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An industry report for the chemical industry in Hungary is presented with topics including export growth, investment in research and development projects, and regional structure of production.

Promoting rural entrepreneurship provides solutions for depopulation and economic development. This paper studies the phenomenon of rural entrepreneurial activity in Spain, where the depopulation of territories has become a serious problem. Using regional panel data for the period 2007–2018, the study examines whether factors such as the unemployment rate, GDP per capita, economic growth, bank credit, road infrastructure, R&D investment and the level of human capital are related to the propensity to undertake entrepreneurship in the rural environment. On the one hand, rural entrepreneurship is based on market opportunities, not conditioned by the level of regional unemployment. On the other hand, rural entrepreneurs find greater opportunities for entrepreneurship when they are in an environment characterised by investment in R&D and available credit. However, professionals with a higher level of education find the rural environment less attractive for entrepreneurship than do professionals with secondary education. This work enriches our knowledge of the factors that encourage rural entrepreneurship in Spain and invites public authorities to reflect on the economic policies of employment, education, innovation and the promotion of financing that revitalise the rural environment. • Exists a negative relationship between unemployment and rural entrepreneurship. • Bank financing is essential for the development of rural entrepreneurship. • Entrepreneurs take more opportunities to start its projects in the regions where the invests are high enough in innovation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New energy vehicles (NEVs) are in the "early adopters" stage of their technology adoption life cycle with insufficient R&D funds as the main factor hindering NEV manufacturers from increasing R&D investment. This study examines how the government provides NEV manufacturers with green credit to increase their R&D investment, and consequently, to a large extent, increase the technical level and sales volume of NEVs. This study established a tri-level game model and its numerical analysis among the government, NEV manufacturers, and consumers based on early adopters' preferences and selection behaviors to study the manufacturer's R&D investment strategy and the government's green credit policies. Through theoretical and numerical analyses, it was found that green credit plays two key roles in providing financial support and incentive effects on manufacturers' R&D investment. When the manufacturer's R&D funds are insufficient and the gap is too large, financial support is needed, so the government should provide interest subsidies. When both the government and the manufacturer aim to achieve a certain technical level of NEVs and the government is more ambitious namely, the manufacturer lacks motivation, the government should provide free green credit. • The new energy vehicles (NEVs) industry is now in the "early adopter stage". • Green credit for NEVs is an ideal policy for financial support and R&D incentives. • Green credit can motivate NEVs manufacturers to invest in R&D for "early adopters". • Higher technical level or lower consumer price sensitivity raises the sales of NEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of intra-product specialisation on the innovation ability of the high-technology industry in China. To achieve this research goal, we use the generalised method of moments (GMM) with a dynamic panel data model in our empirical research. Total factor productivity (TFP) and its decomposition variables are used to measure the innovation ability. The Malmquist index is employed to calculate TFP and its decomposition variables, namely, technology progress, technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Previous studies show that intra-product specialisation can raise TFP, but our empirical results reveal that the impact of the intra-product specialisation on the TFP is uncertain: it decreases TFP in the initial period but increases it in the lag period. Results also indicate that an increase in the proportion of state-owned property rights exerts a positive influence on TFP and the change in pure technical efficiency. Technical efficiency is greatly influenced by intra-product specialisation, whereas intra-product specialisation exerts a slight influence on technological progress. The capital investment in research and development (R&D) has a positive effect on TFP, and the contribution rate of R&D labour input to TFP is relatively low. The main conclusion is that China need to improve the degree of intra-product specialisation, accelerate the evolution of industry technical standards and reduce the coordination cost of intra-product specialisation to enhance the innovation ability of the high-technology industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the general recommendations and specific approaches used at Amyris Biotechnologies Inc., an integrated renewable products company, for the use of cost models to decision-making throughout research and development (R&D). It notes the creation of an R&D pipeline with predictable scale-down and scale-up fidelity. It also tackles the process of simplifying the cost model to emphasize major cost drivers that can be improved by strain and process changes.

Companies invest in R&D to create and exploit new opportunities. In recent years, leading innovative companies have attempted to establish a market for technologies and create leveraging opportunities through such markets. In this paper, we consider the question of how a firm can evaluate its patent portfolio for licensing purposes. To this end, we propose an approach that enables large corporations to scrutinize their portfolio of (patented) technologies and to subsequently set up royalty rate values to support the negotiation process of a particular technology. We use case-based research to develop our approach, which we illustrate with an in-depth assessment of 50 technologies. We conclude by discussing the pros and cons of our approach and its potential generalization to other companies and considering how it can be used to indicate value drivers for R&D strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives an overview of the observable research and development (R&D) expenditures in the creative industries. Particular focus is given on the case of the cinema industry, where and how R&D takes place in the content and services being offered, and the various forms of innovation to be found in such sectors.

At the microeconomic level, the research and development costs are included in a broader category known as "discretionary costs", i.e. they are not mandatory and occur as a result of managerial decisions. At the macroeconomic level, research and development spending stimulates innovation and contributes in this way to increase and diversify production, performance, productivity and economic efficiency. The Europe 2020 Strategy, based on the role of research and development expenses in the current period, has set a target on medium term for such expenditures: to rise up to 3% of GDP in the EU for 2020. The source of funding for research and development expenditures may be: state budget allocations to the government sector and higher education institutions and private funds allocated by corporate or nonprofit organizations. Our study aims to rank the impact of research activities undertaken by the government sector, higher education institutions and the private sector by GDP and gross private domestic investment and identify the most appropriate measures for achieving the Europe 2020 goals by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the significant use of a combination of shielding, corporate governance, and chief executive officers (CEO) equity ownership to increase research & development (R&D) investment by corporate firms in the U.S. Topics discussed include association between cash compensation and R&D investment, review of literature on shielding, and the significance of the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

Copyright of Revista de Administração e Inovação (RAI) is the property of Revista de Administracao e Inovacao- RAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of the activities in which ocean energy public funding in the UK and the U.S. has been spent. It conducts a direct comparison of funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) with that from the UK and Scottish Governments. UK investment in the sector has been relatively sustained and has increased since 2002. Almost $295million has been spent in total, across multiple funding bodies. U.S. spending began with the establishment of the Marine Hydrokinetic division of the DoE Water Power Programme in 2008, which has administered all non-defence federal public funding for the sector. U.S. funding has steadily increased since 2008, with the total funding approaching $92million. Approximately 40% of total U.S. spending has been on underpinning R&D activities, compared to 20% in the UK which has had a larger focus on funding full scale test infrastructure and related deployment activities. Whilst the U.S. has seen steadily increasing funding for all activities to support the sector, UK funding for deployment activities, especially test centre infrastructure and demonstration activities, has not been sustained and has had significant peaks and troughs in recent years as funding programmes and initiatives have started and finished. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper aims at investigating the role of different types of proximity on the technological activity of a region within the context of a knowledge production function, where R&D expenditure and human capital are the main internal inputs. We thus assess to what extent the creation of new ideas in a certain region is enhanced by knowledge flows coming from proximate regions. In particular, we examine in detail different kinds of proximity by combining the usual geographical dimension with the institutional, technological, social and organizational proximity. The analysis is implemented for an ample dataset referring to 276 regions in 29 European countries (EU27 plus Norway, Switzerland) over the last decade. Results show that human capital and R&D are clearly essential for innovative activity with the former being much more effective in driving the production of knowledge. As for the proximity and network effects, we find that technological proximity outperforms the geographic one, whilst a limited role is played by social and organizational networks. As a result, the first policy message is that European regions still need to focus on policies aimed at increasing the endowments of well-educated labour force and therefore their knowledge base. Furthermore, we need innovation policies based on each region's specific innovation potential, due to the existing differences in geographical, cognitive, institutional, social and organizational structures and networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the role of innovation in boosting the water industry in the U.S. It mentions the need for the industry to adopt new innovation models, as well as collaboration, to be able to enact improvements worldwide. It suggests that such goal can be achieved through increased investment for research and development (R&D), new means of thinking, and cross-discipline discussion.

Neglected diseases present a tremendous burden for developing countries. Research and development (R&D) activities to tackle these diseases have largely been absent due to "small market problems," which occur as a consequence of the severe poverty of those typically affected. Large-scale vaccination is highly cost-effective in preventing the incidence of diseases; however, the vaccine R&D process is plagued with uncertainties and scientific challenges that increase R&D costs. These conditions indicate that external funding is inevitably needed to motivate R&D activities targeted at vaccines for neglected diseases. Although external funds are available, they are limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify the optimal use of these limited resources. Historically, "push" incentives, which provide initial funding to encourage R&D participation have been used to reduce upfront R&D costs to developers. These include direct grants, Product Development Partnerships (PDPs), and tax credits for R&D. More recently, pull incentives, which reward developers for successful R&D projects, have been advocated. As expected, all have their unique advantages and drawbacks. Some have suggested a hybrid mechanism (combined push and pull incentives) that harnesses the best of each approach. This paper uses a model to test the cost-effectiveness of different mechanisms. It finds that a hybrid mechanism is more cost-effective than all-pull or all-push mechanisms. The hybrid approach featured in this paper suggests a combination of push funding (PDPs) to cover basic research up until Phase II clinical trials' before transitioning to pull funding (Advance Market Commitments) thereafter. Policymakers should nevertheless exercise caution in applying any particular incentive mechanism. Further research is necessary to refine the model, including the utilization of updated data and analysis of other potential combinations for the hybrid model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magis: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Análise is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Futuribles is the property of Futuribles SARL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socialinių Mokslų Studijos is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including free trade agreements, research and development subsidies, and the relationship between firms and banks.

The article reports on the research funding secured by the Concrete Materials and Structural Integrity Research Unit (CoMSIRU) at the University of Cape Town from construction companies Aveng Grinaker-LTA and Haw & Inglis in South Africa in 2015.

The article reports on the plan of BASF SE to increase its research and development spending to 1.7 billion euros in 2012. The firm focuses on innovation and sustainability as growth drivers. It also expands its product and technology portfolio to develop solutions for sustainable growth and development and to address social challenges.

The article announces the investment of coatings company AkzoNobel Performance Coatings for the expansion of its research and development facilities in Houston, Texas and will support the company's Protective Coatings, Marine Coatings and Specialty Coatings businesses.