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This work presents the design and setup of an IoT platform at level four of the technology readiness level (TRL-4) to detect, classify, and quantify pollutant gases. This study combines concepts such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), arrays of sensors, and multivariate data analysis to interface different nanostructured chemiresistor gas sensors. The IoT platform consists of several gas sensor nodes (GSNs) with Wi-Fi capability to send data from a sensor array to a server and its user interface (UI). Each GSN interfaces one sensor array (up to four chemiresistor gas sensors and one temperature and humidity sensor). The server channels the data from the GSNs to the UI. The platform was set up following a two-stage methodology. First (training stage), sensor data were received, stored, and used to train different multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) artificial neural networks (ANNs). Second (recognition stage), models were implemented in the UI to classify and quantify the presence of pollutants. The platform was tested in laboratory conditions under exposure to nitrogen dioxide and ammonia at a different %RH. As a result, the platform improves the classification and quantification times compared with the single-sensor approach. In addition, the system was evaluated using a gas mixture of both gases, showing a classification accuracy exceeding 99%. Likewise, the training and recognition stages can be repeated to add new chemiresistor gas sensors in the node, add new nodes to the platform, and deploy the nodes in different scenarios.

The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes is investigated in this study, along with the gas-sensing applications of these modified laser-tailored materials. A simple and scalable method for the low-cost, large-scale production of PPy@LIG nanocomposites (PPy@LIG NCs) is proposed. This nanocomposite is subsequently applied to design chemoresistive flexible gas sensors to detect ammonia (NH3) levels at room temperature. Following a brief gas exposure, PPy@LIG NCs sensors demonstrate changes in resistance with a sensitivity 14 times higher than that of pure LIG. Moreover, excellent repeatability in results and a low detection limit of 1 ppm were achieved. The LIG formation and electrochemical synthesis of PPy were confirmed through Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) verified the formation of PPy@LIG NCs. In conclusion, this work introduces the novel PPy@LIG NCs and its application in gas sensing, showcasing their unique selectivity, enhanced sensitivity, and cost-effective production. These attributes mark a significant step forward, presenting new possibilities for the development of advanced gas-sensing systems aimed at improving air quality monitoring.

Purpose:: Frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTD) results from the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. It can manifest in several different ways, leading to the definition of variants characterised by their distinctive symptomatologies. As these variants are detected based on their symptoms, it can be unclear if they represent different types of FTD or different symptomatological axes. The goal of this paper is to investigate this question with a constrained cohort of FTD patients in order to see if the heterogeneity within this cohort can be inferred from medical images rather than symptom severity measurements. Methods:: An ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is used to classify diffusion tensor images collected from two databases consisting of 72 patients with behavioural variant FTD and 120 healthy controls. FTD biomarkers were found using voxel-based analysis on the sensitivities of these CNNs. Sparse principal components analysis (sPCA) is then applied on the sensitivities arising from the patient cohort in order to identify the axes along which the patients express these biomarkers. Finally, this is correlated with their symptom severity measurements in order to interpret the clinical presentation of each axis. Results:: The CNNs result in sensitivities and specificities between 83 and 92%. As expected, our analysis determines that all the robust biomarkers arise from the frontal and temporal lobes. sPCA identified four axes in terms of biomarker expression which are correlated with symptom severity measurements. Conclusion:: Our analysis confirms that behavioural variant FTD is not a singular type or spectrum of FTD, but rather that it has multiple symptomatological axes that relate to distinct regions of the frontal and temporal lobes. This analysis suggests that medical images can be used to understand the heterogeneity of FTD patients and the underlying anatomical changes that lead to their different clinical presentations.

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is widely known to result in neurological reconfiguration which can be observed via local diffusivity characteristics of the brain. These changes can be highly correlated while simultaneously variable across patients with different comorbidities or histories of substance use. This implies that more complex neuroimage analysis tools may be necessary to better detect specific biomarkers that vary across these dimensions. We investigated white and gray matter integrity using voxel-based diktiometry (VBD) on whole brain diffusion tensor images (DTI) across a database of CUD patients and healthy controls using a purely data-driven approach. These VBD maps reveal significant cortical and subcortical differences that are indicative of these neural modifications including the insula, cerebellum, ventricles, thalamo-cortical radiations, and corpus callosum bundles. In order to disambiguate these results and investigate the heterogeneity of CUD, the VBD maps have been decomposed into five decorrelated biomarkers: one in the region surrounding the left insula, one implicating the corpus callosum, two concentrated in the left cerebellum, and the last concerning a proximal region of the interhemispheric fissure which serve as potential biomarkers playing a role in CUD. These decorrelated biomarkers have themselves been correlated with consumption patterns and psychiatric and borderline personality disorder scores on the CUD patient group. This preliminary approach to using machine learning techniques to both detect and disambiguate complex non-linear patterns shows promise for better understanding complex and heterogeneous disorders such as CUD.

In this paper, we develop a formula for spacelike surfaces in a four-dimensional Lorentzian space form which involves its mean curvature vector field, the Gauss curvature of the induced metric and the Gauss curvature of the second fundamental form associated to a non-degenerate null normal section. By means of this formula, we establish several sufficient conditions for a compact spacelike surface in a four-dimensional Lorentzian space form which has a null umbilical normal direction. As another application, we give a new proof of Liebmann rigidity theorems in Euclidean, hemispherical, hyperbolic spaces and in the De Sitter spacetime.

A new correspondence between the solutions of theminimal surface equation in a certain 3-dimensional Riemannian warped product and the solutions of the maximal surface equation in a 3-dimensional standard static space-time is given. This widely extends the classical duality between minimal graphs in 3-dimensional Euclidean space and maximal graphs in 3-dimensional Lorentz–Minkowski space-time. We highlight the fact that this correspondence can be restricted to the respective classes of entire solutions. As an application, a Calabi–Bernstein-type result for certain static standard space-times is proved.

The sharp increase in energy consumption in recent years has increased the demand for new energy storage systems or the improvement of existing ones. Supercapacitors are the answer to this great challenge needed by any industrialized society. In this work, to improve the storage system of these supercapacitors, the composition of carbon-based electrodes has been modified by adding carbon carbonaceous materials and the influence of porous texture (porosity and porosity distribution) on carbonaceous electrodes. Thus, a commercial activated carbon-based electrode PCO-1000 was modified by adding structured carbons TEG, TEG-B92, and carbon black V3. For this purpose, three PCO-1000 (commercial activated carbon) base electrodes were prepared, to which 5 % Teflon was added as a binder and 5 % TEG (structured carbon), TEG-B92 (92 h heat-treated structured carbon) and V3 (carbon black), to provide the electrodes with carbon porous structures, as well as graphitic structures with carbon separation between lamellar layers. The structured carbons (TEG and TEG-B92) have carbon structures formed by interlamellar layers at carbon spacing distances and micro, macroporous pore distributions versus V3 carbon black with meso-macroporous distributions. Furthermore, carbon black V3 was selected as it has a pore distribution (meso-macroporous) greater than 50 Å which is electrochemically accessible by aqueous solutions of H2SO4, in an organic medium large solvated ions are not accessible to small pores. The supercapacitor prepared on the PCO-1000 basis with V3 (E-V3), is the best performing, with capacity, power, and energy parameters far superior to the other samples. This seems to indicate that E-V3 supercapacitors with a varied pore structure perform better than those with a predominantly micropore distribution. It seems to be deduced that it is the wide mesopores present in V3 that favour the diffusion of ions inside the carbons.

Supercapacitors, as an energy storage device, have shown great potential as a tool to help solve today's energy problems. There are currently three types of supercapacitors: electrochemical double layer, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. They have aroused great interest due to their high-power density, fast charging and discharging and good cyclic behaviour, and nowadays, it is necessary to continue their study in order to extend their capabilities. This work proposes a design and fabrication method for supercapacitors with a materials guide that, firstly, guides researchers in the development of supercapacitors and, secondly, proposes an improvement of the current supercapacitor design to ensure parallelism of the collectors, avoid corrosive processes of the collectors using graphite and avoid pad breakage. All this is carried out with 3D design and additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies, which means a reproducible solution with low available resources. In addition, the model proposed here avoids the breakage of the pads that act as electrodes by designing an intermediate body that prevents the Swagelok® cell thread from being consumed.

A major bottleneck in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of life is the assignment of function to proteins. While molecular experiments provide the most reliable annotation of proteins, their relatively low throughput and restricted purview have led to an increasing role for computational function prediction. However, assessing methods for protein function prediction and tracking progress in the field remain challenging. We conducted the second critical assessment of functional annotation (CAFA), a timed challenge to assess computational methods that automatically assign protein function. We evaluated 126 methods from 56 research groups for their ability to predict biological functions using Gene Ontology and gene-disease associations using Human Phenotype Ontology on a set of 3681 proteins from 18 species. CAFA2 featured expanded analysis compared with CAFA1, with regards to data set size, variety, and assessment metrics. To review progress in the field, the analysis compared the best methods from CAFA1 to those of CAFA2. The top-performing methods in CAFA2 outperformed those from CAFA1. This increased accuracy can be attributed to a combination of the growing number of experimental annotations and improved methods for function prediction. The assessment also revealed that the definition of top-performing algorithms is ontology specific, that different performance metrics can be used to probe the nature of accurate predictions, and the relative diversity of predictions in the biological process and human phenotype ontologies. While there was methodological improvement between CAFA1 and CAFA2, the interpretation of results and usefulness of individual methods remain context-dependent.

New rigidity results for complete non-compact spacelike submanifolds of arbitrary codimension in plane fronted waves are obtained. Under appropriate assumptions, we prove that a complete spacelike submanifold in these spacetimes is contained in a characteristic lightlike hypersurface. Moreover, for a complete codimension two extremal submanifold in a plane fronted wave we show sufficient conditions to guarantee that it is a (totally geodesic) wavefront.

Uniqueness and non-existence results on maximal hypersurfaces lying between two spacelike slices in open generalized Robertson–Walker spacetimes are given. They are obtained from a known generalized maximum principle applied to a distinguished smooth function on a complete maximal hypersurface.

We consider the prescribed mean curvature problem of spacelike graphs in Robertson- Walker spacetimes of flat fiber with homogeneous Dirichlet conditions on an Euclidean ball. Under reasonable assumptions, it is shown that every possible solution must be radially symmetric. Besides, an existence result for a singular nonlinear equation is proved by making use of the classical Schauder fixed point Theorem. The results are applied to realistic examples of Robertson-Walker spacetimes.

Several studies have reported differences in long-range temporal correlations of EEG oscillations between depressed and nondepressed individuals. The question remains unsolved whether these differences are also linked to negative emotion regulation strategies that configure a depressive style. In this study we applied detrended fluctuation analysis to the amplitude envelope of broad band and narrow band (theta and alpha) spontaneous EEG oscillations of a sample (N= 56) of young nondepressed adults to whom several emotion regulation and depression questionnaires were administered. Linear positive correlations between the scaling exponents of both broad band and theta band oscillations and negative emotion regulation strategies and depression scores were found. These results suggest that previously found differences between depressed and nondepressed individuals may exist before depression manifests, as differences could be linked to a negative emotion regulation style that in some cases could lead to the development of a depressive disorder.

Background:Monoclonal Bcell lymphocytosis MBL indicates <5 × 109peripheral blood PB clonal BcellsL in healthy individuals. In most cases, MBL cells show similar phenotypicgenetic features to chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells—CLLlike MBL—but little is known about nonCLLlike MBL.Methods:PB samples from 639 healthy individuals 46 men54 women >40 years old 62 ± 13years with normal lymphocyte counts 2.1 ± 0.7 × 109L were immunophenotyped using highsensitive flow cytometry, based on 8color stainings and the screening for >5 × 106total PB leukocytes.Results:Thirteen subjects 2.0; 9 males4 females, aged 73 ± 10 years; absolute lymphocyte count: 2.4 ± 0.8 × 109L showed a nonCLLlike clonal Bcell population, whose frequency clearly increased with age: 0.4, 3, and 5.4 of subjects aged 40–59, 60–79, and ≥80 years, respectively. One single Bcell clone was detected in 913 cases, while two Bcell clones were found in 413 n 17 MBL populations. Nine MBL cell populations showed a CD5−phenotype usually overlapping with marginal zonederived MZL or lymphoplasmacytic LPL nonHodgkin lymphoma NHL Bcells, or an unclassifiable NHL, but CD5−dn 3 and CD5n 3 nonCLLlike MBL, consistent with a mantlecell lymphoma MCLlike phenotype, and n 2 CLLlike MBL were also identified; iFISH supported the diagnosis in most cases. No preferential IGHV usage of Bcell receptor could be found. Twelve cases reevaluated at month 12 showed circulating clonal Bcells, at mean levels significantly higher than those initially detected.Conclusions:NonCLLlike MBL cases frequently show biclonality, in association with MZL, LPL, MCLlike, or unclassifiable phenotypic profiles. As with CLLlike MBL, the frequency of nonCLLlike MBL increases with age, with a clear predominance of males. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) indicates the presence of less than 5 × 109/L circulating monoclonal B cells in otherwise healthy subjects. Recently, it has been reported that circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)–like B cells can be detected using 4- or 5-multicolor flow cytometry in 5% to 7% of adults with normal lymphocyte counts. We investigated the frequency of circulating monoclonal B cells in 608 healthy subjects older than 40 years with normal blood counts, using a highly sensitive 8-color flow cytometry approach and systematic screening for total PB leukocyte count higher than 5 × 106. We show that the frequency of PB monoclonal B cells is markedly higher than previously reported (12% for CLL-like B cells, found at frequencies of 0.17 ± 0.13 × 109cells/L), the incidence progressively increasing with age. Most cases (62%) showed clonal B-cell levels below the maximum sensitivity of the techniques described by others (< 0.01%), supporting the notion that detection of MBL may largely depend on the sensitivity of the flow cytometry approach used.

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) indicates the presence of less than 5 × 109/L circulating monoclonal B cells in otherwise healthy subjects. Recently, it has been reported that circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)–like B cells can be detected using 4- or 5-multicolor flow cytometry in 5% to 7% of adults with normal lymphocyte counts. We investigated the frequency of circulating monoclonal B cells in 608 healthy subjects older than 40 years with normal blood counts, using a highly sensitive 8-color flow cytometry approach and systematic screening for total PB leukocyte count higher than 5 × 106. We show that the frequency of PB monoclonal B cells is markedly higher than previously reported (12% for CLL-like B cells, found at frequencies of 0.17 ± 0.13 × 109 cells/L), the incidence progressively increasing with age. Most cases (62%) showed clonal B-cell levels below the maximum sensitivity of the techniques described by others (< 0.01%), supporting the notion that detection of MBL may largely depend on the sensitivity of the flow cytometry approach used.

Abstract: Background: The tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNFA) has been recently associated to alcoholic steatohepatitis. We have analyzed the distribution of genotypes and alleles of two polymorphisms at positions –238 and –308 in the promoter region of the TNFA gene in a Spanish male population of alcoholics with and without alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

On any spacelike hypersurface of constant mean curvature of a Generalized Robertson–Walker spacetime, the hyperbolic angle θ between the future-pointing unit normal vector field and the universal time axis is considered. It is assumed that θ has a local maximum. A physical consequence of this fact is that relative speeds between normal and comoving observers do not approach the speed of light near the maximum point. By using a development inspired from Bochner's well-known technique, a uniqueness result for spacelike hypersurfaces of constant mean curvature under this assumption on θ, and also assuming certain matter energy conditions hold just at this point, is proved.

Some relations between the causal character of projective vector fields and curvature on a Lorentzian manifold Mare studied. As a consequence, obstructions to the existence of such vector fields are found. Affine, homothetic and Killing vector fields are considered specifically.

Complete maximal surfaces in the n-dimensional Lorentz-Minkowski space are studied from the behaviour of their normal vectors. Moreover, several examples of maximal surfaces are constructed.

Semi-Riemannian manifolds with a suitable set of conformal symmetries are shown to be complete. Locally warped products are studied and warped-completeness is introduced. In the case of definite and complete basis, several assumptions on the growth of the warping function yield some of the three kinds of completeness. The case of 1-dimensional basis (including a known family of relativistic space-times) is specially studied. Null warped-completeness is related to the completeness of a certain conformal metric on the basis. Several examples and counter-examples explaining the main results are also given.

Given a real hypersurface of a complex hyperbolic space #x2102;?Hn,we construct a principal circle bundle over it which is a Lorentzian hypersurface of the anti-De Sitter space H12n+1.Relations between the respective second fundamental forms are obtained permitting us to classify a remarkable family of real hypersurfaces of ℂHn.

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In this paper we prove an integral inequality for the Gaussian curvature of compact maximal surfaces inn-dimensional de Sitter space. Some applications of that inequality are given in order to solve the associated Bernstein type problem as well as to characterize the totally geodesic immersion in terms of its area and the first nontrivial eigenvalue of its Laplacian.

The possible hyperplastic effect on the mouse gastric mucosa following administration of 500 mg/kg of ebrotidine for 18 mo was investigated. The animals were taken from the study of carcinogenesis in mouse carried out with this product. Two different aspects were considered to assess such a possible hyperplastic effect. The height of the fundic and antral mucosa was microscopically measured in several points. Histologic sections obtained from standardized levels of the stomach were used. The density of argyrophil cells in the gastric mucosa has been also quantified, in order to identify enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, the most abundant among the cells that have this property. Grimelius' silver staining method was used to identify ECL cells. The cell count was performed under ×400 magnification, and the length of mucosa examined was determined by computer-assisted image analysis. This study complements the mouse carcinogenesis study, in which no differences in tumor incidence were found between treated and control animals. The results show that administration of 500 mg/kg/day of ebrotidine for 18 mo to mice did not induce any hyperplastic effect on the gastric mucosa comprising its various cell types or any specific, diffuse, or focal hyperplasia of ECL cells.

Three groups of Sprague-Dawley CD rats (males and females) were initially administered p.o. with ebrotidine, a novel H2-receptor antagonist, mixed with the diet, at 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg/d, respectively. Two concurrent control groups of animals were used. After 13 months, initial 200 mg/kg was lowered to 150 mg/kg, and a new group was administered with 300 mg/kg, due to the body weight reduction observed in the top dose group. After 24 months, survivors were killed and necropsied, and a histopathological study was performed. The frequencies of the different tumour types that were found were not raised due to the treatment. Lower frequencies of some types of pituitary and mammary gland tumours, in the groups treated with the higher doses, were the only statistically significant changes. Among the non-neoplastic effects, a lower body weight increment and food consumption (500 and 300 mg/kg, both sexes), lower survival (500 mg/kg, males), presence of lipoid pneumonia (500 mg/kg, only in males, and 300 mg/kg, both sexes), and lithiasis in urinary system (500 mg/kg) were observed. No changes in gastric mucosa (the main target organ) were attributable to ebrotidine. Regarding the non-neoplastic effects, 150 mg/kg was the no observed adverse effect level. According to the previous results of the carcinogenicity study in mice, conjointly with those of the study in rats reported here, there is no evidence of carcinogenic risk either in males or in females in these species. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 18:263–277, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Some examples of indefinite complete complex Einstein hypersurfaces of an indefinite complex flat space which are not locally symmetric are given.

Abstract: We introduce a new method to study compact spaceliken-submanifolds in de Sitter spacesS q n+q by means of certain integral formulas which have a very clear geometric meaning. As a first application of them we obtain a Bernstein type result for complete maximal submanifolds inS q n+q . As for surfaces, we also get a uniqueness result for compact spacelike surfaces inS q 2+q with parallel mean curvature vector field.

The rigidity for full holomorphic isometric immersions of an indefinite Kähler manifold into an indefinite complex space form is proved. All such immersions between indefinite complex projective (and hyperbolic) spaces are founded and examples of non-congruents holomorphic isometric immersions are exposed.

A new technique is introduced in order to solve the following question:When is a complete spacelike hypersurface of constant mean curvature in a generalized Robertson-Walker spacetime totally umbilical and a slice? (Generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes extend classical Robertson-Walker ones to include the cases in which the fiber has not constant sectional curvature.) First, we determine when this hypersurface must be compact. Then, all these compact hypersurfaces in (necessarily spatially closed) spacetimes are shown to be totally umbilical and, except in very exceptional cases, slices. This leads to proof of a new Bernstein-type result. The power of the introduced tools is also shown by reproving and extending several known results.

It is proved that every compact Lorentz manifold admitting a timelike conformal Killing vector field is geodesically complete. So, a recent result by Kamishima in J. Differential Geometry [37 (1993), 569-601] is widely extended.

Background: The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function. Results: Here, we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicansand Pseudomonas aureginosagenomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility. We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory. Conclusion: We conclude that while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than the expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicansand D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. Finally, we report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bio-ontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens.

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is characterized by the presence of low numbers of circulating clonal B cells that usually display highly-similar phenotypic features to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. This entity is divided into high-count (MBLhi) and low-count (MBLlo), depending on the number of peripheral blood (PB) clonal B cells (higher vs. lower than 0.5x109/L, respectively). Whereas MBLhiis frequently detected in laboratory routine analyses and precedes CLL, MBLlois mainly detected in population-based screening studies, making its biological and clinical significance elusive. Of note, prevalence of MBLlois significantly higher than that of MBLhiand CLL, and increases with age, with a prevalence >20% among individuals older than 70y.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including the profile on Maclovia Roybal's "Child Brides," by Yolanda L. Cruz in the Spring 2006 issue, "Legend of Miguel Lamy," by Delfina Rodriguez de Foley in the Spring 2006 issue and "Santa Fe Hispanic Culture: Preserving Identity in a Tourist Town," by Andrew Leo Lovato in the Summer 2005 issue.

Texture analysis has become an important task in image processing because it is used as a preprocessing stage in different research areas including medical image analysis, industrial inspection, segmentation of remote sensed imaginary, multimedia indexing and retrieval. In order to extract visual texture features a texture image analysis technique is presented based on the Hermite transform. Psychovisual evidence suggests that the Gaussian derivatives fit the receptive field profiles of mammalian visual systems. The Hermite transform describes locally basic texture features in terms of Gaussian derivatives. Multiresolution combined with several analysis orders provides detection of patterns that characterizes every texture class. The analysis of the local maximum energy direction and steering of the transformation coefficients increase the method robustness against the texture orientation. This method presents an advantage over classical filter bank design because in the latter a fixed number of orientations for the analysis has to be selected. During the training stage, a subset of the Hermite analysis filters is chosen in order to improve the inter-class separability, reduce dimensionality of the feature vectors and computational cost during the classification stage. We exhaustively evaluated the correct classification rate of real randomly selected training and testing texture subsets using several kinds of common used texture features. A comparison between different distance measurements is also presented. Results of the unsupervised real texture segmentation using this approach and comparison with previous approaches showed the benefits of our proposal.