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Establishing a highly efficient photoactivatable Cre recombinase PA‐Cre3.0 can allow spatiotemporal control of Cre recombinase activity. This technique may help to elucidate cell lineages, as well as facilitate gene and cell function analysis during development. This study examined the blue light‐mediated optical regulation of Cre‐loxP recombination using PA‐Cre3.0 transgenic early mouse pre‐implantation embryos. We found that inducing PA‐Cre3.0 expression in the heterozygous state did not show detectable recombination activation with blue light. Conversely, in homozygous embryos, DNA recombination by PA‐Cre3.0 was successfully induced by blue light and resulted in the activation of the red fluorescent protein reporter gene, while almost no leaks of Cre recombination activity were detected in embryos without light illumination. Thus, we characterize the conditions under which the PA‐Cre3.0 system functions efficiently in early mouse embryos. These results are expected to provide a new optogenetic tool for certain biological studies, such as developmental process analysis and lineage tracing in early mouse embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades I-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades I to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade I water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade II quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are a type of photosynthetic cellular factory capable of efficient CO2 capture, biofuel production and wastewater treatment. However, the large-scale harvesting of microalgae still faces technological bottlenecks, and microbial flocculation has distinct advantages. In this study, a highly efficient flocculating bacterium named EbZL-1 is screened from the sediment samples of Jingyue Lake at Donghua University. It is identified as Enterobacter through 16S rDNA sequencing and a strain identification kit. The flocculation ability of EbZL-1 is tested through single-factor and multifactorial analysis experiments by using Kaolin suspension as standard flocculating liquid. The results show that the flocculation rate of EbZL-1 can reach 96.6% within 10 min, which is superior to that of the commercial polyaluminum chloride ( 95.0%, 120 min). The optimal culture conditions for the bacterium to achieve the above flocculation rate are a carbon source of 11.69 g/L glucose, a nitrogen source of 1.04 g/L ammonium nitrate, a medium pH value of 7. 8, a shaker rotation speed of 160 r/min, an inoculation amount of 45 µL (1. 2 x 105 CFU/mL), and a culture time of 12 h to reach the logarithmic growth phase. The optimal flocculation conditions are Ca2+ as a flocculant aid with the pH value of the Kaolin suspension being 7. 0. In the flocculation and sedimentation experiment of chlorella, the flocculation rate of EbZL-1 is higher than 95%, and the chlorella cells after flocculation are found to be undamaged upon inspection, demonstrating the advantages of the microbial flocculation technology. Further investigation into the mechanism of flocculation reveals that EbZL-1 can complete the rapid sedimentation of large particles by tight adsorption. In summary, the flocculating bacterium EbZL-1 has application value in the large-scale harvesting of microalgae and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a reactivation of dormant varicellazoster virus that most often erupts as painful vesicles in a unilateral dermatomal distribution. A sequela of HZ is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is debilitating and may be persistent. Therefore, vaccination for the prevention of HZ and its sequelae is recommended for adults aged 50 years and older as well as immunocompromised adults. In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a recombinant DNA vaccine (Shingrix) that is safe to use in immunocompromised individuals and an improvement on the live-attenuated vaccine approved in 2006. This report discusses HZ, PHN, treatment of HZ and PHN, and prevention with vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivanovcestus yakiae gen. et sp. nov. was collected from specimens of the batoid Sympterygia bonapartii from waters off Río Negro and Buenos Aires Provinces, in the Argentine Sea. Ivanovcestus gen. nov. is assigned to the Rhinebothriidea for their possession of facially loculated bothridia borne on stalks and a cirrus covered by spinitriches. The new genus is unique in the arrangement of loculi and septa on the distal bothridial surface. The molecular analysis based on 18S and 28S rDNA of two specimens of the new species identified Ivanovcestus gen. nov. as a member of the family Escherbothriidae, with our study representing the first record of this family in the Argentine Sea. The proposed new genus requires a new amended diagnosis for the Escherbothriidae, to include a new pattern of loculi and septa for the distal bothridial surface, as well as a new host. In addition, the present study proposes to transfer two species of Rhinebothrium , originally described parasitizing the skate Sympterygia lima in the Chilean Sea (i.e., Rhinebothrium chilensis and Rhinebothrium leiblei), to Ivanovcestus gen. nov. Examination of the original descriptions and type material revealed several morphological characters that justify the relocation of both species to the new genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SRSFs) refer to twelve RNA-binding proteins which regulate splice site recognition and spliceosome assembly during precursor messenger RNA splicing. SRSFs also participate in other RNA metabolic events, such as transcription, translation and nonsense-mediated decay, during their shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm, making them indispensable for genome diversity and cellular activity. Of note, aberrant SRSF expression and/or mutations elicit fallacies in gene splicing, leading to the generation of pathogenic gene and protein isoforms, which highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting SRSF to treat diseases. In this review, we updated current understanding of SRSF structures and functions in RNA metabolism. Next, we analyzed SRSF-induced aberrant gene expression and their pathogenic outcomes in cancers and non-tumor diseases. The development of some well-characterized SRSF inhibitors was discussed in detail. We hope this review will contribute to future studies of SRSF functions and drug development targeting SRSFs. This review summarizes the current understandings of serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SRSFs) with an emphasis on their structures, functions, pathological implications and small molecule modulators of SRSFs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many efforts have been made to understand excitotoxicity and develop neuroprotectants for the therapy of ischemic stroke. The narrow treatment time window is still to be solved. Given that the ischemic core expanded over days, treatment with an extended time window is anticipated. Bestrophin 1 (BEST1) belongs to a bestrophin family of calcium-activated chloride channels. We revealed an increase in neuronal BEST1 expression and function within the peri-infarct from 8 to 48 h after ischemic stroke in mice. Interfering the protein expression or inhibiting the channel function of BEST1 by genetic manipulation displayed neuroprotective effects and improved motor functional deficits. Using electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrated that extrasynaptic glutamate release through BEST1 channel resulted in delayed excitotoxicity. Finally, we confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of BEST1 during 6–72 h post-ischemia in rodents. This delayed treatment prevented the expansion of infarct volume and the exacerbation of neurological functions. Our study identifies the glutamate-releasing BEST1 channel as a potential therapeutic target against ischemic stroke with a wide time window. Glutamate release through neuronal BEST1 channel results in a delayed excitotoxicity after ischemia. BEST1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target against ischemic stroke with wide time window. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive DNA sequences constitute a large portion of the eukaryotic genome. Despite their importance, only a few Meliponini species, especially those from the Melipona Illiger, 1806 genus, had some microsatellite sequences and the rDNA genes physically mapped. Therefore, in order to expand our knowledge on this genomic component of neotropical bees, in the present study we investigated the distribution of microsatellite sequences, including the telomeric repeat (TTAGG) 6 and rDNA clusters, in the chromosomes of five stingless species, Cephalotrigona capitata (Smith, 1854), Partamona auripennis Pedro & Camargo, 2003, P. cupira (Smith, 1863), P. helleri (Friese 1900), and Tetragona elongata (Lepeletier & Serville, 1828). The microsatellite probes (GA) 15 , (GAG) 10 , and (CAA) 10 , revealed hybridization signals in the euchromatic regions of most chromosome pairs. The (GAG) 10 probe, however, also yielded a positive signal in the heterochromatic arm of one chromosome pair of T. elongata. The telomeric (TTAGG) 6 sequence hybridized to the ends of chromosome pairs, while signals for the 18S rDNA probe varied among the species. Here was demonstrated the karyotypic diversity that exists among five species of stingless bees in terms of repetitive sequences. These cytogenetic marker provides new information about the chromatin composition and rDNA cluster locations for five Meliponini species (three genera) and highlights the contribution of repetitive sequences to the karyotypic evolution of this tribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carthamus‐Carduncellus complex is formed by approximately 50 taxa that are widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin and western Asia. The generic delineation of this complex has always been controversial. Currently, there are three widely diverging taxonomical proposals, suggesting that the complex is formed by (1) a single genus, Carthamus; (2) two genera, Carduncellus and Carthamus; and (3) four genera, Carduncellus, Carthamus, Femeniasia, and Phonus. The generic classification has varied depending on the importance assigned to some morphological characters, i.e., the morphology/structure of pappus, achenes, and involucral bracts. All these generic changes have complicated the nomenclature of the complex, leading to species wandering between four different genera. To objectively assess the taxonomic delimitation of this complex, we carried out phylogenetic analyses using nuclear (external and internal transcribed spacers of rDNA) and plastid (ndhF, trnH, rpl32, trnT) data, as well as multispecies coalescent model analyses on near‐complete sampling. Phylogenetic reconstructions resolved two monophyletic groups, Carthamus s.str. and Carduncellus s.l. Within the latter, some groups could be differentiated, such as the monophyletic genus Phonus and the monospecific Femeniasia. Our multispecies coalescent analyses strongly support a classification based on four genera in the complex Carthamus‐Carduncellus. In contrast, classifications based on only one or two genera lack relevant support. However, the absence of synapomorphic morphological characters that define the Carduncellus lineage (Carduncellus, Phonus, Femeniasia), and the possible hybridization in the ancestral lineages detected by incongruences between plastid and nuclear markers make it difficult to define clear generic boundaries. We propose maintaining the hypothesis of four genera, which was the first classification supported by molecular evidence, pending a broader study (both molecular and morphological) to reach a more definitive delineation and avoid more unfounded generic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome instability is a major cause of aging. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, instability of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat (rDNA) is known to shorten replicative lifespan. In yeast, rDNA instability in an aging cell is associated with accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) which titrate factors critical for lifespan maintenance. ERC accumulation is not detected in mammalian cells, where aging is linked to DNA damage. To distinguish effects of DNA damage from those of ERC accumulation on senescence, we re-analyzed a yeast strain with a replication initiation defect in the rDNA, which limits ERC multiplication. In aging cells of this strain (rARS-Δ3) rDNA became unstable, as in wild-type cells, whereas significantly fewer ERCs accumulated. Singlecell aging analysis revealed that rARS-Δ3 cells follow a linear survival curve and can have a wild-type replicative lifespan, although a fraction of the cells stopped dividing earlier than wild type. The doubling time of rARS-Δ3 cells appears to increase in the final cell divisions. Our results suggest that senescence in rARS-Δ3 is linked to the accumulation of DNA damage as in mammalian cells, rather than to elevated ERC level. Therefore, this strain should be a good model system to study ERC-independent aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is a serious parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp. transmitted through sandfly bites. This disease is a major public health concern worldwide. It can occur in 3 different clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (CL, MCL, and VL, respectively), caused by different Leishmania spp. Currently, licensed vaccines are unavailable for the treatment of human leishmaniasis. The treatment and prevention of this disease rely mainly on chemotherapeutics, which are highly toxic and have an increasing resistance problem. The development of a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine for all forms of vector-borne disease is urgently needed to block transmission of the parasite between the host and vector. Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis are complex. IL-12-driven Th1-type immune response plays a crucial role in host protection. The essential purpose of vaccination is to establish a protective immune response. To date, numerous vaccine studies have been conducted using live/attenuated/killed parasites, fractionated parasites, subunits, recombinant or DNA technology, delivery systems, and chimeric peptides. Most of these studies were limited to animals. In addition, standardization has not been achieved in these studies due to the differences in the virulence dynamics of the Leishmania spp. and the feasibility of the adjuvants. More studies are needed to develop a safe and effective vaccine, which is the most promising approach against Leishmania infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer is the property of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trichodectes pinguis, referred to commonly as the bear-biting louse, has been reported in several bear species. However, graphical (blurred or coarse) and genetic information on the louse is limited. In this study, we identified T. pinguis collected from Japanese black bears in the Aomori Prefecture, Japan. We confirmed 12S rDNA sequences derived from the collected T. pinguis and performed molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 12S rDNA. The analysis revealed the parasitic louse to be T. pinguis. Interestingly, the body size of T. pinguis found in this study was smaller than the previous recorded body size of them in Japan and Turkey. To better understand the biting louse infesting bears, morphometric and genetic information from other bear hosts needs to be accumulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated changes in the intestinal flora of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Between September 2019 and November 2019, stool samples from 14 children with MPP from The Fourth Hospital of Baotou city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, were collected and divided into general treatment (AF) and probiotic (AFY) groups, according to the treatment of "combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus cereus tablets live". High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify intestinal flora. Intestinal flora abundance and diversity in children with MPP were decreased. Both Shannon and Simpson indices were lower in the AF group when compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). When compared with healthy controls, the proportion of Enterorhabdus was lower in the AF group, while the proportion of Lachnoclostridium was higher (P < 0.05). The proportion of Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia was lower in the AFY group but Enterococcus , Lachnoclostridium , Roseburia, and Erysipelatoclostridium proportions were higher. The proportion of Escherichia coli – Shigella in the AFY group after treatment was decreased (P < 0.05). The intestinal flora of children with MPP is disturbed, manifested as decreased abundance and diversity, and decreased Bifidobacteria. Our probiotic mixture partly improved intestinal flora disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocolloids (Nc) are widespread in natural water environment, whereas the potential effects of Nc on dissemination of antibiotic resistance remain largely unknown. In this study, Nc collected from the Yellow River in Henan province was tested for its ability to influence the conjugative transfer of resistant plasmid in aqueous environment. The results revealed that the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid between Escherichia coli was down-regulated by 52%–91% upon exposure to 1–10 mg/L Nc and the reduction became constant when the dose became higher (20−200 mg/L). Despite the exposure of Nc activated the anti-oxidation and SOS response in bacteria through up-regulating genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis and DNA recombination, the inhibition on the synthesis and secretion of extracellular polysaccharide induced the prevention of cell-cell contact, leading to the reduction of plasmid transfer. This was evidenced by the decreased bacterial adhesion and lowered levels of genes and metabolites relevant to transmembrane transport and D-glucose phosphorylation, as clarified in phenotypic, transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of E. coli. The significant down-regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle was associated with the shortage of ATP induced by Nc. The up-regulation of global regulatory genes (kor A and trb A) and the reduction of plasmid genes (trfAp , trb Bp, and traG) expression also contributed to the suppressed conjugation of RP4 plasmid. The obtained findings remind that the role of ubiquitous colloidal particles is nonnegligible when practically and comprehensively assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance in the environment. [Display omitted] • Ubiquitous Nc at 1−10 mg/L decreased plasmid transfer frequency by 52%–91%. • GSH biosynthesis inhibition driven by Nc caused oxidative stress and SOS response. • Cellular contact prevention and energy depletion led to plasmid transfer reduction. • Plasmid encoding genes were down-regulated due to energy shortage caused by Nc. • The practical findings benefits to better risk understanding of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new ciliate, Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp., which was discovered in the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) from the Chilsancheon River, Buyeo-gun, South Korea, were investigated. The new species was characterized and could be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters including the ovate body outline, four to six oral polykinetids deeply embedded in the upper wall of the buccal cavity, six to ten vestibular kineties, 34–49 ventral and 36–53 dorsal somatic kineties. The genetic differences among C. sinanodontae n. sp. and other congeners with available 18S rDNA sequences further support its distinctness. Moreover, the phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rDNA sequences show that the new species clusters with other congeners, corroborating the monophyly of the genus Conchophthirus. The Conchophthirus clade nests within the cluster of Dexiotricha spp., Loxocephalus luridus , and Haptophrya spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeny of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) has undergone extensive changes in the recent past due to regular new scientific insights. We used nuclear 18S rDNA with an extensive dataset, aiming to increase the accuracy and robustness of the reconstructed phylogenetic trees using a simultaneous sequence-structure approach. Individual secondary structures were generated for all 18S rDNA sequences. The sequence-structure information was encoded and used for an automated simultaneous sequence-structure alignment. Neighbor-joining and profile neighbor-joining trees were calculated based on 186 phaeophycean sequence-structure pairs. Additionally, sequence-structure neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood trees were reconstructed on a representative subset. Using a similar approach, ITS2 rDNA sequence-structure information was used to reconstruct a neighbor-joining tree including 604 sequence-structure pairs of the Laminariales. Our study results are in significant agreement with previous single marker 18S and ITS2 rDNA analyses. Moreover, the 18S results are in wide agreement with recent multi-marker analyses. The bootstrap support was significantly higher for our sequence-structure analysis in comparison to sequence-only analyses in this study and the available literature. This study supports the simultaneous inclusion of sequence-structure data at least for 18S to obtain more accurate and robust phylogenetic trees compared to sequence-only analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Gulielmina was erected and Ophiotheca was resurrected based on some species originally included in Perichaena (Trichiaceae, Trichiales, Myxomyxetes), some specimens from the Herbarium of Fungi of Nanjing Normal University previously identified as Perichaena species were reexamined from morphological and two-gene (nuclear 18S rDNA and elongation factor-1 alpha) phylogenetic perspectives. In this study, two new myxomycete species, Gulielmina subreticulospora and Ophiotheca dictyospora , are described. Gulielmina subreticulospora shows the following character combination: branched plasmodiocarps, single peridium with circular protrusions in the inner surface, capillitium (2.4–)2.8–3.0(–3.4) μm in diameter, spores (7.4–)8.0–8.5(–9.0) μm in diameter and sub-reticulated. Ophiotheca dictyospora shows the following character combination: sessile sporocarps to short plasmodiocarps, single peridium with a densely irregular network and protrusions in the inner surface, capillitium (2.7–)3.5–5.0(–7.1) μm in diameter, uneven, decorated with spines of uneven size, spores (7.7–)8.2–8.6(–9.4) μm in diameter including obviously complete cristate reticulation with serrated edges, with deep and clear grids. Both new taxa were compared with related species and their genetic isolation was statistically tested. Moreover, a comprehensive morphological description and a detailed figure plate are provided for Perichaena verrucifera , and its phylogenetic position is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in the plant homeodomain-like finger protein 6 (PHF6) gene are strongly associated with acute myeloid (AML) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In this study, we demonstrated that PHF6 can bind to H3K9me3 and H3K27me1 on the nucleolar chromatin and recruit histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the rDNA locus. The deletion of PHF6 caused a decrease in the recruitment of SUV39H1 to rDNA gene loci, resulting in a reduction in the level of H3K9me3 and the promotion of rDNA transcription. The knockdown of either SUV39H1 or PHF6 significantly attenuated the effects of increase in H3K9me3 and suppressed the transcription of rDNA induced by the overexpression of the other interacting partner, thereby establishing an interdependent relationship between PHF6 and SUV39H1 in their control of rRNA transcription. The PHF6 clinical mutants significantly impaired the ability to bind and recruit SUV39H1 to the rDNA loci, resulting in an increase in rDNA transcription activity, the proliferation of in vitro leukemia cells, and the growth of in vivo mouse xenografts. Importantly, significantly elevated levels of pre-rRNA were observed in clinical AML patients who possessed a mutated version of PHF6. The specific rDNA transcription inhibitor CX5461 significantly reduced the resistance of U937 AML cells deficient in PHF6 to cytarabine, the drug that is most commonly used to treat AML. Collectively, we revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which PHF6 recruits methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the nucleolar region in leukemia and provided a potential therapeutic target for PHF6 -mutant leukemia. Wild-type PHF6 is recognized as H3K9me3 and H3K27me1, and it recruits SUV39H1 to catalyze the methylation of H3K9 and H3K27 to inhibit the transcription of rDNA. When PHF6 is mutated, SUV39H1 cannot be recruited for rDNA methylation, resulting in uncontrolled rDNA transcription. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (MO) is an infectious fungus that causes gastric damage in birds. In this study, we established nested and seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods that specifically amplify the domain D1/D2 region (D1/D2) of 26S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA, and intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 region from avian feces. Phylogenetic analysis of MO collected from Japanese pet birds showed little genetic variation; analysis based on these regions did not distinguish between host species order, differences in MO shape, or host gastrointestinal symptoms. These regions were found to be unsuitable for molecular epidemiological studies of MO and further investigation into other genetic regions is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Gammarus ilamensis sp. nov., is described and named from Sarab-e-Meimeh in Ilam Province, Iran. This species description is based on the analysis of morphological characters and molecular data (28S rDNA and COI genes). Its taxonomic status within the genus is discussed in comparison to the 18 known Iranian species and some species from other areas. Results revealed that G. ilamensis sp. nov. is placed phylogenetically in the G. komareki species complex. The new species is easily distinguished by several distinctive characters including two medial palmar spines on propodi of gnathopod 1, endopodite of uropod 3 as long as 0.9 of exopodite, antennal gland-cone longer than the third peduncle article, and pereopod 7 basis without protruding lobe but with setae in the postero-distal corner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The common planktonic green algal genus Nephrocytium was traditionally assumed to have a close relationship with the genus Oocystis and accordingly has been included in the family Oocystaceae. Although the position of Nephrocytium within the Oocystaceae has differed according to some authors over the years, its inclusion in the family has not been questioned. Following molecular studies of Oocystis, the Oocystaceae (including Nephrocytium) was removed from the class Chlorophyceae and placed in the Trebouxiophyceae. However, recent molecular studies of some of the former Oocystaceae members have returned them to the Chlorophyceae. These studies suggested the placement of Nephrocytium in the Sphaeropleales, but no taxonomic positioning within the order has been determined for the genus. The relocation of Nephrocytium agrees with a strong morphological trait – it lacks the oocystaceaean multilayered ultrastructure of the cell wall. Based on molecular markers (18S rDNA and tufA), and optical and electron microscopy, the present study aimed to establish the relationships of the genus within the Sphaeropleales. The results support the recognition of a new family, the Nephrocytiaceae, to accommodate Nephrocytium. Furthermore, we have carried out a review of previously described Nephrocytium species and based on morphological and molecular data we propose the description of Nephrocytium vieirae sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium that causes pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals and immunocompromised people. In the present study, signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis was applied for the negative selection of R. equi mutants that cannot survive in vivo. Twenty-five distinguishable plasmid-transposon (plasposon) vectors by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), each containing a unique oligonucleotide tag, were constructed and used to select the transposon mutants that have in vivo fitness defects using a mouse systemic infection model. Of the 4,560 transposon mutants, 102 mutants were isolated via a real-time PCR-based screening as the mutants were unable to survive in the mouse model. Finally, 50 single transposon insertion sites were determined via the self-cloning strategy. The insertion of the transposon was seen on the virulence plasmid in 15 of the 50 mutants, whereas the remaining 35 mutants had the insertion of transposon on the chromosome. The chromosomal mutants contained transposon insertions in genes involved in cellular metabolism, DNA repair and recombination, gene regulation, non-ribosomal peptide synthesis, and unknown functions. Additionally, seven of the chromosomal mutants showed a reduced ability to multiply in the macrophages in vitro. In this study, we have identified several biosynthetic pathways as fitness factors associated with the growth within macrophages and survival in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 4,100 plant-parasitic nematodes species have been described to date, some of which are of significant economic importance since they cause losses in agriculture. This paper presents new data on three species of the genus Longidorus: L. attenuatus, L. elongatus and L. euonymus from Poland. The study was based on 1,138 soil samples taken from different regions of the country. A total of 77 populations of L. elongatus, 23 of L. attenuatus and 7 of L. euonymus were found which corresponds with 6.76%, 2.02% and 0.62% of all analyzed samples, respectively. Distribution maps are presented together with data on the morphometrics, molecular markers D2-D3 28S rDNA and data on host plants on which the nematodes were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many proteins form complexes that function in reaction pathways. Therefore, to understand protein function, it is necessary to reconstitute complexes and pathways in vitro. However, it is not straightforward to achieve full activity in reconstituted systems. To address this problem, we present a yeast system named "in saccharo" analysis, which uses budding yeast for simultaneous expression and analysis of many kinds of non-host proteins, such as human proteins. For this purpose, vectors that can accommodate many genes are required. Here, we describe the construction of a chromosome vector by insertion of unique barcode sequences (BCs) into the ribosomal RNA gene repeat (rDNA). Each unit of the rDNA has a BC that is used as the target for integration of an external gene. Because rDNA is naturally capable of maintaining many repetitive copies, the vector is expected to retain the numerous external genes that may be required for reconstitution of functional protein complexes and reaction pathways. Consistent with this prediction, we were able to clone three human genes that form the RNA silencing pathway, which has no functional equivalent in budding yeast, and to demonstrate functionality in this in saccharo analysis system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabarcoding analysis is an effective technique for monitoring the domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species in marine environments, uncovering high-levels of molecular diversity. However, such efforts may result in the overinterpretation of Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity, as molecular diversity not only encompasses interspecies and intraspecies diversities but also exhibits extensive intragenomic variations (IGVs). In this study, we analyzed the V4 region of the 18S rDNA of 30 strains of Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata collected from the coasts of China. The results showed that each P. multistriata strain harbored about a hundred of unique 18S rDNA V4 sequence varieties, of which each represented by a unique amplicon sequence variant (ASV). This study demonstrated the extensive degree of IGVs in P. multistriata strains, suggesting that IGVs may also present in other Pseudo-nitzschia species and other phytoplankton species. Understanding the scope and levels of IGVs is crucial for accurately interpreting the results of metabarcoding analysis. [Display omitted] • Molecular diversity consists of genetic diversity and intragenomic variation (IGV). • High levels of IGVs found in P. multistriata through high-throughput sequencing • Molecular diversity found in metabarcoding is dominated by IGVs in P. multistriata. • Genetic diversity may be overestimated in metabarcoding analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepidochaetus is a phylogenetically interesting genus, as it represents one of the deepest branching lineages within the highly diverse family Chaetonotidae. Its taxonomy is, however, very complex due to multiple insufficient morphological descriptions, proposed synonymizations, and availability of molecular data for only two species. In the present study, we evaluated the morphological diversity of Lepidochaetus , and used DNA barcoding and Bayesian coalescent technique to delimit two closely related species, Lepidochaetus zelinkai and Lepidochaetus tirjakovae sp. nov. The new species was studied with differential interference contrast microscopy and morphometry. It differs from L. zelinkai especially by the number of scale types, the morphology of the dorsal subterminal median scale, and by the morphology of ventral scales. The genetic divergence between L. tirjakovae sp. nov. and L. zelinkai is 0.18% in 18S rDNA, 0.83% in 28S rDNA, and 3.05–4.48% in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). According to the present distance analyses, interspecies divergences within Chaetonotidae are 0.00–2.75% in 18S rDNA, 0.00–11.93% in 28S rDNA, and 3.05–21.86% in COI. As interspecies divergence thresholds are arbitrary, the utilization of Bayesian species delimitation along with detailed morphological investigations is recommended in the chaetonotid taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne microbial communities include a significant number of uncultured and poorly characterized bacteria. No effective method currently exists to evaluate the health risks of such complex bacterial populations, particularly for pneumonia. We developed a method to evaluate risks from airborne microorganisms, guided by the principle that closer evolutionary relationships reflect similar biological characteristics, and thus used 16S rDNA sequences of 10 common pneumonia-related bacterial pathogens. We calculated a risk of breath-related (Rbr) index of airborne bacterial communities and verified effectiveness with artificial flora and a clinical project. We suggested applying Rbr80 to evaluate the health risks of airborne bacterial communities that comprise 80% of dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The feasibility of Rbr80 was confirmed by artificial flora and by pneumonia data from a hospital. A high Rbr80 value indicated a high risk of pneumonia from airborne bacterial communities. Rbr80 is an effective index to evaluate the pneumonia-associated risk from airborne bacteria. Values of Rbr80 greater than 15.40 are considered high risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The analysis of the quality of food is important to protect humans from food-borne or food-based illnesses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Rapid identification of these pathogens is critical to ensure food safety. Various detection and identification strategies exist; however, they are laborious and time consuming and hence the detection takes longer time. The aim of this study was to develop the specific and fast method for the detection of contaminants in milk. Results: In this study, we have developed a simple paper-based PCR method with minimum sample preparation process. The 16S rDNA universal primers were used for the detection of bacterial contaminants. LacZ primers were used for coliform detection which causes serious illness and hence their detection is crucial. ITS region primers were used for fungal detection. The most unique thing about this study is use of Whatman paper no. 1 as sample carrier material. We developed and validated the paper-based PCR method and used it for the detection of microbes and coliforms using milk as a representative sample. Conclusion: We evaluated this method for its suitability in the detection of contaminant microbes using different milk samples. The paper-based method could successfully detect contaminants in the milk samples and the results were comparable to the traditional microbial detection method. The traditional microbiological method takes at least 18–20 h for detecting the presence of microbes in any sample but the developed paper-based PCR method can confirm the microbial presence in 2–3 h. This is very promising especially in the testing where sample sterility is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B causes liver failure, cirrhosis and cancer. It has an estimated global prevalence of 6%, and 700,000 to 1 million persons die every year of hepatitis B-related causes. In 1989, hepatitis B incidence in Cuba was 14.9 per 100,000 population. To control infection, the Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Center and the Ministry of Public Health, both in Havana, collaborated on a joint project that first produced natural interferon and recombinant interferon alpha-2b, and later a polyethylene glycol-conjugated interferon. As part of the Cuban biotechnology development strategy, the project produced a vaccine against hepatitis B in 1985. At that time, hepatitis B vaccines available elsewhere in the world were costly and inaccessible to Cubans due to the US economic and trade embargo. The Heberbiovac HB preventive vaccine was approved by the Cuban regulatory authority and added to the Cuban newborn vaccination program in 1992 after phase 1--3 clinical trials demonstrated its safety and immunogenicity. From 2001 to 2003, PAHO/WHO qualified and requalified the vaccine four times. When associated with other antigens or molecules, Heberbiovac HB provides a common platform of virus-like particles that can be used in different ways, such as in the pentavalent vaccine containing Bordetella pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens and tetanus and diptheria toxoids. Thanks to this vaccine, annual incidence of acute hepatitis in Cuba has dropped from more than 2000 cases to fewer than 100, and no infections in children aged 0--15 years have been reported since 2007. It is now used in more than 30 countries, providing protective, long-lasting antibody levels with no reports of serious adverse events. Yet, hepatitis B cannot be eliminated until there are no chronic patients. The comprehensive hepatitis B control project therefore included development of a therapeutic vaccine based on Heberbiovac HB. Using its platform, researchers designed an innovative version of the vaccine that was the precursor of a therapeutic nasal/subcutaneous vaccine for chronic hepatitis B, HeberNasvac. This precursor vaccine, which combines Heberbiovac HB with a recombinant antigen from the virus nucleocapsid (rHBcAg), was patented and licensed in 2015 by the Cuban regulatory authority. This article provides an overview of the progress-to-date on the development of this therapeutic vaccine, including clinical trials (some completed and others ongoing) to determine safety, efficacy and therapeutic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate crops generated by new breeding techniques, it is important to confirm the removal of recombinant DNAs (rDNAs) derived from foreign genes including unintentionally introduced short rDNA(s). We attempted to develop a sensitive detection method for such short rDNAs using Southern blot analysis and performed a model study targeting single-copy endogenous genes in plants. To increase the detection sensitivity, the general protocol for Southern blot analysis was modified. In the model study, we used endogenous-gene-targeting probes in which complementary sequences were serially replaced by dummy sequences, and detected complementary sequences as well as 30 bp. We further evaluated the sensitivity using short rDNAs derived from GM sequences as pseudoinsertions, and the results demonstrated that rDNA-insertions as small as 30 bp could be detected. The results suggested that unintentionally introduced rDNA-insertions were 30 bp or more in length could be detected by the Southern blot analysis. Short sequences, equal to or longer than 30 bp, could be detected by a modified Southern blot analysis. The method would be used for an evaluation of crops generated by new breeding techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentiana is a sub‐cosmopolitan temperate genus among the most species‐rich in Gentianaceae. Although molecular data (produced via Sanger sequencing) allowed the resolution of phylogenetic relationships between Gentiana and other genera in subtribe Gentianinae, the validity of sections within the genus remains largely untested. In this study, we evaluated the monophyly of all 14 sections attributed to Gentiana, using 294 unlinked anchored loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cistron as well as plastid genomes, all produced by anchored hybrid enrichment. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships by conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. These analyses represent a significant improvement over previous taxonomic studies using molecular tools. Our results partly correspond to traditional taxonomic treatments, with several sections being well supported as monophyletic, including Gentiana sect. Calathianae, sect. Ciminalis, sect. Cruciata, sect. Frigida, sect. Gentiana and sect. Pneumonanthe. In contrast, G. sect. Isomeria, sect. Microsperma and sect. Monopodiae were found to be polyphyletic, whereas sect. Dolichocarpa and sect. Fimbricorona were nested within sect. Chondrophyllae. We here provide new taxonomic treatments for these sections, mostly based upon the traditional delineation of their series, which were recovered as monophyletic. In our new treatment, Gentiana encompasses 13 sections. A new determination key to the sections of Gentiana is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant DNA technology, in which artificially "cut and pasted" DNA in vitro is introduced into living cells, contributed extensively to the rapid development of molecular biology over the past 5 decades since the latter half of the 20th century. Although the original technology required special experiences and skills, the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has greatly eased in vitro genetic manipulation for various experimental methods. The current development of a simple genome-editing technique using CRISPR-Cas9 gave great impetus to molecular biology. Genome editing is a major technique for elucidating the functions of many unknown genes. Genetic manipulation technologies rely on enzymes that act on DNA. It involves artificially synthesizing, cleaving, and ligating DNA strands by making good use of DNA-related enzymes present in organisms to maintain their life activities. In this review, I focus on key enzymes involved in the development of genetic manipulation technologies. Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes and possess the CRISPR-Cas immune system. The replication machinery of genomic DNA,common in Archaea and Eukarya, has evolved independently from Bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lucilia sericata and Phormia regina do not vary significantly in their microbiome. • Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria were the two most dominant bacterial classes. • Proteus was at a higher abundance in Phormia regina. • Phormia regina potentially plays a greater role in insect colonization. Blow flies are common primary colonizers of carrion, play an important role in the transfer of microbes between environments, and serve as a vector for many human pathogens. While some investigation has begun regarding the bacteria associated with different life stages of blow flies, a well replicated study is currently not available for the majority of blow flies. This study investigated bacteria associated with successive life stages of blow fly species Lucilia sericata and Phormia regina. A total of 38 samples were collected from four true replicates of L. sericata and P. regina. Variable region four (V4) of 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) was amplified and sequenced on MiSeq FGx sequencing platform using universal 16S rDNA primers and dual-index sequencing strategy. Bacterial communities associated with different life stages of L. sericata and P. regina didn't differ significantly from each other. In both blow fly species, Bacilli (e.g., Lactococcus) and Gammaproteobacteria (e.g., Providencia) constituted >95% of all bacterial classes across all life stages. At the genus level, Vagococcus and Leuconostoc were present at relatively high abundances in L. sericata whereas Yersinia and Proteus were present at comparatively high abundances in P. regina. Overall, information on bacterial structures associated with various life stages of blow flies can help scientists in better understanding or management of vector-borne pathogen dispersal and in increasing the accuracy of microbial evidence based postmortem interval (PMI) prediction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium is the only member of tribe Lycieae (Solanoideae, Solanaceae), and it has a cosmopolitan distribution with its greatest diversity in southern South America, southern Africa, and southwestern North America. To date, there has been no attempt to synthesize and evaluate the significance of the available cytogenetical data from a phylogenetic perspective, which is the objective of this study. Firstly, new data on 27 taxa from all its range of distribution (FISH in all of them, banding in 23, Feulgen technique in 14) were provided to fill gaps in the information. The chromosome numbers of L. australe, L. humile, and L. repens were recorded for the first time. Species showed x = 12 with different ploidy levels (mostly diploid or tetraploid), small chromosomes, and symmetrical karyotypes. Lycium fremontii and L. repens were outstanding for having the highest numbers reported for the genus: 10x and 11x, respectively. North American species showed comparatively longer chromosomes. Secondly, cytogenetical traits were mapped on a phylogenetic tree, using character mapping and ancestral states reconstruction, to understand the dynamics of the evolutionary changes. The main cytotaxonomical features were included: chromosome number, presence of polyploidy, total length of the haploid chromosome set, mean chromosome length, karyotype formula, A1 and A2 asymmetry indices, percentage of heterochromatin, number of CMA+/DAPI− NORs bands, and number and position of 5S and 18S‐5.8S‐26S sites. The mean chromosome length, total haploid chromosome length, number of 18S‐5.8S‐26S loci, number of CMA+/DAPI− NORs bands underwent comparatively few transitions compared with the ploidy level and number of 5S loci. The mapping of the characters on the phylogenetic tree showed that the most probable ancestral chromosome number was 2n = 24 with several independent polyploidization events and one pair of each rDNA locus. The most likely ancestral condition for the genus would be: diploid, with small chromosomes, scarce heterochromatin, asynteny of rDNA loci, and one pair of both 18S‐5.8S‐26S and 5S loci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gymnophallid metacercariae found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum ('Banjirak' in Korean) from Gochang- gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974. The metacercariae were morphologically characterized by having a large oral sucker, small ventral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, which were all compatible with P. duboisi. Some of the metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The morphology of the adult flukes was basically the same as that of the metacercariae except for the presence of uterine eggs; the uterus was filled with up to 40 eggs. The nucleotide sequences (1,193 bp) from ITS regions (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2) of the metacercariae showed 99.7% identity with P. duboisi and 75.7% identity with Gymnophalloides seoi deposited in GenBank. These results confirmed the presence of P. duboisi metacercariae in the Manila clam R. philippinarum in an estuary region of Gochang-gun, Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Heterometopus palaeformis (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 2016 were studied using microscopical observations on live and protargol-stained specimens as well SSU rRNA gene sequencing. The morphogenetic data for the genus are presented for the first time. Compared to other metopids, the morphogenesis of H. palaeformis is distinct since its (1) perizonal stripe rows 4 and 5 are involved in the formation of the opisthe's adoral polykinetids; (2) perizonal stripe rows 3–5 and two adjacent preoral dome kineties contribute to most of the opisthe's paroral membrane while perizonal stripe rows 1 and 2 contribute very little; (3) four kinety rows are formed to the left of the opisthe's adoral zone of polykinetids. The Chinese population resembles the original and neotype populations well in terms of general morphology — characterized by a life size of 55–120 × 10–20 μm, an elongate ellipsoidal body with a hardly spiralized flat preoral dome, about 18 somatic kineties and 20 adoral polykinetids. The SSU rDNA sequence of the present population exhibits a disparity of 1.33%–2.22% divergence from sequences of other populations. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analysis reveals that populations of H. palaeformis form a separate, stable cluster within the paraphyletic Metopidae clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology and morphogenesis of a new urostylid, Holostichides (Extraholostichides) eastensis tianjinensis subgen. nov. subspec. nov. were analyzed. The new subspecies differs from the nominotypical subspecies H. (Extraholostichides) eastensis eastensis Wang et al., 2022 by the relatively long frontoterminal row (about 60% vs. 30% of body length), colorless cortical granules (vs. dark brown), two (vs. one) parabuccal cirri, and usually an extra cirrus behind the first midventral pair (vs. lacking). Based on the difference in the frontal ciliature, we split Holostichides into two subgenera: H. (Extraholostichides) subgen. nov. (type species Holostichides eastensis Wang et al., 2022; with a short cirral row behind the middle frontal cirrus) and H. (Holostichides) Foissner, 1987 (type species Holostichides chardezi Foissner, 1987 ; lacking this short row). The main morphogenetic characters of the new subspecies are very similar to those of H. (Extraholostichides) eastensis eastensis except for some minor differences. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences indicate that H. (Extraholostichides) subgen. nov. is monophyletic and nested within the monophyletic genus Holostichides , which is sister to Eschaneustyla lugeri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new ciliate, Aspidisca koreana n. sp., discovered in the eastern coast of South Korea, were investigated. The morphological description is based on the observation of living cells, 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and silver-stained specimens (e.g., protargol, silver nitrate), and scanning electron micrographs. The new species is characterized by having a small body size (17–25 × 15–18 μm in vivo), a distinct peristomial spur on the posterior portion of left margin, seven frontoventral cirri in " polystyla -arrangement", and the arrangement of the anterior portion of adoral zone of membranelles, i.e., anteriormost membranelle is distinctly separated from the other three membranelles. The morphogenesis follows the typical pattern of this genus. Phylogenetic analyses, using the 18S rDNA sequence, also support the establishment of a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the nucleolus in Pakchoi response to Cd stress remains largely unknown. In this work, we focus on exploring the underling mechanism between nucleolus disruption and epigenetic modification in Cd stressed-Pakchoi. Our results indicated that the proportion of nucleolus disruption, decondensation of 45 S rDNA chromatin, and a simultaneous increase in 5' external transcribed spacer region (ETS) transcription were observed with increasing Cd concentration, accompanied by genome-wide alterations in the levels of histone acetylation and methylation. Further results showed that Cd treatment exhibited a significant increase in H3K9ac, H4K5ac, and H3K9me2 levels occurred in promoter regions of the 45 S rDNA. Additionally, DNA methylation assays in the 45 S rDNA promoter region revealed that individual site-specific hypomethylation may be engaged in the activation of 45 S rDNA transcription. Our study provides some molecular mechanisms for the linkage between Cd stress, rDNA epigenetic modifications, and nucleolus disintegration in plants. • The nucleolus disintegrated under Cd stress and the proportion of its fragmentation increased with Cd concentration. • Cd activates 45 S rDNA transcription, but high Cd treatment resulted in the inhibition of transcriptional extension. • The levels of histone acetylation and DNA methylation of 45 S rDNA were elevated during Cd response in Pakchoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial infections from post-surgery or other medical-related procedure is a serious health problem. Nowadays, the research is focused on the development of new drug-free materials with antibacterial properties to prevent or minimize the risk of infections. Spider silk is known for its unique biomechanical properties allied with biocompatibility. Recombinant DNA technology allows to bioengineering spider silk with antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Thus, our goal was to bioengineered spider silk proteins with AMP (6mer-HNP1) as an antibacterial drug-free coating for commercial silk sutures (Perma-Hand®) for decreasing bacterial infections. Perma-Hand® sutures were coated with 6mer-HNP1 by dip coating. In vitro tests, using human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC5), showed that coated sutures sustained cell viability, and also, the contact with red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate blood compatibility. Also, the coatings inhibited significantly the adherence and formation of biofilm, where sutures coated with 6mer-HNP1 produced a 1.5 log reduction of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and a 2 log reduction of Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to the uncoated Perma-Hand® suture. The mechanical properties of Perma-Hand® sutures were not affected by the presence of bioengineered spider silk proteins. Thus, the present work demonstrated that using spider silk drug-free coatings it is possible to improve the antibacterial properties of the commercial sutures. Furthermore, a new class of drug-free sutures for reducing post-implantation infections can be developed. Microbial infections from post-surgery or other medical-related procedure is a serious health problem. Developing new drug-free materials with antibacterial properties is an approach to prevent or minimize the risk of infections. Spider silk is known for its unique biomechanical properties allied with biocompatibility. Recombinant DNA technology allow to bioengineering spider silk with antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Our goal is bioengineered spider silk proteins with AMP as an antibacterial coating for silk sutures. The coatings showed exceptional antibacterial properties and maintained intrinsic mechanical features. In vitro studies showed a positive effect of the coated sutures on the cell behavior. With this new drug-free bioengineered spider silk coating is possible to develop a new class of drug-free sutures for reducing post-implantation infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome instability is a cause of cellular senescence. The ribosomal RNA gene repeat (rDNA) is one of the most unstable regions in the genome and its instability is proposed to be a major inducer of cellular senescence and restricted lifespan. We previously conducted a genome-wide screen using a budding yeast deletion library to identify mutants that exhibit a change in the stability of the rDNA region, compared to the wild-type. To investigate the correlation between rDNA stability and lifespan, we examined deletion mutants with very stable rDNA and found that deletion of EAF3, encoding a component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex, reproducibly resulted in increased stabilization of the rDNA. In the absence of Eaf3, and of other subunits of the NuA4 complex, we observed lower levels of extrachromosomal rDNA circles that are produced by recombination in the rDNA and are thus an indicator of rDNA instability. The replicative lifespan in the eaf3 mutant was extended by ~30%, compared to the wild-type strain. Our findings provide evidence that rDNA stability is correlated with extended replicative lifespan. The eaf3 mutation possibly affects the non-coding transcription in rDNA that regulates rDNA recombination through cohesin dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), one of the most widely used plasticizers, is a known environmental endocrine disruptor that impairs male and female fertility. In this study, oral administration of DBP was given to pregnant mice on 14.5 days post coitus (dpc) for 3 days; and additionally, DBP was added into the culture of 14.5 dpc fetal ovaries for 3 days. DBP exposure during gestation disturbed the progression of meiotic prophase I of mouse oocytes, specifically from the zygotene to pachytene stages. Meanwhile, the DBP-exposed pachytene oocytes showed increased homologous recombination sites and unrepaired DNA damage. Furthermore, DBP caused DNA damage by increasing oxidative stress, decreased the expression of multiple critical meiotic regulators, and consequently induced oocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the effect of DBP on meiosis I prophase involved estrogen receptors α and β. Collectively, these results demonstrated a set of meiotic defects in DBP-exposed fetal oocytes. As aberrations in homologous recombination can result in aneuploid gametes and embryos, this study provides new support for the deleterious effects of phthalates. Image 1 • Fetal exposure of DBP inhibits the progression of meiotic prophase I in oocytes. • Fetal exposure of DBP increases Homologous Recombination crossovers and DNA damage. • DBP induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in fetal ovary. • Effect of DBP on meiotic prophase I is mediated by Estrogen receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artodiscus saltans, first described by Penard (1890), has a unique morphology. Without genetic data it could not yet been reliably placed into a wider taxonomical context. We present morphological data for A. saltans from different aquatic habitats of four European countries. We subjected three cells of one strain from Germany to molecular analyses and, interestingly, obtained six different rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of these SSU rDNA sequences revealed that A. saltans branches close to the amoebozoan Multicilia marina (Variosea, Amoebozoa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tephrocactus comprises species mainly endemic to Argentina. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of all proposed species of the genus as well as classical (chromosome number, karyotype) and molecular cytogenetical techniques (DNA content, heterochromatin amount, rDNA genes) were conducted. Sequence data of two plastid DNA markers of Tephrocactus taxa were analyzed. Evolution of character states of cytogenetical and morphological (growth form, presence of leaves, glochids and tepal spiny mucrons, flower color) traits were reconstructed. Species show x = 11 with different ploidy levels (2n = 22, 44, 66, 77, 242, 319), small chromosomes, and symmetrical karyotypes. Tephrocactus was recovered as monophyletic with three main clades including 12 species, using molecular and morphological data. Tephrocactus geometricus, T. halophilus, and T. paediophilus are recognized as distinct species. Banding patterns showed CMA+/DAPI− constitutive heterochromatin associated with nuclear organized regions. Heterochromatin amount ranged from 2.99% to 6.50%. The 18S‐5.8S‐26S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites coincided with the CMA+/DAPI− signals. The 5S sites varied with ploidy levels of the taxa. DNA content (2C = 1.99–24.50 pg) had a significant and positive correlation with ploidy level and the number of rDNA genes. The ancestor is reconstructed to have been a dwarf shrub with strong articulation, glochids, and deciduous leaves, white, pink or pearly tepals without spiny mucrons, 2n = 22, low DNA content, and one pair of each rDNA gene followed by three polyploidization events. Tephrocactus diversification has been associated with polyploidy and few cumulative small cryptic chromosomal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15-20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]