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Copyright of Pregled is the property of University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Novitas-ROYAL is the property of Novitas Royal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

David Enoch attempts to develop a general theory of authority, not by defining the concept of authority or identifying a normative reason for obeying its commands but by describing the mechanism of commanding. According to Enoch, commands are part of a broader phenomenon, the so-called robust reason-giving, which includes promises and requests in addition to commands. By describing the mechanism of robust reason-giving, we also get a description of the mechanism of commanding, Enoch says. Crucial to the theory of robust reason-giving is the intention of the person providing the reason. In other words, commanding, promising, or requesting can only be done by someone who can form a complex intention, that is, to have a will of his own. But it is precisely in intentionality that the problem of the theory of robust reason-giving lies, which Enoch points out. In Enoch's view, adult human beings, not small children and animals, form sufficiently complex intentions. Yet it seems young children and perhaps even animals can request, that is, of providing reasons robustly. This incoherence needs to be resolved if a theory of robust reason-giving, and hence a general theory of authority, is to be plausible. In this text, I have suggested how to understand the requests of small children and animals. Their speech acts resembling requests can be relatively unproblematically considered as communicating needs or wishes or merely triggering motivational reasons-giving. If we do not classify their speech acts as robust reason-giving, the theory of robust reason-giving (at least on this issue) remains coherent and can form the basis of a general theory of authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of English Teaching & Learning is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ideas y Valores is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to examine the subtypes of directives and their realization patterns in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM). The data were drawn from a play script corpus published in the 20th century. Nine directive subtypes were identified: ADVICE, BEGGING, INVITATION, ORDER, OFFER, REQUEST, suggestion, urge, and warning. The realization patterns were analyzed in terms of the main components in the directives: alerter, discourse marker, politeness marker, subject, modal expression, verb phrase, and utterance final particle. The analysis reveals a number of features: (1) Alerters mainly take the form of an address term; (2) Utterance-initial discourse markers are mainly realized by tan 'now'; (3) The subject is either hearer-dominated or speaker- and hearer-dominated, with the latter expressing solidarity in casual situations; (4) the politeness marker chhiaⁿ tends to take an overt subject; (5) The modal verb ti... h accounts for the majority of subtypes; (6) The dominant verb types include dynamic, stative, uttering, and ingesting verbs; (7) Complex verb constructions mainly include directional verbs, disposal markers, and benefactive verbs; (8) Directional verbs are pervasive across all directives. A metaphorical transfer is operative in the use of directional verbs. Those marking an action toward the speaker (e.g., lâi 'come') are strongly associated with a positive attitude, while those expressing movement away from the speaker (e.g., khì 'go') are highly connected to an adversative mood. The omnipresence of [lâi V] suggests that it has been conventionalized as a default bundle to express politeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the influence of social distance and power factors on the use of internal and external mitigating devices and strategies in the production of requests by Korean learners of Russian. The data was collected by using a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) containing twelve situations that varied in the facts of power and social distance. The results of the study indicated that the learners showed preference for the use of interrogative, modal verb moch' ('can') and politeness marker pozhalujsta ('please') among internal mitigating devices, and grounder and apology among external mitigating strategies. On the other hand, the learners demonstrated an underuse of such devices/strategies as negation, conditional/interrogative particles and imposition minimizer, which are frequently employed by native Russian speakers. It was concluded that the social distance and power factors influenced the choice of mitigating devices/strategies in the requests produced by Korean learners of Russian. In general, the learners employed more internal and external mitigating devices/strategies in the situations with greater social distance and greater social power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land consolidation projects involve intensive and time-consuming studies with many stages. Reallocation is one of the most demanding, slow, and attention-focused tasks. In land consolidation projects, a large amount of information is required, and there exists a strong relationship between the success of these projects and the obtained information. In recent years, land consolidation has been implemented starting in more extensive areas. Many reallocation models have been developed so far, but none has been put into practice in Turkey. The UTPTop reallocation model generates results that optimize the reallocation of blocks by evaluating participant requests. Karaamca, Çiçeközü, and Yazılı villages were selected as study areas in a land consolidation study in Bursa-Yenişehir (Turkey). The reallocation plan for these villages was prepared by using the UTPTop model. According to the obtained results, the balancing ratios in Karaamca, Çiçeközü, and Yazılı reached 99%, 99.15%, and 98.68%, respectively. As a result of the study, it was evident that the UTPTop reallocation model produced land consolidation results that considerably lightened the load of project engineers and optimized the reallocation of blocks in a short time in the redistribution process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study investigates message design logic patterns, message goals, and message tactics in first- and second-request messages. Participants (N = 135) in a romantic relationship created request messages in response to hypothetical scenarios. Message design logic did not differ significantly from the first to the second request. The most commonly used design logic was conventional. Identity goals and instrumental goals were more important for second request messages than for first-request messages. Additional message strategies derived from a thematic analysis showed that first-request messages included pet names and assumed compliance. Second-request messages included counterpersuasion efforts. Results support the role of obligation in romantic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Compulsory Execution / Revista Română de Executare Silită is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Compulsory Execution / Revista Română de Executare Silită is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Applied Psychology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the effect of learner–learner interactions on a pragmatic task—a multiple-choice discourse completion task (MDCT). Twenty intermediate-level Chinese learners of English were asked to complete two isomorphic versions of an MDCT individually and in pairs. Afterwards, focus group interviews were conducted to investigate the participants' perceptions of the interactions when doing the pair work. The data collected included the participants' MDCT performance in individual work and pair work, the audio-taped learner–learner interactions, and the interview recordings. The MDCT results showed that the scores in pair work were significantly higher than those in individual work. The analysis of the learner–learner interactions revealed that the participants focused on politeness , repair , interlocutor relationship , tone of voice , relevance , clarity and clarification . Finally, the interview protocols indicated that the participants held positive attitudes towards the learner–learner interactions. This study closes by suggesting pedagogical implications to language teachers from a sociocultural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the pique technique associated with a reframing sentence. Passersby in the street were asked for money, either for a common amount of change (control) or 37 cents (pique technique). In half of the cases, the requester added a direct reframing sentence at the end of the request. Results showed that the pique technique increased compliance with the request. Adding a reframing sentence to the pique did not increase compliance rate with the request but increased the amount of money given by the participants. These results support the theoretical explanation that a reframing sentence could reduce the influence of the script of refusal activated by the money request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Review of Applied Psychology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: General practitioners (GPs) often feel uncomfortable when patients request an antibiotic when there is likely little benefit. This study evaluates the effect of access to point-of-care tests on decreasing the prescription of antibiotics in respiratory tract infections in subjects who explicitly requested an antibiotic prescription. METHODS: Spanish GPs registered all cases of respiratory tract infections over a 3-week period before and after an intervention undertaken in 2008 and 2009. Patients with acute sinusitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of COPD were excluded. Two types of interventions were performed: the full intervention group received prescriber feedback with discussion of the results of the first registry, courses for GPs, guidelines, patient information leaflets, workshops, and access to point-of-care tests (rapid streptococcal antigen detection test and C-reactive protein test); and the partial intervention group underwent all of the above interventions except for the workshop and access to point-of-care tests. RESULTS: A total of 210 GPs were assigned to the full intervention group and 71 to the partial intervention group. A total of 25,479 subjects with respiratory tract infections were included, of whom 344 (1.4%) requested antibiotic prescribing. Antibiotics were more frequently prescribed to subjects requesting them compared with those who did not (49.1% vs 18.5%, P < .001). In the group of GPs assigned to the partial intervention group, 53.1% of subjects requesting antibiotics received a prescription before and 60% after the intervention, without statistical differences being observed. In the group of GPs assigned to the full intervention group, the percentages were 55.1% and 36.2%, respectively, with a difference of 18.9% (95% CI: 6.4%–30.6%, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Access to point-of-care tests reduces antibiotic use in subjects who explicitly request an antibiotic prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cases of misalignment and realignment in the unfolding of interactional sequences in which future actions and events are being negotiated in everyday English conversation, this paper demonstrates that participants distinguish between the initiating actions of Proposal*, Offer*, Request*, and Suggestion*, if these labels are understood as technical terms for distinct constellations of answers to the questions (i) who will carry out the future action? and (ii) who will benefit from it?. The argument made is that these different action types are routinely associated with different sets of recurrent linguistic forms, or social action formats, and that it is through these that speakers can frame their turns as implementing one action type as opposed to another and that recipients can recognize these actions as such and respond to them accordingly. The fact that there is only a limited amount of 'polysemy', or overlap in the formats commonly used for Proposals*, Requests*, Offers*, and Suggestions* in English conversation, means that these formats deliver often distinctive cues to the type of action being implemented. When misalignments and realignments occur, they can often be traced to the fact that 'polysemous' linguistic formats have been used to implement the initiating action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecologia is the property of Federacion Colombiana de Asociaciones de Obstetricia y Ginecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to shed a light on children's pragmatic development by examining Mandarin-speaking children's requests in interactions with their parents. It is found that children between 24 and 36 months old appear to use various request forms, primarily with simple imperatives and WANT statements. A closer examination reveals that children prefer to use simple imperatives in activity-based interactions while both primary forms are found in unstructured daily conversations. The findings suggest that children's preference for simple imperatives may be driven by their awareness of parents' cooperativeness in interactional situations. It is thus speculated that simple imperatives and WANT statements may be children's two primal request forms, but they may pivot on one request form when the situation is right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “foot-in-the-door” (FITD) is a well-known compliance technique that increases compliance with a request. Many investigations on this procedure have generally used prosocial requests to test the effect of the technique. A new evaluation of the effect of the foot-in-the-door technique was carried out with a selling request. Previous customers (n = 900) of an extreme sports store were solicited by e-mail to participate in a campaign where they were offered the opportunity to win a gift voucher if they persuaded someone else to become a new customer of the store. The customers received e-mail messages in one of the following formats: a registration request to a newsletter (single FITD condition), a registration request to a newsletter and a request to fill out a survey (two FITD condition), or no request (control condition). The two FITD condition was found to be associated with a higher number of new customers than the control condition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Currently there is no overall consensus on the approach to this phenomenon as complex as the biological effects measurements, psychosocial and cultural individually and collectively but by comparative analysis of various existing theories can be achieved integration of everything that is relevant to them in a unified model to analyze psychological stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refusals, like other speech acts, occur in all languages. According to Searle (1969), all linguistic communication involves the production of speech acts, such as offering apologies, asking questions, making promises, or refusing. The speech act of refusal has been looked at by many researchers. However, in the Malaysian context, the study of refusals has yet to be ventured, either focusing on manifestations in the speaker's mother tongue, or focusing on manifestations in English. This study aims to discover the preferred semantic formulas or strategies used by Malay university students in Malaysia to refuse a request in an academic context. For this study, 40 undergraduate and postgraduate students were asked to respond to different situations in which they were required to carry out the speech act of refusing a request. The data, collected by means of a Discourse Completion Test, were analyzed in terms of semantic formulas and were categorized according to the refusal taxonomy of Beebe et al. (1990). The findings show that participants differ in the ways they perform refusals. Regret or saying 'sorry', and giving excuses or explanations were the preferred formulas used in refusing requests. The choice of these semantic formulas suggests the influence of Malay culture in respondents' realizations of refusals in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refusals, like other speech acts, occur in all languages. According to Searle (1969), all linguistic communication involves the production of speech acts, such as offering apologies, asking questions, making promises, or refusing. The speech act of refusal has been looked at by many researchers. However, in the Malaysian context, the study of refusals has yet to be ventured, either focusing on manifestations in the speaker's mother tongue, or focusing on manifestations in English. This study aims to discover the preferred semantic formulas or strategies used by Malay university students in Malaysia to refuse a request in an academic context. For this study, 40 undergraduate and postgraduate students were asked to respond to different situations in which they were required to carry out the speech act of refusing a request. The data, collected by means of a Discourse Completion Test, were analyzed in terms of semantic formulas and were categorized according to the refusal taxonomy of Beebe et al. (1990). The findings show that participants differ in the ways they perform refusals. Regret or saying 'sorry', and giving excuses or explanations were the preferred formulas used in refusing requests. The choice of these semantic formulas suggests the influence of Malay culture in respondents' realizations of refusals in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to find out whether explicit and implicit instructions of request strategies will be effective in helping Chinese EFL learners gain pragmatic knowledge and achieve pragmatic appropriateness in on-line communication. Participants in this study are randomly distributed into an explicit group and an implicit group. Request strategies and formulae were taught to the two groups in different ways. The explicit group underwent five phases, including request authentic exposure phase, strategy identification phase, metapragmatic information transmission phase, metapragmatic judgment phase, and production practice phase. The implicit group was exposed to the same authentic input as the explicit group, but they experienced meaning-focused tasks before they entered production practice phase. A pre-test and a post-test, each of which consisted of a written discourse completion task (WDCT) and a role play, were given right before and after the intervention. The results showed that both groups demonstrated improvements in the WDCT after the intervention, but to different degree. The explicit group showed greater progress in the appropriate level of formality, directness, and politeness realized through the syntactic patterns, internal and external modifications, and sequence of request components. This suggests the necessity of incorporating consciousness-raising activities in the classroom instruction of pragmatics. However, learners of both groups showed little progress in oral role plays, which indicates that more practice opportunities should be provided through which learners can gain familiarity and control over the target forms and form-function mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background and context: a growing number of childbearing women are reported to prefer a caesarean section in the absence of a medical reason. Qualitative research describing factors influencing this preference in pregnant women is lacking. Objective: to describe Australian women''s request for caesarean section in the absence of medical indicators in their first pregnancy. Design: advertisements were placed in local newspapers inviting women to participate in a telephone interview exploring women''s experience of caesarean section. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Setting: two states of Australia: Queensland and Western Australia. Participants: a community sample of women (n=210) responded to the advertisements. This paper presents the findings elicited from interviews conducted with 14 women who requested a caesarean section during their first pregnancy in the absence of a known medical indication. Findings: childbirth fear, issues of control and safety, and a devaluing of the female body and birth process were the main themes underpinning women''s requests for a non-medically-indicated caesarean section. Women perceived that medical discourses supported and reinforced their decision as a ‘safe’ and ‘responsible’ choice. Key conclusions and recommendations for practice: these findings assist women and health professionals to better understand how childbirth can be constructed as a fearful event. In light of the evidence about the risks associated with surgical birth, health-care professionals need to explore these perceptions with women and develop strategies to promote women''s confidence and competence in their ability to give birth naturally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This is a socio-pragmatic investigation into polite request strategies made by Yemeni learners of English as a foreign language. For this study, 196 Yemeni learners of English were asked to respond in English to six different situations in which they carried out the speech act of request. The data was collected using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). The data was analyzed according to the models proposed by Blum-Kulka, et al (1989). Blum-Kulka, et al's (1989) analytical framework classified request into three levels of directness: direct strategies, conventionally indirect strategies, and non-conventionally indirect strategies. Five strategies are considered direct (mood derivable, performative, obligation statement, want statement), two strategies are considered conventionally indirect (query preparatory, suggestory formulae), and two strategies are non-conventionally indirect strategies (strong hints and mild hints). Results indicate that the Yemeni EFL students prefer to use conventionally indirect strategies more than other strategies when the social distance, social power and ranking of imposition are very high between the requester and requestee. On the other hand, they would choose to use direct strategies when the speaker and hearer have equal status and when the speaker has a higher status than the hearer to show solidarity between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu Aastaraamat is the property of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhing (ERU) / Estonian Association for Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the cross-linguistic devices of requests written by native English-speaking (NSE) and native Cantonese-speaking (NCS) respondents in an academic context on the basis of 197 discourse completion tests. Both groups asked in a direct sequence accompanied by a different proportion of syntactic and lexical devices to reduce directness. NES used a higher frequency and a wider range of syntactic downgraders than NCS. NCS, however, used a higher frequency of lexical downgraders and a greater number of combinations of lexical devices than NES. The cross-linguistic comparison of the linguistic features of Cantonese and Engish requests demonstrates how the distinctive linguistic properties of each language and social factors combine to constitute a request. Further investigation could be made between idealized and authentic English and Cantonese requests for a range of age groups and contexts, or to compare the linguistic forms of requests made by NCS in English with the linguistic forms of requests made by NES in Cantonese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studies have shown that pleasant scents favor positive social relationships. However, the effect of pleasant ambient odor on romantic relationships has never been tested. In a field experiment, 18–25 year old women walking alone in a shopping mall were approached by an attractive 20 year old male-confederate who solicited them for their phone number. The women were solicited as they were walking in areas with pleasant ambient odors (e.g., pastries) or with no odor. It was found that women agreed more often to the confederate''s courtship solicitation in the pleasant smelling areas. Positive mood induced by ambient odors may explain such results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We evaluated the influence of transit-time flow measurement with epicardial and epiaortic high-frequency ultrasound in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting procedure. The Registry for Quality Assessment with Ultrasound Imaging and Transit-time Flow Measurement in Cardiac Bypass Surgery study is a multicenter, prospective study among 7 international centers performing coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. The primary end point was any change in the planned surgical procedure. Major secondary end points consisted of the rate and reason for surgical changes related to the aorta, in situ conduits, coronary targets, and completed grafts, and the rate of in-hospital mortality and major morbidity. Between April 2015 and December 2017, 1046 patients were enrolled. Of those, 1016 were included in the final analyses. Mean age was 65.9 years, 14.0% were women, and diabetes was present in 39.6%. Off-pump procedures were performed in 39.6% and bilateral internal thoracic arteries in 30.5%. The primary end point occurred in 25.2% of patients (n = 256) and in 77% (197 out of 256) this was based on transit-time flow measurement and/or high-frequency ultrasound. Surgical changes were related to the aorta in 9.9%, to in situ conduits in 2.7%, and the coronary targets in 22.6%. Graft revision occurred in 7.8%, including revisions of the proximal and/or distal anastomosis in 6.6%. In-hospital adverse event rates were 0.6% for mortality, 1.0% for cerebrovascular events, and 0.3% for myocardial infarction. Surgical changes related to the aorta, conduits, coronary targets, and anastomosis were made in 25% of patients. This was associated with low operative mortality and low major morbidity. Transit-time flow measurement and high-frequency ultrasound may improve the quality, safety, and efficacy of coronary artery bypass grafting procedures and should be considered as a routine procedural aspect. Changes to the planned surgical strategy were made in 25.2% of cases with few complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]