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Although W. E. B. Du Bois addresses crime in Black communities in many of his writings, he is rarely recognized as having a cohesive theory on crime, and his work is often conflated with Shaw and McKay’s social disorganization theory. While both social disorganization and Du Bois’s theories pushed sociology and criminology away from pseudo-biological explanations of crime to the social environment, the Chicago School analyzed how social control broke down within neighborhoods, while Du Bois analyzed how racist social and economic exclusion of Black communities led to crime. Du Bois’s criminological theories of social disharmony and racial injustice also consider the social construction of crime and the criminalization of Blackness where social disorganization does not. Focusing on the relations of racial exclusion led Du Bois to propose solutions to crime that focus on mechanisms of oppression and economic injustice across various levels of society. This approach differs widely from community-level interventions driven by social disorganization theory, which focus on improving informal social control within neighborhoods. Du Bois's theories on crime and the social environment provide an analytic lens for sociologists to link the social organization within communities to the social organization across communities.

The association between depression and vascular disease has been well described but our understanding of the relationship between the two disorders and of the clinical implications of their interactions is limited. Evidence suggests that vascular disease can cause depression. The vascular depression hypothesis proposes that vascular disease predisposes to, precipitates, or perpetuates depression. On the other hand, there is a growing body of evidence that depression significantly and adversely affects cardiovascular health. Although many cardiology organizations do not currently list depression among the officially recognized cardiac risk factors, many behavioral medicine specialists believe depression to be an important risk. Research has demonstrated a gradient relationship between depression and the risk of cardiovascular events among both healthy individuals and those with known cardiac disease. A prognostic role for the presence of depression and the onset and recurrence of vascular disease has been largely supported. Depression also increases the likelihood of the incidence of vascular risk factors such as diabetes. The relationship between depression and vascular disease is complex and multifaceted. Proposed explanations of the association of depression and vascular disease include: 1) that the occurrence of vascular disease has a direct influence on the incidence of depression; 2) that depressive disorders have a direct impact on the vascular system; 3) that depression and vascular disease share a common pathophysiological process or processes predisposing an individual with one disorder to experience development of the other; and 4) that depression and vascular disease may share some genetic determinants. This review considers the current opinions regarding the relationship of depression and vascular disease, and discusses the clinical implications of these relationships.

Asymmetric cell division depends on coordinating the position of the mitotic spindle with the axis of cellular polarity. We provide evidence that LET-99 is a link between polarity cues and the downstream machinery that determines spindle positioning in C. elegans embryos. In let-99 one-cell embryos, the nuclear-centrosome complex exhibits a hyperactive oscillation that is dynein dependent, instead of the normal anteriorly directed migration and rotation of the nuclear-centrosome complex. Furthermore, at anaphase in let-99 embryos the spindle poles do not show the characteristic asymmetric movements typical of wild type animals. LET-99 is a DEP domain protein that is asymmetrically enriched in a band that encircles P lineage cells. The LET-99 localization pattern is dependent on PAR polarity cues and correlates with nuclear rotation and anaphase spindle pole movements in wild-type embryos, as well as with changes in these movements in par mutant embryos. In particular, LET-99 is uniformly localized in one-cell par-3 embryos at the time of nuclear rotation. Rotation fails in spherical par-3 embryos in which the eggshell has been removed, but rotation occurs normally in spherical wild-type embryos. The latter results indicate that nuclear rotation in intact par-3 embryos is dictated by the geometry of the oblong egg and are consistent with the model that the LET-99 band is important for rotation in wild-type embryos. Together, the data indicate that LET-99 acts downstream of PAR-3 and PAR-2 to determine spindle positioning, potentially through the asymmetric regulation of forces on the spindle.

Chemosensation in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans depends on sensory cilia, whose assembly and maintenance requires the transport of components such as axonemal proteins and signal transduction machinery to their site of incorporation into ciliary structures. Members of the heteromeric kinesin family of microtubule motors are prime candidates for playing key roles in these transport events. Here we describe the molecular characterization and partial purification of two heteromeric kinesin complexes from C. elegans, heterotrimeric CeKinesin-II and dimeric CeOsm-3. Transgenic worms expressing green fluorescent protein driven by endogenous heteromeric kinesin promoters reveal that both CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 are expressed in amphid, inner labial, and phasmid chemosensory neurons. Additionally, immunolocalization experiments on fixed worms show an intense concentration of CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 polypeptides in the ciliated endings of these chemosensory neurons and a punctate localization pattern in the corresponding cell bodies and dendrites. These results, together with the phenotypes of known mutants in the pathway of sensory ciliary assembly, suggest that CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 drive the transport of ciliary components required for sequential steps in the assembly of chemosensory cilia.

Accurate blood pressure measurements are fundamental in order to achieve correct diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. We performed a validation of the A&D UA767PlusBT and the Omron 705IT, using different oscillometric waveform simulators.