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The multidimensional structure of mildly unstable detonations are examined by numerical computations. These phenomenon have grown in interest since the development of propulsion devices such as pulsed and rotating detonation engines. Rectangular, diagonal and spinning modes are observed in a near-limit propagation detonation. High-order numerical integration of the reactive Euler equations have been performed to analyze the averaged structure, the shock dynamics of a single-cell detonation propagating in a square channel. Computations show a good agreement with the experimental cellular structure, showing the relevance of the slapping waves in the rectangular modes. The hydrodynamic thickness as well as the pdf shock dynamics are similar in the 2D and 3D cases, but the mean quantities vary on a quantitative basis. Moreover, the presence of strong forward jets is attested, which comes from simultaneous triple point line collisions with the walls.

La dépendance à l’alcool est une maladie chronique caractérisée par des phases de rémissions et de rechutes qui peuvent survenir plusieurs mois ou années après une rémission. Les interventions psychosociales et motivationnelles ont fait leurs preuves dans la prise en charge des maladies chroniques, comme le diabète, les troubles bipolaires, ou la dépression. Elles permettent de faire accepter la maladie et d’engager le patient dans un programme de soins à long terme, qui demande une bonne observance thérapeutique et des changements comportementaux à vie. Le suivi thérapeutique peut être mis en place en ambulatoire dans le cadre de la prise en charge des troubles de l’usage d’alcool et notamment de la dépendance à l’alcool lorsque le patient ne souhaite pas, ou ne se sent pas prêt à un sevrage. Cela est possible grâce à la stratégie de réduction de la consommation qui est une étape intermédiaire possible vers l’abstinence. Le médecin doit suivre le patient et l’aider dans une démarche de prise en charge personnelle. La dépendance à l’alcool nécessite un accompagnement au long cours et sa prise en charge doit être soutenue au début de traitement (phase d’instauration avec plusieurs consultations sur 2 à 4 semaines) pour bien s’assurer de l’adhésion du patient aux recommandations. Un suivi rapproché (une fois par mois au cours des six premiers mois) pendant la phase de consolidation est nécessaire. Enfin, un suivi régulier mais espacé au long cours après 6 à 12 mois mérite d’être réalisé pour s’assurer du maintien de la motivation du patient à rester impliqué dans sa prise en charge (contrôle de la consommation d’alcool et/ou atteinte d’une abstinence durable).

High-throughput approaches in computational materials discovery often yield a combinatorial explosion that makes the exhaustive rendering of complete structural and chemical spaces impractical. A common bottleneck when screening new compounds with archetypal crystal structures is the lack of fast and reliable decision-making schemes to quantitatively classify the computed candidates as inliers or outliers (too distorted structures). Machine learning-aided workflows can solve this problem and make geometrical optimization procedures more efficient. However, for this to occur, there is still a lack of appropriate combinations of suitable geometrical descriptors and accurate unsupervised models which are capable of accurately differentiating between systems with subtle structural changes. Here, considering as a case study the compositional screening of cubic Li-argyrodites solid electrolytes, we tackle this problem head on. We find that Steinhardt order parameters are very accurate descriptors of the cubic argyrodite structure to train a range of common unsupervised outlier detection models. And, most importantly, the approach enables us to automatically classify crystal structures with uncertainty control. The resulting models can then be used to screen computed structures with respect to an user-defined error threshold and discard too distorted structures during geometrical optimization procedures. Implemented as a decision node in computer-aided materials discovery workflows, this approach can be employed to perform autonomous high-throughput screening methods and make the use of computational and data storage resources more efficient.

Cocaine remains the second most commonly used and trafficked illicit drug in the world after cannabis. This psychostimulant drug has become an essential part of the world drug scene with a different use among countries. Prevalence of cocaine use (lifetime, last year, last month use) is particulary high among males aged between 15 and 34 years. Five per cent of cocaine users will develop a substance- dependence during the first year of use, and 20 of these will become long-term cocaine-dependent patients. The number of patients entering drug treatment for primary cocaine use has been increasing in Europe for several years. Cocaine addiction is a worldwide public health problem, which has somatic, psychological, psychiatric, socio-economic and judicial complications. This article aims to provide the clinician with a detailed description of the clinical aspects, the adverse effects and the complications of cocaine addiction. Literature searches were conducted for the period from January 1985 to February 2012 using PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar.

Introduction: Cocaine has become a noticeable part of the European drug scene and is the second most commonly used illicit drug among the general population. Craving is a core issue in cocaine dependence and is strongly associated with lapse and/or relapse. However, no craving scale exists in French. The objective of our study was to assess the reliability and validity of a French language version of the 10-item Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief). Methods: A total of 131 individuals ranging in age from 18 to 65 years were enrolled in a 12-month outpatient treatment program in 2009. The participants were seeking treatment for cocaine dependence. They completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the French version of the CCQ-Brief. At the end of the interview, a Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS) was completed by a clinician blind to the subjects treatment group. We evaluated the internal consistency of the French CCQ-Brief using Cronbachs coefficient and the correlation of each item with the total scale using the Pearsons coefficient. We conducted an exploratory factorial analysis followed by a scree test. Only items with factor loading >0.3 were retained. The convergent validity of the French CCQ-Brief was assessed using Pearsons correlation between the CCQ-Brief and the CGIS. Results: The mean (SD) score of the 10-item CCQ-Brief was 3.4 (1.5). Cronbachs coefficient 0.88 and remained high even when an item was deleted (ranging from 0.86 to 0.88), indicating that this tool possesses a high internal consistency. Each item exhibited a strong correlation with the total score ranging from 0.62 to 0.83. All items presented factor loadings ranged from 0.47 to 0.83. The correlation between the CCQ-Brief and the CGIS was high (r0.49, p<0.0001), indicating a sufficient convergent validity. Discussion: The French version of the CCQ-Brief is a reliable and valid instrument that can provide a comprehensive assessment of cocaine craving in treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent patients.

Abstract: Background: To study cognitive interference associated with craving for alcohol, the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method was used to measure the relationship between craving and reaction time. A secondary aim was the study of the predictive factors for craving during alcohol detoxification. The EMA enables both repeated measures of craving in a natural setting and the recording of reaction time without the patient being aware of this.

This article presents the proceedings of a symposium held at the meeting of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism in Mannheim, Germany, in October 2004. The aim of this symposium was to discuss new and interesting strategies of screening, evaluation and care of adolescent substance abuse developed in various countries. Our speakers have had to explain these strategies and to detail and focus on the more original tools of diagnosis or way of care used in their country. This symposium described two ways for screening and assessment (one developed in France MR, LK and the other in Switzerland LC) and made the point about questionnaires and biomarkers for alcohol problems in adolescents (JPA). The symposium was concluded by the presentation of a cannabis clinic (ES, JP).

AbstractIntroduction: ‘State effect’ of depression on personality makes its assessment during depression difficult. Many clinicians do not only refer to the patient, but use additional information sources, especially reports from close informants. Our hypothesis was that an informant could assess the defensive functioning of the depressed patient. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of the informants’ assessment of defense styles in depressed patients. Methods: Sixty-three inpatients with DSM-IV major depression as primary diagnosis were included. They were administered the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) at admission (D0) and 28 days after treatment (D28) according to their current state. At the same time, informants rated an adapted version of the DSQ (INF-DSQ), according to the patient’s current (D0 and D28) and premorbid defensive functioning (D0). Otherwise, severity of depression was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at D0 and D28. Results: Agreement between patient’s and informant’s DSQ scores was moderate, both at D0 and D28, even if comparison of mean defense scores does not show significant difference. Mature defense scores significantly increased between D0 and D28, whereas immature defense scores significantly decreased, with both the DSQ and INF-DSQ. During the episode, informants are able to discriminate premorbid from current D0 defenses, but not from current D28 defenses. Conclusion: Even if this study has strong limitations, our results argue for the interest of close informants to assess premorbid personality. Before it could be validated, the INF-DSQ should be further studied in other subgroups of patients, especially its ability to give accurate descriptions of patient’s premorbid defenses during an acute episode.Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel

An electron microscopic study of the endogenous development of Eimeria mulardiChauve, Reynaud and Gounel, 1994 was carried out in mule ducks which are hybrids of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and the muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). All of the endogenous stages were seen within the nucleus of the host cell. Merozoites arose from ectomerogony and three mutually similar merogonies were noted. The asexual stages were found in leukocyte-like cells in the lamina propria of the jejunum, ileum and caecum, while the gamonts developed in glandular epithelial cells in the same part of the intestine.

Pathogenicity of Eimeria mulardi Chauve et al., 1994 in experimentally infected mule-ducks. Precision on pathological stagesThe pathogenicity of Eimeria mulardi has been studied in mule-ducklings orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts. With two dose levels (105 or 106 oocysts per bird), a significant loss of body-weight was observed, whereas no loss of weight was observed with a dose level of 104.With a dose of 106 oocysts per bird, inflammatory and haemorrhagic changes associated with obstruction mainly involving the end of the jejunum, the ileum and the caeca were seen from day 5 post-inoculation. Pathogenicity of Eimeria mulardi is due to the last generation of meronts and essentially to gamonts.

X-linked hydrocephalus-stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius sequence (H-SAS, MIM number 30007) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, adducted thumbs, spasticity, agenesis of corpus callosum and mental retardation. We confirm here the localisation of the mutant gene on Xq (Xq 2.8) by linkage analysis in a 5-generation pedigree (maximum lod score of Z=4.57 at theta =0.04 with probe St14 at locus DXS52) and emphasise the phenotypic variability of the disease. Ventricular dilatation in affected males was either severe and diagnosed antenatally or moderate and consistent with a long survival with little or no macrocephaly. Since other X-linked syndromes of mental retardation with spasticity and flexion deformities of the thumbs have previously been shown to map to the Xq 2.8 region as well (e.g. MASA syndrome and spastic paraplegia), the present results raise the question of whether H-SAS syndrome, MASA syndrome and spastic paraplegia with mental retardation might represent different phenotypic expression of various mutations at the same locus.

Coccidia of mule ducks: preliminary survey in three farms of the south-west region of FranceA coprological survey carried out on mule duck farms, has revealed seven different coccidian species: Cryptosporidium (1), Tyzzeria (2) and Eimeria (4). Tyzzeria was the most frequent. The four Eimeria species have never been previously noted in France and one of them could be a new species.

Summary: Theophylline levels in plasma, erythrocytes and cantharides-induced blister fluid (BF) have been correlated with peak expiratory flow (PEF) in asthmatic patients. Nine asthmatic men received an IV infusion of 240 mg theophylline at a constant rate for 30 min.The theophylline concentrations in erythrocytes and blister fluid were 37 % and 78 % of those in plasma. There was not a strong correlation between erythrocyte or blister fluid penetration and the clinical effect of theophylline.

CoSeO4is prepared by neutralizing a solution of selenic acid with Co2(CO3)x(OH)yat 70 °C and used as precursor for the synthesis of NaCoSeO4F·2H2O by reaction with a stoichiometric amount of NaF at 80 °C.