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Embryos across metazoan lineages can enter reversible states of developmental pausing, or diapause, in response to adverse environmental conditions. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this remarkable dormant state remain largely unknown. Here we show that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation by Mettl3 is required for developmental pausing in mouse blastocysts and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mettl3 enforces transcriptional dormancy through two interconnected mechanisms: (1) it promotes global mRNA destabilization and (2) it suppresses global nascent transcription by destabilizing the mRNA of the transcriptional amplifier and oncogene N-Myc, which we identify as a crucial anti-pausing factor. Knockdown of N-Myc rescues pausing in Mettl3−/−ES cells, and forced demethylation and stabilization of MycnmRNA in paused wild-type ES cells largely recapitulates the transcriptional defects of Mettl3−/−ES cells. These findings uncover Mettl3 as a key orchestrator of the crosstalk between transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic regulation during developmental pausing, with implications for dormancy in adult stem cells and cancer.

As part of planning for future space exploration, COSPAR (The Committee on Space Research) together with participating space agencies, organized and held interdisciplinary meetings to consider next steps in addressing knowledge gaps for planetary protection for future human missions to Mars. Beginning with the results of these meetings and earlier work by NASA, ESA, and COSPAR (e.g., Criswell et al., 2005; Hogan et al., 2006; Rummel et al., 2008) as a base the authors of this paper carried out a follow-on NASA planning activity to identify the necessary steps to be accomplished to close knowledge gaps. We identified significant overlap between the planetary protection needs and other sets of Mars preparation roadmaps (1) microbial monitoring requirements for crew health and medical systems, (2) studies of the microbiome of the built environment, (3) environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS), (4) waste management, and (5) planetary surface operations. In many cases, efforts to mature exploration class systems for Mars that are occurring in other domains can be leveraged with minor changes to address planetary protection gaps as well. In other cases, work planned for testing on the International Space Station (ISS) as an analog for crew Mars transit, or on the lunar surface as an analog for Mars surface operations can be used to close planetary protection technology and knowledge gaps. An overall strategic framework that combines these domains has the advantage of being more comprehensive, efficient, and timely for closing gaps.

Cells differentiate and progress through development guided by a dynamic chromatin landscape that mediates gene expression programmes. During development, mammalian cells display a paradoxical chromatin state: histone modifications associated with gene activation (trimethylated histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3)) and with gene repression (trimethylated H3 Lys27 (H3K27me3)) co-occur at promoters of developmental genes. This bivalent chromatin modification state is thought to poise important regulatory genes for expression or repression during cell-lineage specification. In this Review, we discuss recent work that has expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of bivalent chromatin and its contributions to mammalian development. We describe the factors that establish bivalency, especially histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2B (KMT2B) and Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and consider evidence indicating that PRC1 shapes bivalency and may contribute to its transmission between generations. We posit that bivalency is a key feature of germline and embryonic stem cells, as well as other types of stem and progenitor cells. Finally, we discuss the relevance of bivalent chromtin to human development and cancer, and outline avenues of future research.

Across history and among diverse civilizations, human beings have been interested in attaining a state of peace of mind and how to educate people in attaining so. However, the conceptualization of such phenomenon has not been accurately discussed within psychology and furthermore is a lack of awareness on the diversity between conceptualization and the experience of a state of “peace of mind”—this being one of the main aims of the present article. Though this transitory and dynamic state of mind has been related to affective processes such as acceptance, contentment, and surrender, more descriptive and explanatory accounts about the emergence and experience of peace of mind could expand our understanding meaning-making and affective processing in everyday life. Dimensions of semiotic mediation theory are beneficial in the exploration and understanding of the phenomenon of “peace of mind”, as well as this phenomenon greatly can illustrate dynamics of sign levels. In order to expand the theoretical understanding of what peace of mind entails, we make use of an innovative method: using literature as data that allows peace of mind to be investigated from a perspective of cultural psychology.

ABSTRACTCytokinesis in fission yeast involves actomyosin ring constriction concurrent to septum synthesis followed by septum digestion resulting in cell separation. A recent report indicates that endocytosis is required for septum synthesis and cell separation. The conserved GTPase Cdc42 is required for membrane trafficking and promotes endocytosis. Cdc42 is activated by Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Cdc42 GEFs have been shown to promote timely initiation of septum synthesis and proper septum morphology. Here we show that Cdc42 promotes the recruitment of the major primary septum synthesizing enzyme Bgs1 and consequent ring constriction. Cdc42 is also required for proper localization of the septum digesting glucanases at the division site. Thus, Cdc42 is required to promote multiple steps during cytokinesis.

Acetonic crude extracts from raw and roasted Georgia pecans were prepared and subjected to in vitrogastrointestinal digestion. Digested and undigested extracts of raw pecan phenolics were then separated into low- and high-molecular-weight (LMW and HMW) fractions viaSephadex LH-20 column chromatography; afterwards, they were characterized by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS. The LMW fraction consisted primarily of flavan-3-ols and ellagic acid derivatives and following digestion there was an overall loss in phenolics from 16% to 100%. In the HMW fraction, procyanidins with degrees of polymerization ranging from dimers to hexamers were present. Following digestion, a loss in higher oligomeric procyanidins was observed, along with a significant increase in quantity of dimers. This increase was attributed to the dimerization of (+)-catechin/(−)-epicatechin and the scission of larger procyanidins, mainly tetramers to hexamers. The loss of phenolics following digestion, as seen by HPLC characterization, was reflected in reduced total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity, as determined by selected in vitroantioxidant assays.

The United Nations has declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses. Pulses are narrowly defined as leguminous crops that are harvested as dry seeds. Although some pulse crops are harvested green (e.g., green peas), these are classified as vegetables because the pods are often consumed along with the mature and sometimes immature seeds. Other dried legumes such as soybean and peanut meet the definition of being a leguminous crop that is harvested as dry seeds; however, these crops are grown primarily for oil content and, thus, are not categorized as pulses. There are hundreds of pulse varieties grown worldwide; these include, for example, dry edible beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, and lentils. This review will cover the proximate (e.g., protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), and phytonutrient (e.g., polyphenolics and carotenoid) composition of dry edible beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas. Soybean and peanuts will not be covered in this review. The effects of processing on composition will also be covered. The health benefits related to folates, fiber, and polyphenolics will be highlighted. The health benefits discussed will include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and weight control. The current review will not cover antinutrient compounds; this topic will be covered in a separate review article published in the same issue.

Context:Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.Objective:To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.Design:Crossover study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Nine euhydrated men (age 23 ± 4 years, height 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity 1.009 ± 0.005).Intervention(s):On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature 37°C, relative humidity 18), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature 21°C, relative humidity 18). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.Main Outcome Measure(s):Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.Results:The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1(144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1(4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time.Conclusions:Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

Context:Adding sodium (Na) to drinks improves rehydration and ad libitum fluid consumption. Clinicians (∼25) use pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Scientists warn against PJ ingestion, fearing it will cause rapid plasma volume restoration and thereby decrease thirst and delay rehydration. Advice about drinking PJ has been developed but never tested.Objective:To determine if drinking small volumes of PJ, hypertonic saline (HS), or deionized water (DIW) affects ad libitum DIW ingestion, plasma variables, or perceptual indicators.Design:Crossover study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Fifteen, euhydrated (urine specific gravity ≤ 1.01) men (age 22 ± 2 years, height 178 ± 6 cm, mass 82.9 ± 8.4 kg).Intervention(s):Participants completed 3 testing days (≥72 hours between days). After a 30-minute rest, a blood sample was collected. Participants completed 60 minutes of hard exercise (temperature 36 ± 2°C, relative humidity 16 ± 1). Postexercise, they rested for 30 minutes; had a blood sample collected; rated thirst, fullness, and nausea; and ingested 83 ± 8 mL of PJ, HS, or DIW. They rated drink palatability (100-mm visual analog scale) and were allowed to drink DIW ad libitum for 60 minutes. Blood samples and thirst, fullness, and nausea ratings (100-mm visual analog scales) were collected at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes posttreatment drink ingestion.Main Outcome Measure(s):Ad libitum DIW volume, percentage change in plasma volume, plasma osmolality (OSMp,) plasma sodium concentration (Nap), and thirst, fullness, nausea, and palatability ratings.Results:Participants consumed more DIW ad libitum after HS (708.03 ± 371.03 mL) than after DIW (532.99 ± 337.14 mL, P< .05). Ad libitum DIW ingested after PJ (700.35 ± 366.15 mL) was similar to that after HS and DIW (P> .05). Plasma sodium concentration, OSMp, percentage change in plasma volume, thirst, fullness, and nausea did not differ among treatment drinks over time (P> .05). Deionized water (73 ± 14 mm) was more palatable than HS (17 ± 13 mm) or PJ (26 ± 16 mm, P< .05).Conclusions:The rationale behind advice about drinking PJ is questionable. Participants drank more, not less, after PJ ingestion, and plasma variables and perceptual indicators were similar after PJ and DIW ingestion. Pickle juice did not inhibit short-term rehydration.

Gastric adenomas are neoplastic lesions, representing up to 10 of all gastric polyps (Endoscopy1994; 26:659–665). Three epithelial subtypes are currently recognized, each carrying unique clinical implications. Intestinal-type gastric adenomas are the most common subtype and by definition contain foci of intestinal type epithelium with acidic intestinal mucins (Mod Pathol2003; 16:786–795). They commonly arise in a background of atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. Foci of high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal or invasive adenocarcinoma are often present. Foveolar-type gastric adenomas are the second most common type of adenoma. Although also dysplastic, they typically have a less aggressive behavior and are rarely associated with high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Characterized by gastric epithelium with neutral foveolar mucins, foveolar-type gastric adenomas generally arise in either a background of unremarkable mucosa or familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (Am J Surg Pathol2002; 26:1276–1285). Pyloric gland adenomas are the third most prevalent neoplastic gastric polyp (Virchows Arch2003; 442:317–321). They resemble the deep mucous glands found near the pylorus with a remarkably bland appearance. However, similar to intestinal-type adenomas, pyloric gland adenomas are also typically associated with a more aggressive clinical course and arise in a background of atrophic gastritis (Virchows Arch2010; 457:529–536). As the awareness of pyloric gland adenoma increases, the relative frequencies of these entities are subject to change.

A developmentally normal adolescent boy with a history of childhood absence epilepsy presented with recurrence of pyknolepsy after a seven‐year period of remission. The characteristics of his EEG showed the same 3‐Hz generalised spike‐wave discharge as in his previous EEG in childhood. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing recurrence of childhood absence epilepsy as pyknolepsy in an adolescent. [Published with video sequences] Content available: Video

A developmentally normal adolescent boy with a history of childhood absence epilepsy presented with recurrence of pyknolepsy after a seven-year period of remission. The characteristics of his EEG showed the same 3-Hz generalised spike-wave discharge as in his previous EEG in childhood. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing recurrence of childhood absence epilepsy as pyknolepsy in an adolescent.

Aims and method A trust-wide survey of all in-patients to estimate the prevalence of likely deprivation of liberty and to investigate how two different approaches to measuring deprivation might affect the number identified. RESULTS: A notable difference in the results was detected when comparing the two methods. One survey method identified deprivation of liberty factors in 84% of informal incapacitous patients, whereas a different approach that weighed up the factors in accordance with the UK government’s interpretation of the case law detected only 11% as potential cases. Clinical implications To be usefully implemented, the deprivation of liberty safeguards require an accurate method of assessment in order to target those the process is designed to protect. This survey demonstrates the difficulties in defining deprivation of liberty and highlights the issue of how it is best measured.

Clear communication between primary and secondary care is essential to prevent prescribing errors, especially in the case of psychiatry where medication is frequently altered and prescribing may be the responsibility of either the GP or the specialist. Here, Dr Robinson describes an audit carried out at the local elderly day treatment service to examine the discrepancies between GPs' records of medication and those of the day service, and to investigate how improvements could be made. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd

Perimeter, surface area, total hydrodynamic aperture, and degree of hydrodynamic aperture are key landscape parameters used to quantify differences in the biological functioning of Tuamotu Archipelago atolls (French Polynesia). In a previous study, these landscape parameters were computed using Satellite pour l'observation de la terre (SPOT) high-resolution visible (HRV) data at 20 m spatial resolution. Since 1999, Tuamotu atolls have been systematically imaged by an array of satellite sensors with a wide range of spatial resolution (from 1 km to 5 m) including the sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+), and digital photographs taken by astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS). Our goal was to assess the influence of the spatial resolution of SeaWiFS (1 km), ETM+ (30 m), HRV (20 m), and ISS digital photographs (5 m) on the estimation of landscape parameters of Pacific Ocean atolls. Total hydrodynamic aperture and degree of hydrodynamic aperture are the parameters most sensitive to variation in resolution. For the same atoll, the differences between degree of aperture computed from SPOT and Landsat can reach 28%. Conversely, perimeters and atoll surface area estimates are in agreement within 7% using data with resolution from 5 to 30 m. One kilometre resolution SeaWiFS data offer the possibility to rank atolls based on surface area correctly, but only for atolls larger than 70 km2.

Using a pair of isogenic Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines, one of which is sensitive (BL30A) and the other resistant (BL30K) to apoptosis induced by ionising radiation and exogenous ceramide, we investigated mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling to determine which members of this kinase family are involved in the apoptotic process in these cells. We have previously shown that BL30A cells produce ceramide after irradiation and that this does not occur in BL30K cells (Michael et al. [1997] Cancer Res 57:3600–3605). We show that p38 MAPK is activated transiently in both cells after ionising radiation. On the other hand, although JNK is rapidly activated in both cells, this activation is only transient in the resistant cells, whereas in the sensitive cells the activation is sustained. Addition of exogenous ceramide resulted in only a transient activation of JNK in both cells. Interestingly, ERK activity was decreased in BL30A cells after ceramide treatment, whereas no such decrease occurred in the resistant cells. Treatment of BL30A cells with phorbol ester before irradiation, which blocks the increase in ceramide and apoptosis, also prevents the sustained increase in JNK activity. At the same time, ERK activity is increased. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK is not required for apoptosis signalling in response to ionising radiation in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells and that sustained activation of JNK is necessary for apoptosis in these cells. These results also support the hypothesis that a balance between JNK and ERK activity determines cell fate after exposure to ceramide or ionising radiation. In addition, our results suggest different signalling pathways from exogenous ceramide and radiation, supporting the concept of different intracellular pools of active ceramide. Drug Dev. Res. 52:534–541, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

1. Sport and CultureGary ARMSTRONG and Richard GIULIANOTTI, eds., Entering the Field‐ New Perspectives on World Football,Berg, 1997, pp.319, £14.99, ISBN 1–85973–198–8 (pbk) Grant JARVIE, ed., Sport in the Making of Celtic Cultures,Leicester University Press 1999, pp.198, ISBN 0–7185–0129–2 (pbk)Andreas MAUS, Drüben‐ Alltagsgeschichten aus Ost und West[with photographies by Burkhard PETER], Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, dtv premium, 1999, pp.214, DM24.00, ISBN3–423–24164–0 (pbk)Neil TRANTER, Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750–1914,Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 112, £6.95, ISBN 0–521–57655–5 (pbk), £19.95, ISBN 0–521–57217–7 (hbk)2. Further ReviewsAttila ÁGH, The Politics of Central Europe,Sage Publications 1998, pp.244, £15.99, ISBN 0–7619–5032‐X(pbk)Hartmut BEHR, Zuwanderung im Nationalstaat ‐ Formen der Eigen‐ und Fremdbestimmung in den USA, der Bundesrepublik und Frankreich,Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.327, DM48.00, ISBN 3–8100–1976–3 (pbk)Robert BIDELEUX and Ian JEFFRIES, A History of Eastern Europe ‐ Crisis and Change,Routledge, 1998, pp.685, £19.99, ISBN 0–415–16112–6 (pbk)Peter GOWAN and Perry ANDERSON, eds., The Question of Europe,Verso, 1997, pp.399, £15.00, ISBN1–85984–142–2 (pbk)Hermann, W. HOEN, The Transformation of Economic Systems in Central Europe,Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA.: Edward Elgar 1998, pp. 203+xi, £49.95, ISBN 1–85898–271–5.Robert LADRECH & Philippe MARLIÈRE (eds) Social Democratic Parties in the European Union‐ History, Organization, Policies,Macmillan, 1998, pp.234, £45.00, ISBN 0–333–68940–2 (hbk)Jo LANGHAM‐BROWN (ed.), Media in Europe ‐ The Yearbook of the European Institute for the Media 1998,The European Institute for the Media, 1998, pp.338, DM49.50, ISBN 3–929673–30–4 (pbk)Ronald LUTZ and Matthias ZENG (eds), Armutsforschung und Sozialberichterstattung in den neuen Bundesländern,Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.323, DM 48.00, ISBN 3–8100–1843–0 (pbk)Martin McCAULEY, Russia since 1914,Longman Companions to History Scries, Longman, 1998, pp.367, £14.99, ISBN 0–582–27639‐X (pbk)Hugh O'DONNELL, Good Times, Bad Times ‐ Soap Operas and Society in Western Europe,Leicester University Press, 1999, pp.247, £16.99, ISBN 0–7185–0046–6 (pbk)Rosalind M.O.PRITCHARD, Reconstructing Education‐ East German School and Universities after Unification,Berghahn Books 1999, pp.249, £40.00, ISBN 1–57181–954–1 (hbk) Thomas SAALFELD, Großbritannien. Eine politische Landeskunde.Opladen: Leske & Budrich 1998, pp 155, DM 18,‐ ISBN 3–8100–2062–1 (pbk)Wolfgang SACHS, Reinhard LOSKE, Manfred LINZ et al, Greening the North: A Post‐Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity,Zed Books 1998, pp 247, £14.95, ISBN 1 85649 508 6 (pbk).Klaus SCHROEDER, Der SED‐Staat ‐ Geschichte und Strukturen der DDR 1949–1989,Carl Hanser Verlag, 1998, 782 pp., DM78.00Janine R. WEDEL, Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989–1998,London: Macmillan 1998, pp.286+xv, £25.00, ISBN 0–333–75328–3.

Malcolm COOK and Grace DAVIE, eds., Modern France — Society in Transition,Routledge 1999, pp.279, £13.99, ISBN 0–415–15432–4 (pbk)Lowell DITTMER, Liu Shaoqi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism,revised edition, M.E. Sharpe, 1998, $24.95, pp.400, ISBN 1–56324–952–9 (pbk)James FORDER and Anand MENON, eds., The European Union and National Macroeconomic Policy,Routledge, 1998, pp. 210, £16.99, ISBN 0–415–14197–4 (pbk)Kenneth HANF and Alf‐Inge JAN‐SEN, eds., Governance and Environment in Western Europe ‐ Politics, Policy and Administration,Longman 1998, pp.325, £14.99, ISBN 0–582–36820–0 (pbk).Elizabeth HIGGINBOTHAM and Mary ROMERO, eds., Women and Work ‐ Exploring Race, Ethnicity, and Class,Sage 1997, pp.269, ISBN 0–8039‐S059–4 (pbk)Beate HOECKER ed., Handbuch Politische Partizipation von Frauen in Europa,Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.403, DM48.00,ISBN 3–8100–1782–5 (pbk)Karin KURZ, Das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen in der intensiven Familien‐phase. Ein Vergleich zwischen Müttern in der Bundesrepublik und in den USA,Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1998, pp. 273, DM48.00, ISBN 3–8100–1941–0 (pbk)Teresa LAWLOR and Mike RIGBY with José Amodia, Ana María Plymen, Manuel Pérez Yruela and Rafael Serrano del Rosal, Contemporary Spain, Essays and Texts on Politics, Economics, Education and Employment, and Society,Longman 1998, pp.416, £17.99, ISBN 0–582–29422–3 (pbk)Linda McDOWELL and Joanne P.SHARP, eds., Space, Gender, Knowledge ‐ Feminist Readings,Arnold 1997, pp.468, £16.99, ISBN 0–340–67792–9 (pbk)Hilary PARTRIDGE, Italian Politics Today,Politics Today Series, Manchester University Press, 1998, pp.199, £9.99, ISBN 0–7190–4944‐X (pbk)Manfred G. SCHMIDT, Sozialpolitik in Deutschland — Historische Entwicklung und internationaler Vergleich,2nded., Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.334, DM36.00, ISBN 3–8100–1963–1 (pbk)Peter SCHUCK and Rainer MÜNZ, ed., Paths to Inclusion — The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany,Berghahn Books, 1998, pp.306, ISBN 1–57181–091–9 (hbk)Alan SINFIELD: Literature Politics and Culture in Postwar Britain,The Athlone Press, 1997, 2nd edition, 347 pp., £16.95, ISBN 0485 12132 8 (pbk)

AbstractCognitive impairment is prevalent among cancer patients receiving palliative care. It affects both clinical management and research with these patients. Cognitive impairments can often be reversed by appropriate therapeutic intervention, but many cases of cognitive impairment among palliative care patients will remain undetected by clinical staff unless formal assessment is conducted. Selection of an appropriate method of assessment should be guided by the goal for which assessment is undertaken, the ways in which the special characteristics of palliative care patients constrain the gathering of information, the type of information and the scale of measurement required, the validity, reliability and standardisation of the tests available, and the significance attached to test outcomes.A wide variety of methods for assessing cognitive competence is available. They differ in the type of information provided, the scale of measurement, and the breadth of the skills assessed. Each is most suitable for particular purposes. The variety ensures that cognitive performance can be assessed in palliative care patients despite constraints imposed by budgets, limited relevant staff expertise, and patient characteristics.

AbstractThis paper addresses two issues: whether there is a developmental trend in suggestibility to misleading post-event information, and whether suggestibility can be reduced by use of part of the cognitive interview. Twenty participants from each of three age groups (four-to-five year olds, eight-to-nine year olds and adults) watched a filmed event, and half of the participants in each age group were subsequently asked to recall everything they had seen using a method derived from the cognitive interview procedure. Following this, all participants were asked questions about the filmed event, some of which incorporated misleading information. Twenty four hours later the witnesses were interviewed again, this time critical questions were included about the truth of the presuppositions introduced in the initial questionnaire. It was found that although the eight-to-nine year olds were more suggestible than adults, the apparent greater suggestibility of very young children (four-to-five years) could potentially be explained in terms of heightened compliance to the perceived demands of the interviewer. The 'be complete' part of the cognitive interview only produced an improvement in performance for the eight-to-nine year olds.

This study was designed to explore a mother's attributions toward her twins from 11 to 32 months. One twin was developing normally while the other was extremely handicapped. Results suggest that the mother fine-tuned her attributions in response to the children's developmental level of communicative development but not in other areas. Several hypotheses are explored for this lack of reflection of the children's developmental level. One possible explanation is the possibility that the mother needed to feel that she was interacting with a competent infant and thus overinterpreted the handicapped infant's behaviour in order to interact effectively.

Although monkeys, pigeons, rats and chimpanzees all appear to be able to draw transitive inferences, young children fail to do so in some situations. If we take successful performance to be indicative of rationality—as animal researchers sometimes do (Monkeys are rational!—McGonigle & Chalmers, 1992)—we have the paradox that animals are, on this criterion, more rational than are school-age children. It is possible, however, to complete 5-term transitive tasks by recruiting associative rather than logical processes; and, indeed, the tasks given to animals not only afford associative solutions but seem to require them (M&C tasks, after McGonigle & Chalmers, 1992). We asked whether 5- to 6-year-old children find a task that naturally affords the application of a logical rule (a B&T task, after Bryant & Trabasso, 1971) easier to perform than an M&C task that does not. The children found the B&T task easier—a difference that could not be explained in terms of difference in memory for the premises. This leaves open the possibility that, although children are not restricted to associative strategies when completing 5-term series tasks, animals may be thus restricted.

Lists five reasons to have a diving experience in Big Pine Key, Florida. Description of Big Pine key; Detailed information on the reasons; Information on how to get to Big Pine Key.

Presents travel information on Islamorada, while highlighting five of the island's best diving sites. What is the meaning of Islamorada; Suggestion that Islamorada's diversity is its most captivating feature; Identification of these diving sites; Description of these diving sites.

With the increasing success of cytotoxic agents in prolonging the lives of patients with some malignant and nonmalignant diseases has come the realization that permanent damage to self-renewing cell populations may be induced. We are now faced with a sizable population of long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, choriocarcinoma, testicular cancer, and other diseases, in whom cytotoxic chemotherapy has resulted in permanent sterility. It has been estimated, for example, that at least 80 per cent of males treated with MOPP chemotherapy (mustine, vinblastine, procar-bazine, and prednisone) for Hodgkin's disease become azoospermic or severely oligospermic, and that approximately 50 per cent of females become amenorrheic.

Presents information on Ocean Divers, a company which operates in Key Largo, Florida. Information on the the operations of the boat MV Ocean Divers; Description of Ocean Divers; Information on how to get to Ocean Divers; Features which the boat shows passengers; Detailed information on the trips which the boat makes.

This article reports on Massachusetts Representative Elaine Noble's disclosure of her decision not to run for reelection as a state legislator, during the National Gay Leadership Conference held on July 30, 1977. Noble's call for federal legislative solidarity; Her effort to address the issue of sexism in the gay rights movement.