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Cultural and environmental factors can place creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) under extreme stress during the summer months. This stress, coupled with the growth adaptation of creeping bentgrass, can result in shallow, poorly rooted stands of turf. To enhance root zone oxygen and rooting of creeping bentgrass, golf courses use methods such as core and solid-tine aerification, and sand topdressing. An additional method of delivering oxygen to the soil could be irrigation with nanobubble-oxygenated water. The properties of nanobubbles (NBs) allow for high gas dissolution rates in water. Irrigating with NB-oxygenated water sources may promote increased rooting of creeping bentgrass putting greens during high-temperature periods and lead to a more resilient playing surface. The objectives of this study include comparing the effects of irrigation with NB-oxygenated water sources with untreated water sources on creeping bentgrass putting green root zone and plant health characteristics using field and controlled environment experiments. Treatments included NB-oxygenated potable water and irrigation pond water, and untreated potable and irrigation pond water. In the field, NB-oxygenated water did not enhance plant health characteristics of creeping bentgrass. In 1 year, NBoxygenated water increased the daily mean partial pressure of soil oxygen from 17.48 kPa to 18.21 kPa but soil oxygen was unaffected in the other 2 years of the trial. Subsurface irrigation with NB-oxygenated water did not affect measured plant health characteristics in the greenhouse. NB-oxygenation of irrigation water remains an excellent means of efficiently oxygenating large volumes of water. However, plant health benefits from NB-oxygenated irrigation water were not observed in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design: Delphi Technique. Objectives: Describe the development of a decision support tool to prevent community-acquired pressure injuries (CAPrIs) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) for use in SCI clinics, called the Community-Acquired Pressure Injury Prevention-Field Implementation Tool (CAPP-FIT). Setting: Veteran Health Administration Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Methods: Concept mapping of current pressure injury (PrI) guidelines and qualitative research describing risks, actions, and resources needed to prevent CAPrIs associated with SCI were used to develop 40 veteran checklist items (Items) along with 37 associated provider actions (Actions) for the tool. The Delphi technique was used to refine Items and Actions with a panel of interprofessional SCI providers (n= 15), veterans with SCI (n= 4), and caregivers (n= 3) to determine consensus on a 4-point Likert scale (strongly agree–strongly disagree) for each Item and Action. A 75% agreement was set for responses rated as strongly agree or agree. Results: Panelists were 60% female, 62% White, 33% veterans with SCI or caregivers, 33% wound care certified with a mean age of 59 years. Two survey rounds were required for consensus for 41 Item and 38 Action CAPP-FIT. Response rate was 95% for both rounds. Delphi round 1 showed all but two Actions affirming agreement above 75%. Substantive comments from panelists required revision to 5 Items and 9 Actions and one additional Item/Actions related to coping, meeting threshold percent agreement in Round 2. Conclusions: The CAPP-FIT could become a useful tool for Veterans living with SCI, caregivers, and SCI providers.

Introduction:Subungual myxoid cysts and subungual glomus tumors demonstrate characteristic features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US). It is not yet well-established whether US is congruent to MRI in diagnostic evaluation of these subungual lesions. Methods:Participants with clinical suspicion for subungual glomus tumors or subungual myxoid cysts were recruited. After clinical evaluation, participants underwent radiography, MRI, and US plus biopsy, aspiration, or excision where possible. Differential diagnoses were revised after review of imaging, and imaging findings were compared to definitive diagnosis by pathology, aspiration, or clinical course. Results:All lesions were visible on both US and MRI and size estimates agreed between the two modalities. US and MRI findings of subungual glomus tumors and subungual myxoid cysts agreed with their known respective imaging characteristics. Conclusions:Diagnosis of subungual myxoid cysts and subungual glomus tumors agreed between US and MRI. We provide sample MRI and US imaging parameters for optimal evaluation of subungual myxoid cysts and glomus tumors. We demonstrate that subungual MRI evaluation can be performed without special equipment, allowing for evaluation by most radiology departments. Lastly, US is user-dependent and may be non-inferior for a sonographer familiar with subungual US.

Managing root zone moisture is critical to both the health and performance of sand‐based golf course putting greens. Ensuring adequate water for root uptake while preserving firm, dry surfaces is an ever‐present challenge. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is an accepted technology for obtaining objective, nondestructive measurements of volumetric water content (VWC). However, portable TDR meters have limited ability to describe VWC near the surface, the region that ultimately defines putting green quality. The objective of this research was to expand the measurement capabilities of an existing TDR meter to estimate VWC in the uppermost 1.2 and 2.5 cm of sand‐based putting greens. Spacer‐blocks were constructed to effectively reduce the measurement depth of the Field Scout TDR300 (Spectrum Technologies Inc.). Samples from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloniferaL.) and ultradwarf bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensisBurtt Davy] putting greens were removed, saturated, and dried for various intervals so that measurements with the modified TDR300 could be correlated to gravimetrically determined ground‐truth VWC. At both 1.2 and 2.5 cm, highly significant (p< .0001) quadratic prediction models were produced, with R2values of 0.93 and 0.96, respectively. The use of spacer‐blocks expanded the capabilities of the TDR300, providing additional VWC data near the surface, thus creating a more comprehensive depiction of putting green moisture. The methods developed in this research have implications beyond turfgrass and may provide valuable information for studying seedling germination, disease development, or other situations where shallow, non‐destructive VWC measurements are beneficial. Measurement capabilities of portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) meters can be expanded by using spacer‐blocks.Modified TDR meters can estimate volumetric water content (VWC) at new, shallower depths of 1.2 and 2.5 cm.Quadratic prediction models provide good estimates of VWC across a range of conditions.Linear models tend to overestimate VWC at the lower end of observed values.Surface VWC measurements have potential use beyond golf course putting greens.

Purpose: As Australians experience more fierce and frequent natural disasters, there are urgent calls for businesses to meaningfully respond to climate change. Australian financial and professional services employees occupy an ambiguous space as climate mitigation measures have different economic implications for their clients. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Australian professionals experience climate change and respond to the issue within their workplace. Design/methodology/approach: This mixed methods study applies a systems thinking framework to investigate: how do professionals’ experiences of the issue of climate change and the workplace influence their cognitions, emotions and behaviour? And in particular, what psychosocial antecedents precede voicing climate concern? Findings: Firstly, a survey of professionals (N= 206) found social norms, perceived behavioural control and biospheric values, but not attitudes, significantly predicted prohibitive green voice. Middle managers were significantly likely to voice climate concern, whereas senior managers were significantly likely to express climate scepticism. Ten professionals were then interviewed to gain a contextualised understanding of these trends. Interpretive phenomenological analysis identified five interrelated themes: (1) active identity management, (2) understanding climate change is escalating, (3) workplace shapes climate change response, (4) frustration and alienation and (5) belief that corporations prioritise profit. Originality/value: Findings are discussed in relation to how employees may both embody and adapt their organisations. These results have implications for understandings of workplace meaningfulness and organisational risk governance.

IMPORTANCE: Clinical trials guide evidence-based obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) but often enroll nonrepresentative participants. OBJECTIVE: To characterize race and ethnicity reporting and representation in US OB-GYN clinical trials and their subsequent publications and to analyze the association of subspecialty and funding with diverse representation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis of all OB-GYN studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (2007-2020) and publications from PubMed and Google Scholar (2007-2021). Analyses included logistic regression controlling for year, subspecialty, phase, funding, and site number. Data from 332 417 studies were downloaded. Studies with a noninterventional design, with a registration date before October 1, 2007, without relevance to OB-GYN, with no reported results, and with no US-based study site were excluded. EXPOSURES: OB-GYN subspecialty and funder. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Reporting of race and ethnicity data and racial and ethnic representation (the proportion of enrollees of American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Black, Latinx, or White identity and odds of representation above US Census estimates by race and ethnicity). RESULTS: Among trials with ClinicalTrials.gov results (1287 trials with 591 196 participants) and publications (1147 trials with 821 111 participants), 662 (50.9%) and 856 (74.6%) reported race and ethnicity data, respectively. Among publications, gynecology studies were significantly less likely to report race and ethnicity than obstetrics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.75). Reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials had the lowest odds of reporting race and ethnicity (aOR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07-0.27; reference category, obstetrics). Obstetrics and family planning demonstrated the most diverse clinical trial cohorts. Compared with obstetric trials, gynecologic oncology had the lowest odds of Black representation (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.02-0.09; publications: aOR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11) and Latinx representation (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.14; publications: aOR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.48), followed by urogynecology and reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Urogynecology (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.39; publications: aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09-0.58) had the lowest odds of Asian representation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Race and ethnicity reporting and representation in OB-GYN trials are suboptimal. Obstetrics and family planning trials demonstrate improved representation is achievable. Nonetheless, all subspecialties should strive for more equitably representative research.

A 10‐yr, four‐phase collaborative effort among three universities was conducted to develop new hybrid zoysiagrasses (Zoysiaspp. Willd.) with improved turf quality, winter hardiness, and pest resistance in comparison to commercial zoysiagrass cultivars, especially ‘Meyer’ (Z. japonicaSteud.). In Phase 1, breeding efforts produced 2,858 new progeny that were evaluated for 2 yr across three sites. In Phase 2, only 60 (2%) of 2,858 progeny were selected for advancement to 10 replicated multiyear field trials (Phase 3). Phase 3 revealed 10 promising progeny (assigned DALZ numbers) that required further intensive field and laboratory testing in Phase 4. Phase 4 revealed differences in establishment rate, and DALZ 1701, 1702, 1707, and 1810 had moderate‐to‐good turf performance across seven sites, whereas DALZ 1808 had similar or slightly lower performance. Meyer consistently performed poorly, and ‘Innovation’, a recently released hybrid cultivar, had poor‐to‐moderate performance in comparison to the experimental genotypes, which illustrates the improvements achieved in zoysiagrass breeding in the last 10 yr. Freeze tolerance (LT50, lethal temperature killing 50% of the plants) ranged from −9.8 °C (Diamond) to −14.1 °C (DALZ 1812) with a mean of −12.5 °C. Evidence of large patch [Rhizoctonia solaniKühn, anastomosis Group (AG) 2‐2 LP] in the top 10 DALZ genotypes was 15 to 40% lower than Meyer on several dates. Results indicate that there are multiple genotypes for potential release in the future with improved turf color, winter hardiness, freeze tolerance, large patch resistance, and finer leaf texture suitable for USDA plant hardiness zones ranging between 5b and 8a. Multidisciplinary, systematic breeding efforts effectively improve zoysiagrass.Intra‐ and interspecific hybridization introgressed superior turf traits.Multiple options exist for potential zoysiagrass release for a variety of climates.

Weight percentiles are generally reported without any indication of error. This variation can lead a fetus being mistakenly classified erroneously as having intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or macrosomia. The goal of this study was to compare estimated weight percentiles with the actual observed weight percentile for each gestational age in a large cohort of fetuses being scanned in our institution. After IRB approval the radiology information system data base was retrospectively searched for all obstetrical US reports obtained during the late second and third trimesters from July 1, 2014, until July 1, 2020. Demographic information, fetal weight, and weight percentile information were obtained from these reports. Quantile‐quantile plots were created for all gestational ages and all ethnicities. Our study included 6259 ultrasounds in 4060 patients. Mean maternal age of the total group was 31.68 years (ranging 15–53 years). When all subjects were considered, the median values in our QQ plots approximated the line of identity. However, there was considerable variation for a given estimate, implying that estimated fetal weight percentiles are only very rough predictors of the actual percentile. Estimated fetal weight percentiles are only very rough predictors of the actual percentile. We therefore suggest that estimates of the weight percentile should be reported along with an estimate of the expected variation. Recognition of variations in weight percentile should be considered in the greater clinical context, and could potentially prevent misdiagnosis of growth restriction and macrosomia as well as the subsequent overutilization of resources, unnecessary interventions, and maternal stress.

Previous studies suggest that the magnitude of morbidity/mortality reduction may differ between race-ethnic groups despite equated dose of physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to compare the potential racial-ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) across quartiles of accelerometer-derived total activity counts/day (TAC/d) among US adults. The final sample (n=4144) included adults who participated in the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). CMRF included fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), HOMA-IR, resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), BMI, CRP, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. Race-ethnic groups examined included non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Mexican American (MA). In the highest quartile, NHW had significantly lower values of HOMA-IR, FI, SBP, BMI, WC, and HDL-C when compared to NHB. Compared to MA in the highest quartile, NHW had significantly lower values of HOMA-IR, FI, BMI, and triglycerides. Significant race-ethnic differences were found for several CMRF, especially among those who were in the top quartile of PA (e.g., the most active adults). It is probable that the protective effect of higher volumes of PA on CMRF is moderated by other non-PA factors distinct to NHB and MA.

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AI can improve the quality of CT, MR and PET/CT images, while simultaneously reducing imaging time, and doses of radiation and contrast. AI can improve radiologist workflow and decrease interpretation times. AI may someday be capable of accurately locating, classifying and segmenting bone and soft tissue tumors. The goal of radiomics is to use radiomic and other biomarkers to achieve ”precision medicine”, ie, to predict the right diagnosis and the right treatment of the right patient at the right time. Radiomic information may be helpful in guiding biopsies, classifying and grading tumors and predicting prognosis and treatment response.

Witnessing is crucial to public engagement with war, but the remote violence of drones presents distinct challenges: its victims are largely invisible to Western publics; operations are cloaked in secrecy; and promises of precision targeting, accurate surveillance, and legal monitoring obscure the brutalities of the system. With so many barriers to witnessing, remote warfare tends to remain on the periphery of political debate and has not occasioned widespread resistance. Yet the means for witnessing drone warfare exist; the question is how they might be leveraged to make remote war more accessible and contestable. This article analyses the high-profile drone strike that killed 10 civilians in Kabul on 29 August 2021 to consider the limits and possibilities of witnessing drone strikes, alongside the database of conflict monitor Airwars and the aesthetic practice of the research agency Forensic Architecture. It argues that witnessing drone strikes requires assembling new conceptual techniques with long-standing practices of media witnessing and human rights testimony. It is not a manual or primer but rather maps four critical, analytical, and ethico-political trajectories demanded by the problem of how to witness a drone strike: lived experiences, violent mediations, infrastructural scales, and aesthetics.

ContextRehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) relies on the use of exercise training, which has limited functional gains. There is a need to develop more efficient approaches to facilitate recovery after SCI.MethodsThis review focuses on a neuromodulation method where transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex is paired with transcutaneous electrical stimulation over a peripheral nerve to induce plasticity at corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses. These two stimuli are applied at precise inter-stimulus intervals to reinforce corticospinal synaptic transmission using principles of spike-timing-dependent plasticity applied alone or in combination with exercise training.ResultsTransmission in residual corticospinal axons, assessed using TMS and maximal voluntary motor output, increased after stimulation combined with exercise training in persons with SCI. There were also significant improvements in functional outcomes, including walking speed and grasping function, which persisted after 6–9 months post stimulation. Moreover, the data suggested that the effects of the stimulation protocol can be augmented with a higher number of sessions and with multiple stimulation sites in the spinal cord.ConclusionsVoluntary movement is enhanced in people with SCI through the strengthening of corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses using paired stimulation. This neuromodulation technique represents a novel powerful strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI.

Herbicide control options for bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers or C. dactylon x C. transvaalensisBurtt‐Davy] include non‐selective herbicides such as glyphosate (N‐[phosphonomethyl] glycine), as well as selective graminicides such as fenoxaprop (Fenoxaprop‐P‐ethy) and fluazifop (Fluazifop‐P‐butyl). Regardless of the herbicide used, effective bermudagrass control can only be achieved with repeated applications. Fraise mowing has been recently introduced into the turfgrass industry and these machines can remove thatch and growing points down to a depth of 5.0 cm. Our hypothesis was that if a high percentage of the growing points of a bermudagrass stand were physically removed with fraise mowing, the remaining growing points would be more easily controlled with various herbicides. Six trials were conducted over two seasons to determine if fraise mowing and herbicides could be used in combination to improve bermudagrass control. Treatments included various combinations and timings of glyphosate (2.74 kg a.i. ha−1) and fluazifop (0.42 kg a.i. ha−1), applied to plots that were fraise mowed to a depth of 3.75 cm or not fraise mowed. Fraise mowing alone physically removed a significant amount of the bermudagrass growing points and provided partial bermudagrass control. A combination of fraise mowing and herbicide generally improved bermudagrass control over the herbicides alone. Herbicides applied after fraise mowing generally provided better bermudagrass control in comparison to applying herbicides prior to fraise mowing. Aggressive fraise mowing appears to be a tool that can improve bermudagrass control and could shorten the overall time window needed to remove existing bermudagrass from a site.

Many bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) cultivars are not available as seed and are commonly planted vegetatively using sprigs, especially for sod production or in sand-based systems. Sprig planting is typically done in late spring or early summer, but this can result in an extended grow-in period and delay the use of the turf in the first growing season. The objective of this study was to determine if sprigs of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass could be planted earlier in the year, during the dormancy phase, to hasten establishment. A field study was carried out in Fayetteville, AR, in 2014 and 2016 using 'Tifway' hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon · Cynodon transvaalensis) and 'Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), and in Guangzhou, China, in 2015, using 'Tifway' hybrid bermudagrass and 'Lanyin III' zoysiagrass (Z. japonica). Sprigs were planted in March (dormant), May (spring) and July (summer) in Fayetteville, and in January (dormant), March (spring) and May (summer) in Guangzhou. Sprigging rates of 30, 60, and 90 m3·haL1 were tested at both locations and across all planting dates. Bermudagrass was less affected by planting date, with dormant, spring or summer plantings effectively establishing full cover in the first growing season. Zoysiagrass that was sprigged in the dormant season was successfully established by the end of the first growing season while a full zoysiagrass cover was not achieved with either spring or summer plantings in Arkansas. Dormant sprigging reached full coverage as fast or faster than traditional spring or summer planting dates at both locations, indicating that bermudagrass and zoysiagrass establishment can be achieved earlier in the growing season using dormant sprigging methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a methodology to integrate human expertise with effective control laws to drive artificial agents in a complex joint task. We use Supervised Machine Learning to derive human-inspired strategies that succeed in task performance independently from the operating conditions of the samples provided in the training phase. Numerical simulations validate the efficiency of the proposed human-inspired strategies against simpler yet computationally expensive rule-based strategies.

Determining daily light integral (DLI) requirements for turfgrass systems has been an effective method to quantify photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) necessary to maintain quality turfgrass in a research setting. However, there has been little research estimating DLI requirements of popular turfgrass cultivars of zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella(L.) Merr. and Z. japonicaSteud.], hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensisBurtt Davy], and common bermudagrass [C. dactylon(L.) Pers.] used for teeing grounds and fairways on golf courses. The objective of this research was to (a) determine minimum DLI requirements of two zoysiagrasses, ‘Cavalier’ (Z. japonica) and ‘Meyer’ (Z. matrella), and two bermudagrasses, common bermudagrass (cultivar unknown) and ‘Astro‐DLM’ hybrid bermudagrass; and (b) investigate methodology in rapidly estimating DLI requirements in situ at area golf courses for the same cultivars. Cultivars were evaluated under 22, 40, 60, and 90% shade in a field research setting over two seasons from August through October 2016 and May through October 2017. Turfgrass quality continued to decline over the 2‐yr trial, emphasizing importance of multi‐year evaluations encompassing cumulative effects of shade on turfgrass. Estimated minimum DLI requirements for turf quality of Astro‐DLM hybrid bermudagrass, common bermudagrass, Cavalier zoysiagrass, and Meyer zoysiagrass were 20.4, 25.9, 15.0, and 21.1 mol m−2d−1, respectively. In situ evaluations at golf course sites accurately estimated DLI requirements for three of four cultivars in comparison to those obtained in field research setting. Established minimum DLI requirements determined for cultivars in this study provide a baseline for site specific turfgrass selection.

Identifying and reporting color differences is important in turfgrass experimentation. Finding ways to improve color differentiation may be desirable. Research was conducted to determine if color‐distance modeling (∆E*ab) improves differentiation of color in images of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensisBurtt‐Davy]. Colors differ perceptibly if ∆E*ab>1.0; magnitude of difference increases as ∆E*abincreases. Hue angle (θ) and dark green color index (DGCI) of untreated shoots; shoots treated with petroleum hydrocarbons; and turf treated with N, herbicides, or a growth regulator were determined by digital image analysis. Hue and DGCI means were separated using orthogonal contrasts; ∆E*abwas computed for each contrast. Delta E*abwas a good predictor of color difference magnitude. Association between p‐values for contrasts of θ or DGCI and ∆E*abwere strong; smaller p‐values corresponded to larger ∆E*ab. When log10p‐values for θ contrasts for ‘Tifway’ turf treated with N, herbicides, and a growth regulator were regressed on ∆E*ab, r2= .9657 (y= − 0.602 − 0.9512x); for DGCI, r2= .8743 (y= − 1.6097 − 0.8743x). Computing ∆E*abhelped avoid making false conclusions. Neither θ nor DGCI differed for Tifway treated with mesotrione or glyphosate (p= .2049, .6195) but ∆E*abwas 3.8 due to differences in saturation (p= .0137) and brightness (p= .0067). Computing ∆E*abimproved differentiation of turfgrass color by enhancing the accuracy of difference detection. Improving the ability to differentiate colors and avoidance of making false conclusions has advanced reporting of turfgrass color data.

Since its clinical introduction in 2008, sugammadex has demonstrated a high degree of safety and superior effectiveness compared to neostigmine when used to antagonize muscle relaxation produced by steroid nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers. This includes its use in special populations, such as the elderly, children over 2 years old, and patients with renal, hepatic, or lung disease. In contrast, clinical evidence guiding its use during pregnancy, in women of childbearing potential, and in lactating women, is sparse. An exception is administration at the end of surgery in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery (CD) with general anesthesia (GA), for whom effectiveness and safety evidence is rapidly accumulating. We review evidence regarding sugammadex rescue reversal shortly after high-dose rocuronium in cases of cannot intubate/cannot ventilate (CICV), the extent of placental transfer of maternally administered sugammadex, adverse fetal effects of sugammadex exposure, potential effects on maintenance of early pregnancy, and the extent of transfer to breast milk. Finally, many anesthesiologists appear to heed the manufacturer’s warning regarding informing women of childbearing potential regarding the risk of hormone contraceptive failure after sugammadex exposure. We provide a medical ethics analysis of the ex post facto counseling commonly reported after sugammadex administration, which favors either preoperative discussion and shared decision making, or the decision by the physician to use neostigmine. This review highlights the disparity in evidence regarding sugammadex use in various contexts of female reproductive health, including current research gaps that prevent this population from sharing in the benefits of sugammadex enjoyed by most perioperative patients.

Shade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant detriment to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of shade on rooting and playing surface stability, measured as traction, on overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodonspp.) turf. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) or non‐overseeded. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments, including 0%, 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. The light treatments resulted in average daily light integrals (DLI) of 40.8, 26.2, 14.8, and 3.3 mol m–2d–1, respectively. Data were collected on rooting characteristics, species composition, and two forms of traction measurements. Moderate levels of shading (30%) caused a significant decline in rooting characteristics in non‐overseeded turf, while rooting of overseeded turf was not significantly affected until a 60% light reduction. Rotational resistance and peak horizontal force, measurements of athlete traction, were affected by increasing shade in both overseeded and non‐overseeded turf, but the association between traction and a minimum DLI was not conclusive. The persistence of bermudagrass in overseeded turf was significantly reduced at all shade levels studied. This study clearly demonstrates that rooting, bermudagrass persistence and traction of overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass athletic fields are negatively affected by even modest levels of shade.

Shade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant deterrent to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the daily light requirements of an overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf maintained to simulate an athletic field. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) or non‐overseeded. Plots were re‐seeded with ryegrass each fall, but ryegrass was allowed to transition without chemical removal. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments including a full‐sun control (0% shade) and 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. Quantum light sensors were mounted under each shade treatment and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was continuously measured and a daily light integral (DLI) calculated (mol PPFD m–2d–1). The 2‐yr, average DLI values for shade treatments were 40.8 (0% shade), 26.2 (30% shade), 14.8 (60% shade) and 3.3 (90% shade) mol PPFD m–2d–1. A range of growth and performance data were collected, including turfgrass coverage, clipping yields and leaf elongation rates. Overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass failed to persist when 90% shade (DLI = 3.0 mol m–2d–1) was imposed. Non‐overseeded bermudagrass required a higher DLI (26 mol m–2d–1) to persist compared to overseeded bermudagrass (DLI = 21.8 mol m–2d–1), primarily due to the enhanced shade tolerance of perennial ryegrass. However, the long‐term effects of shade began to decrease the quality of the overseeded turf by the end of the second year of the study. These data provide sports field managers with threshold light requirements for both overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass turf.