables on total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIRD) and high-speed distance (HSD) covered by Spanish football teams. The sample included 20 professional teams that competed in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2021--2022 season. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerized optical tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of five contextual variables (1: phase of the season in six periods, 2: match location, 3: opponent ranking, 4: team ranking and 5: congested schedule) on TD, HIRD and HSD. Teams increased the running performance from period 1 to 5 of the season in TD (+2.2%; P < 0.05) and from period 1 to 4 in HIRD (+7.2%; P < 0.05), while a declining effect was found in period 6 for both TD (-1.2%; P < 0.05) and HIRD (-5.8%; P < 0.05). More HIRD (+1.5) and HSD (+5.3) were covered at home (P < 0.05), and more TD and HIRD were covered when playing against opponents ranked in the first (+2.4% and +5.3%, respectively; P < 0.05) and second quartile (+1.2% and +5.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), compared to teams from the fourth quartile. Football coaches and fitness specialists should note that running performance of Spanish teams increased throughout the season, but it declined during the last matches of the competition. Additionally, home matches and high-ranked opponents elicited higher running demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Groin injuries are common in soccer players and often involve adductor muscle strains. The Copenhagen Adduction Exercise (CAE) is a targeted intervention whose effectiveness in rehabilitation for these injuries warrants investigation. Objective: To investigate the impact of a rehabilitation program, which includes the CAE, on eccentric hip adduction (EHAD) strength, hip joint range of motion (ROM), self-reported disability, and pain among soccer players with adductor-related groin pain. It was hypothesized that the addition of CAE to the rehabilitation program would yield greater improvements. Methods: Employing a randomized controlled trial with a two-group parallel design, thirty male soccer players with a mean age of 26.4 ± 3.9 years were randomized into an intervention group (IG) including CAE (n = 15) and a control group (CG) without CAE (n = 15), based on a power analysis to ensure 80% power to detect significant differences. Both groups engaged in their respective rehabilitation programs twice a week for eight weeks. The primary outcome measured was EHAD strength, while secondary outcomes included hip joint ROM, self-reported disability measured by the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), and pain levels. Results: Significant improvements within groups were observed across all measures (p < 0.001). The IG demonstrated a greater increase in EHAD strength (Mean Difference [MD] = 0.49 Nm/kg, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [0.31, 0.66]), a more pronounced reduction in pain (MD = -1.60, 95% CI [−2.18, −1.02]), and betterment in all HAGOS subscale scores compared to the CG. There were no significant between-group differences in hip joint ROM. Conclusion: Incorporating the CAE into rehabilitation programs significantly improves EHAD strength, decreases pain scores, and reduces self-reported disability in soccer players with adductor-related groin pain. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05589623 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Purpose Return to sport decision-making may be improved by assessing an athlete's ability to coordinate movement with opponents in sport. The purpose was to investigate whether previous injuries associated with female soccer players' interpersonal coordination during a collision avoidance task. The authors hypothesized that external perturbations would disrupt the strength and stability of coordinated movement, and that individuals with a history of injury would be less likely to recover coordinated movement. Study Design Cross-Sectional Methods Nine female athletes with a history of lower extremity injuries and nine without injuries were paired into dyads. Each dyad completed twenty trials of an externally paced collision-avoidance agility task with an unanticipated perturbation. Participant trajectories were digitized and analyzed using cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) to determine the strength and stability of interpersonal coordination dynamics. Trials in which participants with injury history assumed leader or follower roles within each dyad were then used to study how dyadic coordination varied across task stages (early, perturbation, and late) using linear mixed effect models. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to demonstrate magnitude of differences. In exploratory analysis, psychological readiness (i.e., self-reported knee functioning, fear of injury, and risk-taking propensity) was evaluated for their association with leader-follower status. Results Perturbation disrupted the strength (R2=0.65, p<0.001, early=49.7±1.7, perturbation=41.1±1.7, d=0.39) and stability (R2=0.71, p < 0.001, early=65.0±1.6, perturbation=58.0±1.7, d=0.38) of interpersonal coordination regardless of leader-follower status. Individuals with injury history failed to restore coordination after the perturbation compared to control participants (injury=44.2.0±2.1, control=50.8±2.6, d=0.39). Neither demographic nor psychological measures were associated with leader-follower roles (B=0.039, p=0.224). Conclusion Individuals with a history of lower extremity injury may have a diminished ability to adapt interpersonal coordination to perturbations, possibly contributing to a higher risk of re-injury. Level of Evidence 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate potential effects of heading on the neurocognitive performance and the white matter (WM) of the brain in high-level adult male football players. Prospective longitudinal. Football players engaging in the highest football leagues in Germany were included. Neurocognitive performance tests and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were executed before and after the observation period. Video recordings of each training session and each match play during the observation period were analyzed regarding heading exposure and characteristics. Four DTI measures from tract-based spatial statistics (fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity) were investigated. Associations between heading variables and DTI and neurocognitive parameters were tested subsequently. 8052 headers of 22 players (19.9 ± 2.7 years) were documented in a median of 16.9 months. The individual total heading number ranged from 57 to 943 (median: 320.5). Header characteristics differed between training sessions and matches. Neurocognitive performance (n = 22) and DTI measures (n = 14) showed no significant differences from pre- to post-test. After correction for multiple comparisons, no significant correlations with the total heading number were found. However, the change in fractional anisotropy in the splenium of the corpus callosum correlated significantly with the total amount of long-distance headers (Pearson's r = − 0.884; p < 0.0001). Over the median observation period of 16.9 months, DTI measures and neurocognitive performance remained unchanged. To elucidate the meaning of the association between individual change in fractional anisotropy and long-distance headers further investigations with larger samples, longer observations, and various cohorts regarding age and level of play are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study implemented the Copenhagen Adductor Exercise (CAE) and Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) to examine 1) whether CAE and NHE interventions are associated with adductor and hamstring strength gains in youth African male soccer players and 2) whether strength changes after a rest period and secondary intervention. STUDY DESIGN: Pre-post intervention study. METHODS: Forty-four African elite male academy players (age 14.7±1.5 [12-18] years) participated in twice weekly CAE and NHE interventions for 8- and 10-week periods separated by a 4-week rest. Long lever adductor squeeze strength and prone isometric hamstring strength were measured with mixed-effects linear regression models to observe strength changes over time. RESULTS: Ninety-six and 95% of CAE and NHE sessions were completed in each intervention, with no adverse events related to the execution of the exercises. Adductor squeeze strength increased during the first intervention (baseline 3.23 [2.99-3.47] N/kg, post-intervention 3.53 [3.30-3.76] N/kg, p=0.911) and was maintained following the rest period (3.52 [3.27-3.76] N/kg, p=0.999) and second intervention (3.60 [3.35-3.84] N/kg, p=0.002). Hamstring strength improved during the first intervention (baseline 4.95 [4.42-5.49] N/kg, post-intervention 5.48 [4.95-6.02] N/kg, p<0.001), decreased to baseline during the rest period (4.98 [4.44-5.53] N/kg, p=0.996), and did not improve during the second intervention (5.01 [4.46-5.55] N/kg, p=0.978). CONCLUSION: CAE and NHE interventions can be implemented at an elite African academy with high compliance. Adductor and hamstring strength improved in the first intervention, with no further improvements in the second intervention. Secondary interventions therefore should include higher exercise volume or load to improve longitudinal adductor and hamstring strength. Level of Evidence: Level III (Cohort Study) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of accentuated eccentric warm-up on power, speed, and agility in 12 male varsity soccer players who were assigned in a counterbalanced randomized order to 3 warm-up protocol sequences: 1) Accentuated Eccentric Warm-Up (ACC); 2) Modified FIFA 11+ Warm-Up (MFI); and 3) Dynamic Warm-Up (DYN). Peak Power Output (PPO), Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force (PVGRF), Peak Velocity (PV), 10-m (10M) and 20-m Speed Test (20M), and agility (AG) were assessed immediately following each warm-up protocol. Data were analyzed by using One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA, with Bonferroni post-hoc tests applied for pairwise comparisons. Significance level was set at a P value < 0.05. The findings indicate significant differences in PPO (P < 0.001, partial η² = 0.82), PV (P < 0.001, partial η² = 0.48), 10M (P < 0.003, partial η² = 0.42), 20M (P < 0.001, partial η² = 0.50) and AG (P < 0.001, partial η² = 0.69) were found among the 3 warm-up protocols. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the PPO, 20M, and AG of the ACC was significantly better than the MFI and DYN. Also, the PV and 10M of the ACC was significantly better than that the DYN. Additionally, the PPO and AG of MFI was significantly better than that the DYN (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences observed in the PVGRF among the warm-up protocols (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that the ACC is an effective method for enhancing power, speed, and agility via the use of PAP during the preload exercise. Coaches and athletes are encouraged to incorporate the ACC to enhance the power, speed, and agility of soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth soccer participation, particularly among females, continues to grow worldwide. With the high incidence of sport-related concussion (SRC) in soccer, it is important to investigate if SRC occurs disproportionally by positions. Our hypothesis was to see no positional differences in SRCs, SRC-related characteristics, and outcomes among in female youth soccer athletes. Data were prospectively collected from participants at a single sports medicine institution between August 2015-April 2021. Female participants aged 8–18 diagnosed with SRC sustained during an organized soccer practice, scrimmage, or game were separated into 4 groups based on position: Forward, Midfielder, Defender, and Goalkeeper. Demographics, medical history, injury-related details, and outcomes were reviewed. A chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared with Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test. Two hundred fourteen participants were included: 52 Forwards, 65 Midfielders, 63 Defenders, and 34 Goalkeepers. There were no significant differences between the groups in age, race, ethnicity, or previous concussion history. Differences in mechanism existed with Goalkeepers most commonly reporting Head to Body Part. Goalkeepers, which make up 1/11 of the total positions on the field, had a significantly higher proportion of SRCs compared to Field Positions. (9.1% vs 15.9%) At 3-month post-enrollment, there were no significant differences in reported symptoms or return-to-play between the different positions. In youth female soccer players, goalkeepers sustained a higher proportion of sport-related concussions compared to field players based upon the composition of a soccer team. The mechanism of injury also differed among the different soccer positions. However, no differences in concussion characteristics, outcomes, or RTP were seen across the different soccer positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper formalizes the game between the goalkeeper and the kicker at the time of a penalty kick in soccer. The likelihood of a goal/save depends on the kicker's shot direction, intensity, and precision. We model those characteristics as functions of the agent's decisions: They can either "wait and see" some signals about the opponent's move or instead choose to "precommit" to a particular action. For a group of professional players, we calibrate our model using data from 1,083 penalty kicks and find their optimal strategy at the time of the event. We compare those predictions with the data and conclude that these players' behavior was not always optimal. Deviations from optimal play are particularly frequent for the goalkeepers in our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate non-contact injury prevention strategies of professional men's soccer clubs in elite North American league soccer. To understand the application, perceived effectiveness and barriers to implementation. Online cross-Sectional Study. North American elite soccer teams. 96 medical and performance support staff of elite North American teams. The survey consisted of 20 questions and captured 1) practitioners' demographics; 2) perceptions of risk factors; 3) the use of assessment and monitoring strategies; and 4) perceptions of the implementation of injury prevention programmes'. Injury prevention programmes were perceived as 'effective' (Median 4, Interquartile range 4-4) and reduced injury rates (n = 94, 98%, 95 CI% 93 to 99). A range of potential risk factors were rated as "very important" (4.58 ± 0.52 Likert scale points; mean ± standard deviation). A multi-disciplinary approach to the design, application and monitoring of programmes was generally adopted. Competing training priorities (n = 75, 78%, 95 CI% 69 to 85) and game schedules (n = 71, 74%, 95 CI% 64 to 82) were the most prevalent barriers to injury prevention implementation. Injury prevention programmes were perceived as effective in reducing non-contact injuries. Managing the conflicting priorities between scheduling training, tactical and conditioning goals were considered the key barriers to desired implementation. • Practitioners perceived non-contact injury prevention programs to be effective at reducing injuries. • A range of risk factors were considered very important in relation to non-contact injury prevention practices. • A collaborative multi-disciplinary approach to prevention programme design, application and monitoring was usually adopted. • Prioritisation of match and training schedules were identified as barriers to implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined effects of 9-yrs of multicomponent exercise training during the menopause interval on cardiometabolic health in hypertensive women. Sedentary, middle-aged women (n = 25) with mild-to-moderate arterial hypertension were randomized into a soccer training (multicomponent exercise; EX; n = 12) or control group (CON; n = 13). EX took part in 1-h football training sessions, 1–3 times weekly, for a consecutive 9-years, totaling ∼800 training sessions, while CON did not take part in regular exercise training. 22 participants entered menopause during the intervention. A time×group interaction effect (P = 0.04) of 8.5 mmHg in favour of EX was observed for changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (EX: −4.8 [−10.7;1.1] mmHg, CON +3.7 [−2.0;9.3] mmHg). Time×group interaction effects in favour of EX were also observed for total body weight (4.6 kg, P = 0.008, EX: +0.7 [−1.7;3.0] kg, CON: +5.3 [3.0;7.6] kg, total fat percentage (5.7%-points, P = 0.02; EX (−1.9 [−4.4;0.6] %-points; P = 0.13), CON +3.8 [1.4;6.2] %-points and for total cholesterol (1.2 mmol/l, P = 0.03, EX: −0.5 [−1.0;-0.1] mmol/l, CON: +0.7 [0.2;1.1] mmol/l. EX reduced (P = 0.02) plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by −0.4 [−0.8;-0.1] mmol/l, whereas an increase (P = 0.01) of 0.4 [0.1;0.8] mmol/l occurred in CON (interaction. P < 0.001). A time×group interaction (P = 0.004) existed for changes in exercise capacity in favour of EX. Fasting glucose remained unchanged in EX and increased (P < 0.001) by 0.7 [0.4;1.0] mmol/l in CON (time×group interaction P = 0.02). In conclusion, long-term multicomponent exercise training fully counteracts the detrimental effects of the menopause transition on cardiometabolic health in hypertensive women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the possession (very low, low, high, and very high), team formation (3-5-2 and 4-3-3) and position (centre-backs, full-backs, centre midfielders, attacking midfielders, and centre forwards) on match load across two consecutive seasons in elite soccer. Twenty-seven English Premier League outfield players were recruited. Data was monitored through an 18 Hz Global Positioning System and a 25 Hz semi-automated camera tracking system, respectively, and all variables were analysed per minute. Main effects for formation on total distance (TD) (p = 0.006; η² = 0.010), high-speed running (HSR) (p = 0.009; η² = 0.009), number of high metabolic load (HML) efforts (p = 0.004; η² = 0.011) were observed. In addition, there were significant interaction effects with formation x possession on TD (p < 0.001; η² = 0.043), HSR (p = 0.006; η² = 0.018), sprinting (p < 0.001; η² = 0.030), HML efforts (p < 0.001; η² = 0.035), accelerations (p < 0.001; η² = 0.025). From the position-specific analysis, only the running performance of centre-backs was affected by formation or positional factors. These results indicate that formation and possession can have a significant impact on TD, HSR, and HML distance. Furthermore, players performed more high-intensity efforts in 3-5-2 than 4-3-3 formation. These findings suggest that coaches can evaluate running performance in the context of formation and possession and tailor tactical strategies to optimise physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the impact of playing position (PP), match location (ML), and opposition standard (OS) on team and individual acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) efforts. Fifty professional football players were monitored across 24 English Premier Development League matches during the 2020/21 season. High-intensity ACC and DEC thresholds were set at > +3 m ⋅ s-2 and < -3 m ⋅ s-2, respectively. Players were divided into five PPs: centre backs (CB; n = 68), full-backs (FB; n = 24), centre midfielders (CM; n = 54), wide midfielders (WM; n = 15), centre forwards (CF; n = 27). Opposition standard was categorised as Top (1st-4th), Middle (5th-9th), and Bottom (9th-13th) based on final league ranking of the study season. Each match location was classified as Home or Away. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multivariate ANOVA analysed the independent effect of PP, ML and OS on ACC and DEC efforts, and the interaction of all contextual factors, respectively. Acceleration efforts were affected by PP and ML. FB performed 22% more ACC than WM. All players performed 6% more ACC actions during home matches compared to away fixtures. DEC efforts were only affected by PP, with FB and CM executing 26% and 32% greater DEC efforts than CB, respectively. When playing against top or middle teams at home, CB, CM, and CF tended to perform more high-intensity actions than when playing away. In contrast, when playing against top teams at home, FB and WM performed fewer high-intensity actions than when playing away. Playing position and ML affected ACC and DEC actions but not OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Sport-specific training may improve postural control, while repetitive head acceleration events (RHAEs) may compromise it. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying postural control may contextualize changes due to training and RHAE. The goal of this study was to determine whether postural sway during the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is related to white matter organization (WMO) in collegiate athletes. Methods: Collegiate soccer (N = 33) and non-soccer athletes (N = 44) completed BESS and diffusion tensor imaging. Postural sway during each BESS stance, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) were extracted for each participant. Partial least squares analyses determined group differences in postural sway and WMO and the relationship between postural sway andWMOin soccer and non-soccer athletes separately. Results: Soccer athletes displayed better performance during BESS 6, with lower FA and higher MD in the medial lemniscus (ML) and inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP), compared to non-soccer athletes. In soccer athletes, lower sway during BESS 2, 5, and 6 was associated with higher FA and lower MD in the corticospinal tract, ML, and ICP. In non-soccer athletes, lower sway during BESS 2 and 4 was associated with higher FA and lower MD in the ML and ICP. BESS 1 was associated with higher FA, and BESS 3 was associated with lower MD in the same tracts in non-soccer athletes. Discussion and Conclusions: Soccer and non-soccer athletes showed unique relationships between sway and WMO, suggesting that sportspecific exposures are partly responsible for changes in neurological structure and accompanying postural control performance and should be considered when evaluating postural control after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a novel approach in women's football aimed at enhancing performance in attacking corners. Drawing upon prior research by Beare & Stone (2019) and Libreau & Benguigui (2024), which highlighted the effectiveness of inswing deliveries aimed at the near post or penalty spot, we conducted a 10-week training program with the Montpellier Hérault Sport Club women's team for 10 weeks at a rate of 2 sessions per week on attacking corners during the second part of the 2021/2022 season, comprising 2 sessions per week dedicated to attacking corners. Following this training protocol, their performances significantly improved in the baseline situation worked on in training. Indeed, the players have improved their danger score by successfully moving more often and with better timing into the ball's arriving zone. They have also shot towards the goal more often and scored more frequently. They also significantly improved their performances in attacking corners in matches. The corner kickers improved their accuracy on shots by sending significantly more balls into dangerous areas (at the near post and at penalty spot). In addition, there were fewer corners that were directly intercepted by the opposing goalkeeper or cleared by the opposing defense. There was also a significant increase in the number of shots taken and the number of goals scored. These results show that specific, regular, and consistent training protocols for attacking corners can improve a team's collective effectiveness in a clearly identified phase of the game, both in training and in the match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between creatine kinase (CK) concentration following official matches and the risk of subsequent muscle injury in professional male football (soccer) players. Blood samples were collected on the second post-match day for CK analysis over four consecutive seasons in a professional football club. Players were then followed for five days to observe any occurrence of indirect muscle injury (structural or functional in nature). Players exposed to at least 45 minutes in two consecutive matches within seven days were considered valid cases for analysis. Eighty players participated in the study, generating 1,656 cases eligible for analysis, of which 229 resulted in muscle injuries. The hamstrings were the most frequently injured muscle group (54%), followed by the adductor (21%), triceps surae (19%), quadriceps (5%), and psoas (1%). While CK concentration was higher in muscle injury cases [783 ± 507 U/L (95%CI, 717 to 849; min–max, 105–2,800)] compared with uninjured cases [688 ± 446 U/L (95%CI, 665 to 711; min–max, 100–2,950)], it was not an accurate predictor of subsequent muscle injury risk in professional football players (sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 55%; odds ratio = 1.00; area under curve = 0.557). CK concentration on the second post-match day cannot be used to effectively screen subsequent muscle injury risk in professional male football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the perceptions of physiotherapists and the injury prevention practices implemented within elite women's football clubs in Brazil. Cross-sectional study. Online survey. Head physiotherapists from 32 Brazilian elite clubs. Structured questionnaire. Physiotherapists identified ACL rupture as the primary target for prevention. The top-five perceived injury risk factors included 'early return to sport after injury' , 'workload too high' , 'previous injury' , 'poor sleep/rest' , and 'muscle strength/power deficit'. 'Adoption of return to sport criteria' was almost unanimously recognized as a very important preventive strategy. 'Poor infrastructure' was elected as the main barrier to implementing prevention programs. From a practical standpoint, at least two-third of clubs implemented multi-component exercise interventions for injury prevention. These interventions typically encompassed flexibility/mobility, balance/proprioception, lumbo-pelvic stability, and agility exercises, alongside exposure to sprinting. Strength training routines typically included traditional, functional, and eccentric exercises. Most teams also employed other prevention strategies, including adoption of return to sport criteria, internal workload monitoring, post-exercise recovery modalities, preseason risk factor screening, and application of rigid strapping tapes. This study provided unprecedented insights into the physiotherapists' perceptions and injury prevention practices implemented within elite women's football clubs. • ACL rupture is recognized as the primary target for prevention. • 'Adoption of return to sport criteria ' is perceived as a key preventive strategy. • Clubs employ multi-component exercises for injury prevention. • Preventive exercises are both team-wide and personalized by physiotherapists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), return to sprint is poorly documented in the literature. In soccer, return to sprint is an essential component of return to play and performance after ACLR. The characteristics of running in soccer are specific (velocity differences, nonlinear, intensity). It is important to address these particularities, such as curvilinear running, acceleration, deceleration, changes of direction, and variations in velocity, in the patient's rehabilitation program. Force, velocity, and acceleration capacities are key elements to sprint performance. Velocity-based training (VBT) has gained much interest in recent years and may have a role to play in optimizing return to play and return to sprint after ACLR. Force, velocity, and acceleration can be assessed using force-velocity-power and acceleration-speed profiles, which should inform rehabilitation. The purpose of this commentary is to describe a velocity-based return to sprint program which can be used during ACLR rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze fans' demand for live football matches in the German 2. Bundesliga, focusing on match-outcome uncertainty. To examine the decision to attend sporting events, a fixed effects regression and the Tobit model were used to test the uncertainty of game outcomes and reference-dependent preferences with loss aversion. The estimated fans' demand for attending live football matches is represented by the logged attendance of 2,442 matches from the 2010/2011 to the 2017/2018 seasons of the 2. Bundesliga. Our findings indicate that fans prefer certain game outcomes over uncertain ones. In other words, reference-dependent preferences with loss aversion dominate the desire for close competition. We estimated our main model using various proxies of uncertainty as robustness checks, and the results confirmed our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between football (soccer) participation and tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis (OA), considering the influence of competitive level and previous knee injuries. * DESIGN: Etiology systematic review with meta-analysis. * LITERATURE SEARCH: PubMed, Embase, AMED, and Cochrane were searched for relevant publications. * STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies of football players that included a control group consisting of mainly sedentary nonfootball players, and the relationship of knee OA, were considered. The studies had to report radiographically verified knee OA and specify football activity. * DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven studies, involving 1805 football players and 4022 control individuals were included. Subgroups consisting of data regarding level of play and previous injuries were also synthesized. * RESULTS: The overall prevalence of knee OA among football players was increased among professional and recreational players, compared with controls. When knee injuries were excluded, there was no difference in knee OA between football players and controls (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.61, 2.54). Football players with a previous knee injury had a greater risk of knee OA when compared with football players with no history of previous knee injury (OR = 4.16; 95% CI: 1.97, 8.77). * CONCLUSION: Football players were at increased risk of knee OA. However, after excluding participants with a history of previous knee injury, there were no differences in knee OA between football players and controls. Previous knee injury was important for developing knee OA. Playing football, in the absence of major knee injuries, did not increase the risk of knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Momentum experiences in sport competition are known to be associated with performance-related behavioural changes. In addition to effort exertion, interpersonal synchronization in small team sports has been identified as a behavioural correlate of momentum experiences. However, there is a lack of research on collective organization related to momentum in larger team sports. The present study aimed to identify and compare patterns of collective organization in football according to positive and negative momentum experiences in the form of gradual and significant score variations. Method(s): We analysed expert coaches' video-based descriptions of the collective organization of high level football teams that experienced positive and negative momentum phases during international matches. Results: The main results show that positive momentum phases were associated with forward-located and compact team block, as well as with players' runs more often directed towards the opposing goal. Negative momentum phases were associated with backward-located and stretched team block, as well as with frequent backward runs and block-disconnected individual actions. Conclusion(s): These initial findings regarding the relationships between momentum experiences and collective organization in team sports pave the way for the training of skills for early detection of momentum phases and skills for reacting appropriately to their onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to compare the physical, technical, and tactical performances of the 32 teams that participated in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ concerning the confederation to which they belong and the FIFA ranking. Key statistics from the 64 matches played during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ were analysed. The data from these matches were encoded and calculated by a multi-camera optical tracking system (TRACAB Gen5, ChyronHego). Significant differences were identified between Rank 1-15th vs. Rank 16-35th and Rank 1-15th vs. Rank 36-61st for possession, total attempts at goal, total attempts on target, total passes, total complete passes, passes completion possession, completed line breaks, defensive line breaks, receptions in the final third, and ball progressions. However, defensive line breaks were different only between Rank 1-15th vs. Rank 36-61st, and ball progressions was only different between Rank 1-15th vs. Rank 16-35th. Africa and Europe national confederation showed significant differences (all p < .05) for possession, total attempts on target, total passes, total complete passes, passes completion, completed line breaks, and receptions in the final third, except for total attempts on target, whose differences are between Asian and South American confederation (p < .05). When considering the FIFA ranking and the confederations, there are significant differences key performance indicator of the teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to study EURO 2020 goal scoring opportunities by recording the technique of the final pass, the technique of the final action and their zone of execution. A sub-objective was to test the relationship between the technique and zone of the final-pass, but also the relationship between the final-pass zone, the zone of final-action and its efficiency. The parameters studied were, a) the final pass zone, b) the final pass technique, c) the final action zone, and d) the result of the final action. Data collection was done with SportScout software. The correlation between variables was tested using the Crosstabs analysis and the Chi-Square statistic criterion. The results showed that most of the final passes were made from the zone outside the 18-yard box and the most common techniques used were the medium-range and the short-range passes. The independence or homogeneity test showed that the type of final pass was significantly influenced by the zone in which it was executed. The same was the case with the final action zone, which appeared to be significantly affected by the final pass zone. However, the effectiveness of the attacks depended only on the zone of final action (the final actions were more effective when taken from the zone between the six-yard box area and the penalty spot). An assessment of the opportunities that lead to goals and how they are created can help identify the tactical factors that increase efficiency and lead to more goals being scored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the injury profile in Brazilian elite women's football. Prospective cohort study. Time-loss injuries, along with match and training exposure, were monitored throughout a full season in four Brazilian elite clubs. Sixty-three out of 133 players (47 %) sustained 112 time-loss injuries along the season, leading to 0.8 injuries per player on average. The overall injury incidence rate was 5.0 injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Sudden onset injuries occurred at a rate of 4.2/1000 h of overall exposure, with rates of 15.9/1000 h during matches and 2.9/1000 h during training sessions. Forty-eight percent of the time-loss injuries were attributed to non-contact events. Gradual onset injuries accounted for 16 % of the injuries, resulting in a rate of 0.8/1000 h of overall exposure. The most affected locations were knee and thigh (29 % of all injuries for each), followed by ankle (17 %) and hip/groin (13 %). Muscle/tendon was the most affected tissue (47 % of all injuries), followed by ligament/joint capsule (33 %), bone (10 %), and cartilage/synovium/bursa (7 %). Ankle sprains, hamstring strains, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for over one-third of the injuries. Mild, moderate, and severe injuries account for 40 %, 43 %, and 17 % of cases, respectively. Overall, 18 % of cases were categorized as re-injuries, and 40 % of those occurred within 2 months of the index injury. This study provides the initial understanding into the injury profile of Brazilian elite women's football. This information should serve as a guiding resource for injury prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this investigation was to study the technical and tactical evolution of the offensive team sequences in the Spanish football teams from 2008/09 to 2020/21. A comparative analysis including twelve variables related to the development of offensive sequences in 4940 matches was performed from 2008/09 to 2020/21 seasons of the Spanish professional football league (LaLiga). All match observations were recorded using a validated video tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the differences across seasons, considering the effects of contextual variables. The number of passes per sequence (2.4 [CI: 2.2-2.5] vs 3.2 [CI: 3.0-3.4]; +33.3%), the passing accuracy (72.1 [CI: 70.6-73.5] vs 76.9 [CI: 75.4-78.3]%; +6.8%) and the average duration of the team sequences (6.4 [CI: 5.9-6.8] vs 8.3 [CI: 7.8-8.7] seconds; +25.76%) showed a small increasing trend over the seasons (P < 0.05). In contrast, variables such as the direct speed of progression (2.2 [CI: 2.1-2.3] vs 1.6 [CI: 1.5-1.7] metres/second; -24.5%), key passes (8.1 [CI: 7.6-8.5] vs 6.8 [CI: 6.3-7.2]; -15.8%), and the sequences that ended in the attacking third (64.8 [CI: 62,7-66.8] vs 57.1 [CI: 55.1-59.2]; -11.7%) or in a shot (13.0 [CI: 12.4-13.6] vs 10.2 [CI: 9.6-10.8]; -21.6%) showed a small decreasing trend from 2008/09 to 2020/21 (P < 0.05). Spanish professional football teams slightly evolved technically and tactically towards a more associative style of play that includes longer passing sequences. This evolution also involved a decreasing speed of progression and fewer technical actions such as through balls, key passes and shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored physical match demands across different playing positions during transitional play, to inform the need for position-specific training interventions. Data was collected using 10 Hz GPS units from 10 competitive matches including 23 elite soccer players of the 1st Polish Division (Ekstraklasa) in season 2020-21. A total of 4249 positional observations were made; center backs (n = 884), full backs (n = 972), central defensive midfielders (n = 236), central attacking midfielders (n = 270), central midfielders (n = 578), wingers (n = 778), and attackers (n = 531). Match data reflected distances covered per minute (m · min-1): total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD, > 19.8 km · h-1), sprint distance (SD, > 25.2 km · h-1), and the frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (A+D, > 3 m · s-2; n · min-1). Total absolute sprint distance (SD, > 25.2 km · h-1) and total relative sprint distance (Rel B5) were also quantified. A univariate analysis of variance revealed position-specific differences. Significant effects of position were found for all analysed metrics during transitional play (large ESs; p < .001). Central attacking midfielders displayed higher TD (m · min-1), fullbacks covered highest SD (m · min-1) and wingers achieved the highest A+D (n · min-1) (p ≤ 0.05). Centre backs displayed the lowest physical outputs when compared to all other positions, except in A+D (n · min-1) during defensive transitions (p ≤ 0.05). Attackers displayed the highest physical metrics during high pressure activities (p ≤ 0.05). Coaches should carefully consider positional transitional demands to better inform training design. With specific attention paid to drills that replicate game play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite cross-cultural differences in knowledge and attitudes toward menstruation, most studies on menstruation in women's sport have been conducted in high-income countries, such as in Europe, and none have been conducted in Africa. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of African elite women football players, and their support personnel toward the menstrual cycle and menstruation. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all participants (n = 564) at two African women football tournaments. Ultimately, 238 women football players, 44 coaches, 18 health personnel, and 17 referees completed it. From 317 questionnaires analyzed, 17%, 27%, 56%, and 0% of players, coaches, health personnel, and referees, respectively, knew at least one menstrual cycle hormone; 91%, 95%, and 100% of players, coaches, and referees, respectively, did not know at least one menstrual cycle phase. Over 70% of health personnel believed that menstruation negatively affects women's performance in sports compared with 36% of players; 18%, 28%, and 18% of players, health personnel, and referees, respectively, believed that, for convenience, the menstrual cycle should be changed by drugs like contraceptives; and 54%, 61%, 62%, and 40% of players, coaches, health personnel, and referees, respectively, were confident providing advice about the menstrual cycle to teammates. Minimal knowledge of the menstrual cycle has implications on the development of menstrual cycle considerate training environments and educational materials in African women's football. Furthermore, the relatively low perceived effect of the menstrual cycle on sporting performance and belief in the use of contraceptives may be attributable to differences in community-level religiocultural and social contexts which influence menstrual experiences, and shape behavioral expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of soccer players is commonly rated by soccer experts for each match as well as over a tournament or during a season/year. However, these ratings are mostly subjective. We instead propose a visual analytics approach for a more objective, data-driven analysis of soccer players' performances. We introduce data-driven ratings for various aspects, which can be combined by interactively assigning weights to compute an overall score as well as individual scores for passes, duels, and shots. Our tool supports comparative visualizations at a global level that can be adapted to different analysis tasks as well as in-detail analyses of individual events of the game. We apply our approach to data gathered during the 2020 UEFA European Football Championship and perform in-detail analyses of individual players in selected matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: Soccer requires significant utilization of aerobic system, owing to the continuous energetic demands and high glycogen consumption. The optimal functioning of this system is crucial for energy efficiency, which may be influenced by various anthropometric factors. While research has extensively explored male players, there is a notable dearth of studies concerning female footballers. Approach: Optimal functioning of this system depends on enhanced energy efficiency, which may be influenced by variations in anthropometric parameters. Despite ongoing research focusing on male players, there remains a gap in understanding among female soccer players. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential correlation between estimated oxygen consumption and anthropometric metrics among female semi-professional soccer players. Twenty-five participants from the Balearic Islands, Spain, with an average age of 21.87 years, height of 163.93 cm, weight of 61.78 kg, and 6.55 years of experience, were included. Anthropometric measurements were initially conducted, followed by the Yo-Yo test to assess maximum oxygen consumption. Correlation analyses were performed between maximum oxygen consumption, fat mass percentage, muscle mass percentage, bone mass percentage, body weight percentage, body mass index (BMI), and visceral fat percentage. Results: A correlation analysis performed between maximum oxygen consumption, percentage of fat mass, percentage of muscular mass, percentage of bone mass, and percentage of body weight and body mass index did not revealed a significant correlation, r=-0.16, p=0.46, r=0.03, p=0.88, r=0.01, p=0.94, r=0.05, p=0.83, and r=0.17, p=0.29, respectively. Nevertheless, there was a large negative correlation between maximum oxygen consumption and body mass index (r=-.49, p=0.01) and maximum oxygen consumption and visceral fat (r=-.39, p=0.05). Conclusions: Maintaining a normalized BMI and reducing visceral fat are crucial for achieving higher maximal oxygen consumption in female soccer players, potentially enhancing their performance. Strategies for optimizing oxygen consumption and reducing visceral fat may include cardiovascular exercise, strength training, and proper nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To compare the injury profiles of football players shifting between second and first teams with those of second- and first-team players, and to examine the opinions of shifting players. Prospective cohort study. 170 male players from Athletic Club (second team = 90, shifting = 20, first team = 60) were followed over eight seasons. Injuries and exposure time were recorded following the FIFA consensus, and 18 shifting players answered a seven-item questionnaire on their experience. 35 % shifting players became full-time first-team players, in contrast to only 8 % of second-team players (odds ratio = 6.4, p < 0.01). There were no differences in the overall injury incidence, but the overall burden of injuries was higher in second-team (172 days lost/1000 h) and shifting players (194 days lost/1000 h) compared with first-team players (114 days lost/1000 h, p < 0.01). Shifting players had a higher burden of knee joint/ligament injuries compared with first-team players (137 vs. 18 days lost/1000 h, p < 0.01) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures (122 vs. 10 days lost/1000 h, p < 0.01). There was a trend towards a higher burden of ACL ruptures in shifting players than in second-team players (122 vs. 41 days lost/1000 h, p = 0.07). Shifting players reported constant pressure and better communication with the second-team coaching staff than with the first-team staff. The high burden of injuries in shifting players, particularly from ACL ruptures, highlights the need for action. Ensuring high-quality communication between second- and first-team staff remains a key challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frequent soccer heading negatively affects brain health. Omega-3 fatty acids are neuroprotective against head impacts. A biomarker of omega-3 tissue status, red blood cell (RBC) omega-3 content is reduced during soccer activity. However, whether these changes are associated with frequent heading impacts is unknown. Aim: Explore the association between soccer heading frequencies and RBC omega-3 status. Methods: A prospective cohort study in collegiate women soccer players (n = 16). Players' RBC omega-3 status, Omega-3 Index, and self-reported gameplay header frequencies collected during a competitive season. Results: Mean Omega-3 Index (i.e., pre/postseason) was low (3.95 ± 0.44%). Postseason Omega-3 Index negatively correlated (r = −0.545, p = 0.029) with heading frequencies. Change in Omega-3 Index negatively correlated (r = −0.663, p = 0.005) with average headers per game. Conclusion: RBC omega-3 status is negatively influenced by frequent soccer heading throughout a competitive season which may have concerning implications for player brain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ankle fractures are a common injury in both sporting professionals and amateurs, with football and rugby contributing most to these injuries in the UK population. Mechanism of injury varies but commonly involves excess rotational forces around a fixed plantigrade foot. Classification of ankle fractures is discussed along with a description of the anatomy involved. Management of these injuries can be operative or non-operative and is judged based on the stability and displacement of the ankle mortise. Debate persists around optimal methods of fixation, particularly with regards to syndesmotic injury and deltoid ligament repair and the various options are outlined. A return to sport is possible and, in fact, expected in most of these fractures sustained in a sportsperson and, hence, a focus on early mobility and weight-bearing is encouraged in this population. Here we discuss these considerations in the context of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: VO2Max capacity is a key measure of performance indicator that is needed for soccer players to be in top physical shape using various training methods, both with and without the ball. Objective: This research aimed to discern the impact of fartlek training versus small-side game training to increase VO2Max capacity of players. Method: This quasi-experimental research comprised of pre-test and post-test design with data collected from 20 players aged 15-17 years. Before the experiment, players were divided into groups based on a ranking system of ordinally matching pairing with the use of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YO-YO IR Test). For data analysis, a statistical average difference test (T-test) was applied, which was initiated with a normality check using Lilliefors. Results: The result showed that tcount (11.31) > ttable (1.833) illustrating a significant difference between the impacts of fartlek and small-sided games training on VO2Max. In terms of increasing VO2Max, fartlek training and small side games was able to raise players' average VO2Max by 1.33, and 0.52, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggested that fartlek training was more effective than small-sided games training at increasing players' VO2Max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pass accuracy is a fundamental skill for soccer players. This study examined the improvement of basic passing techniques by applying small-sided games (SSGs), specifically the rondo model. Thus, this study assessed the impact of two-touch SSG exercises on enhancing passing accuracy, focusing on eye-foot coordination. The study focused on the 15-17-year-old athletes from the Bina Mandiri Soccer Academy, Malang Regency, Indonesia. The sample comprised 36 players, and a 2 × 2 factorial field experimental method was used. All participants were grouped into two groups to receive interventions of 5v5 and 4v4+2 with two touches. A passing accuracy instrument was used to determine the ability of pass accuracy, and a soccer wall volley test was used to determine eye-foot coordination. ANOVA was used to determine the differences in the effect and interaction between eye-foot coordination and SSGs on pass accuracy. The results showed that eye-foot coordination influenced the improvement of pass accuracy (p = 0.038 < 0.05), 5v5 and 4v4+2 interventions did not provide differences in the results on improving pass accuracy (p = 0.760 > 0.05), and there was an interaction between eye-foot coordination and intervention groups on pass accuracy. In conclusion, SSGs with 5v5 and 4v4+2 models with two touches can improve pass accuracy, but there is no better effect in improving pass accuracy. Eye-foot coordination has an essential role in the mastery of pass accuracy. Athletes with high eye-foot coordination are more appropriate if treated with SSG model 5v5, while athletes with low eye-foot coordination are more appropriate if treated with 4v4+2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour adopted by football teams during matches is defined as their playing style and is a key area for performance analysis. This study aimed to identify the playing styles of LaLiga teams considering match outcome and overall comparison, during a season. The sample was collected from the 2020/2021 LaLiga, consisting of 380 matches, with a total of 760 records. In this research, technical (12), tactical (six) and physical (seven) variables were selected, as well as three variables related to goalkeeper performance, totalling a count of 28 performance indicators. A principal component analysis with orthogonal Varimax rotation was performed. As a result, the models explained more than 76% of the total variance, identifying six main factors or playing styles. These styles were recognised as build-up, high pressing, high-intensity play, direct play, use of crosses and high distance in the opposition half. Compared to previous research conducted in other leagues, five of the six styles could be identified in advance, but not the high-distance style, which only occurred in draws and wins. The use of crosses was identified for victories or defeats. Coaches, analysts and sport scientists could take these playing styles into account for analysis and match preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futsal, with its tactical dynamism and agility, demands motor mastery and quick thinking. Soccer, on expansive fields, requires endurance and precise strategy. Physical condition is a crucial foundation in both, optimizing performance and preventing injuries. Both modalities exemplify the symbiosis between body and mind in the sporting context. Agility ability is associated with jumping, resulting in improved time in agility drills with increased jumping in players. The countermovement jump (CMJ) is used to measure the explosive power of the lower limbs in an individual. The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation between CMJ (Jump Height (JH), Flight Time (FT), Power (P), Initial Speed (IS)) and the agility tests (T Test, Three Cone Test and Reactive Agility Test) in young soccer and futsal players. Fifty-seven young people (soccer: n = 34; age = 14.09 ± 2.68 years old, height = 1.63 ± 13.91 m, body mass = 55.33 ± 14.67 kg; futsal: n = 23; age = 14.13 ± 2.69 years old, height = 1.66 ± 13.18 m, body mass = 56.76 ± 15.79 kg). The subject performed the "Countermovement jump" (CMJ) from a contact mat using the Chronojump system, followed by three agility tests, T-Test, Three-Cone Test and Reactive Agility Test. The results show that there is a more significant correlation between explosive power and agility in futsal players than in soccer players. Taking this into consideration coaches should continue to work on strength through jumping which will help with their agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futsal, with its tactical dynamism and agility, demands motor mastery and quick thinking. Soccer, on expansive fields, requires endurance and precise strategy. Physical condition is a crucial foundation in both, optimizing performance and preventing injuries. Both modalities exemplify the symbiosis between body and mind in the sporting context. Agility ability is associated with jumping, resulting in improved time in agility drills with increased jumping in players. Squat Jump (SJ) training was shown to improve physical ability in soccer players in pre-season. The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation between SJ (Jump Height (JH), Flight Time (FT), Power (P), Initial Speed (IS)) and the agility tests (T Test, Three Cone Test and Reactive Agility Test) in young soccer and futsal players. Fifty-seven young people (soccer: n = 34; age = 14.09 ± 2.68 years old, height = 1.63 ± 13.91 m, body mass = 55.33 ± 14.67 kg; futsal: n = 23; age = 14.13 ± 2.69 years old, height = 1.66 ± 13.18 m, body mass = 56.76 ± 15.79 kg). The subject performed the "Squat Jump" (SJ) from a contact mat using the Chronojump system, followed by three agility tests, T-Test, Three-Cone Test and Reactive Agility Test. The results show that there is a more significant correlation between explosive power and agility in futsal players than in soccer players. Taking this into consideration coaches should continue to work on strength through jumping which will help with their agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the work-load and physiological-load on the players of continuous and intermittent small-sided games (SSGs) in terms of time-motion. Twelve soccer players (age: 20.75 ± 1.60 years; body mass: 72.17 ± 5.20 kg; height: 179.42 ± 5.96 cm) participated in the research voluntarily. SSGs were played in two regimens, continuous (SSGc) and intermittent (SSGi). Wearable GPS device was used to measure the work-load and physiological-load of the players during the SSGs. Five different intensity zones were determined according to the maximal heart rate (HRmax) percentage of the players. Time, HR, running distance and running speed of the players were recorded separately for five zones during SSGs. Comparative analysis was performed between both SSGs. Players' average HR (p = .002) and player load (p = .037) indicators were significantly higher in SSGi than SSGc during the game. There was no significant difference between SSGi and SSGc in total running distance, sprint distance and maximal speed (p > .05). The most crucial finding of the study is that zone-5 activity duration was found to be significantly higher than SSGc in SSGi (p = .023). During SSGc, it was observed that the physiological responses of the players spent time in zone-4, which is the submaximal level, rather than in zone-5, which is the high-intensity activity level. As a result, a higher physiological load at maximal intensity occurred in SSGi compared to SSGc on players. SSGi created a more fluctuating heart rate. While both methods created a physiological load at a sub-maximal density on players, SSGi created a more intense anaerobic load level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the US men's national soccer team failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1986. The purpose of the current study was to investigate how sports fans react when their favourite team is not participating in a competition by surveying US soccer fans about the 2018 World Cup. In the current study, 841 US soccer fans completed a survey asking about which alternate teams they planned to support, the reasons for supporting a particular team, as well as their levels of soccer involvement, nationalism, and internationalism. Respondents most frequently intended to support Germany, and the ten most frequently supported teams were all from Europe or Latin America. With respect to reasons for supporting a given team, team-specific factors tended to be more important than relational-type factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial perception ability is a critical factor to influence the motor skills of soccer players and also plays a central role in enhancing athletic performance. In this study, 20 national-level soccer players (expert group) and 20 physical education college students from football clubs (novice group) were selected, and by using the functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (fNIRS), between-group differences in behavioral performance, prefrontal cerebral blood oxygenation (Oxy-Hb) activation, and functional brain connectivity during a mental rotation task were also discussed. The results revealed that: (1) The expert group exhibited significantly higher correct rates (P < 0.05) and shorter reaction times (P < 0.01) in the mental rotation task compared to the novice group. (2) Activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole area, and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was lower in the expert group (P < 0.05), with stronger interbrain functional connectivity. The study suggested that: long-term football training appears to alter the spatial perceptual processing mode in athletes, enhancing neural resource efficiency and promoting stronger brain network connectivity, and these findings contribute valuable insights into the cognitive benefits associated with soccer training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the physical demands of teams in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (n = 32 teams) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. On average, teams during Qatar 2022 covered around 108.1 ± 3.6 km in total, with 9.0 ± 0.9 and 2.3 ± 0.3 km covered at the higher intensities (≥20.0 and ≥25.0 km · h-1), respectively. Compared to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018, national teams in Qatar 2022 covered only 3% more total distance but 16-19% more distance at the higher intensities (P < 0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.9-2.0). When the data was adjusted based on the number of minutes played, tournament differences at the higher intensities were less pronounced (9-12%; P < 0.01; ES: 0.7-1.3). The United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Germany and IR Iran covered 19-34% more high-intensity distance than Argentina, Ecuador, Qatar, Poland and Costa Rica during the 2022 tournament (P < 0.01; ES: 3.2-3.5). Match-to-match variation of each team in Qatar 2022 revealed Ecuador and Uruguay were particularly consistent for the distances covered at higher intensities (Coefficient of Variation [CV]: 2-3%), whilst Japan demonstrated considerable variation (CV: 23-29%). Teams generally covered more total distance on a per-minute basis in the first versus the second half (P < 0.01; ES: 1.2), but no differences existed at higher intensities (P > 0.05; ES: 0.0-0.1). Correlations between the number of high-intensity runs and various phase of play events across all teams were strongest for defensive transitions and recoveries, in addition to progressions up the pitch and into the final third (r = 0.63-0.75; P < 0.01). The present findings provide valuable context into the contemporary team demands of international football. This information could be useful for practitioners to benchmark team performances and to potentially understand the myriad of factors impacting physical performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the positional role demands during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (n=722) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. During a typical FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 match, defensive and central midfielders covered 8-19% more total distance than other positional roles (P<0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.8-2.5). The distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) were 16-92% and 36-138% higher for wide midfielders and wide forwards compared to central defenders, defensive and central midfielders as well as centre forwards (P<0.01; ES: 0.7-2.2 and ES: 0.6-1.4). Defensive and central midfielders covered a greater proportion of their distance at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) out-of-possession (71-83%; P<0.01; ES: 1.4-3.0), whilst attacking midfielders, wide and centre forwards more in-possession (55-68%; P<0.01; ES: 1.6-3.3). Nine out of the top ten sprint speeds attained at the tournament were from wide positional roles (35.3-35.7 km · h-1). All positional roles demonstrated a second half reduction in total distance covered compared to the first half (P<0.01; ES: 0.8-1.3). A decline between halves for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) were more evident in attacking midfielders, wide defenders and midfielders than for other positional roles (P<0.01; ES: 0.3-0.7). Defensive midfielders and centre forwards were found to have the highest coefficient of variation (CV: 30.9-35.9% and 67.7-67.8%) for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) compared to other positional roles. The current findings provide valuable contextual information about the contemporary positional demands of international football. This could be useful in the development and prescription of specific training regimes for national teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]