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This paper explores the degree to which heterodox economics can contribute to the development and use of climate-economy integrated assessment models. To do so, it introduces the field of integrated assessment modeling, with a focus on the core economic methodology used by various types of models. It then summarizes some of the literature critiquing these models and how they inform policy. The paper then provides an extended classification of ways in which heterodox economics could be applied to climate-economy models and presents a number of storylines, or pathways, which could be created using insights and methods from heterodox schools. The paper concludes with an assessment of the scope for heterodox economics to answer the criticisms of climate-economy models, finding that despite not resolving all issues, the heterodoxy has a substantial role to play.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of betaine and superdosed phytase on boar reproduction during mild heat stress. Twenty-seven mature (36 wk old), crossbred boars [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were randomly allocated to treatment and were fed 2.6 kg/d of 1 of 3 corn, soybean meal diets: control (CNT; 250 phytase units/kg Escherichia coliphytase; n = 9), betaine (BET; 250 phytase units/kg E. coliphytase and 0.6% betaine; n = 9), and betaine and superdosed phytase (BP; 2,500 phytase units/kg E. coliphytase and 0.6% betaine; n = 9). The experiment was split into 4 environmental phases (4 wk/phase) consisting of pre-heat stress (26°C), heat stress (30.2°C), post-heat stress 1 (16.7°C), and post-heat stress 2 (17.5°C). Semen was collected weekly from each boar and was evaluated for semen quantity and quality parameters. Total motility, progressive motility and percentage of morphologically normal sperm were reduced in the heat stress period (P< 0.01) with no effects from the dietary treatments (P≥ 0.27). Total sperm did not differ among treatments (P= 0.99). Percent distal droplets increased from the pre-heat stress to heat stress period for CNT (P< 0.01), but the increase was not statistically different for BET (P= 0.97) or BP (P= 1.00). This suggests that supplementation with betaine alone or with phytase may potentially reduce the effects of heat stress on specific morphological abnormalities, though total normal morphology did not differ.

We have designed, fabricated, and measured infrared trap detectors made from arsenic-doped silicon (Si:As) blocked impurity band (BIB) photodetectors. These trap detectors are composed of two detectors in a wedge geometry, with an entrance aperture diameter of either 1 or 3 mm. The detectors were calibrated for quantum efficiency against a pyroelectric reference detector using a Fourier transform spectral comparator system, and etalon effects and spatial uniformity of the traps were also quantified. Measurements of the traps at a temperature of 10 K show that nearly ideal external quantum efficiency (>90%) can be attained over much of the range from 4 to 24 μm, with significant responsivity from 2 to 30 μm. The traps exhibited maximum etalon oscillations of only 2%, which is about 10 times smaller amplitude than those of the single Si:As BIB detectors measured under similar conditions. Spatial nonuniformity across the entrance apertures of the traps was about 1%. The combination of high detectivity, wideband wavelength coverage, spectral flatness, and spatial uniformity make these trap detectors an excellent reference detector for spectrally resolved measurements and radiometric calibrations over the near- to far-infrared wavelength range.

Complex systems exhibit dynamics that typically evolve on low-dimensional attractors and may have sparse representation in some optimal basis. Recently developed compressive sensing techniques exploit this sparsity for state reconstruction and/or categorical identification from limited measurements. We argue that data-driven dimensionality reduction methods integrate naturally with sparse sensing in the context of complex systems. This framework works equally well with a physical model or in an equation-free context, where data is available but the governing equations may be unknown. We demonstrate the advantages of combining these methods on three prototypical examples: classification of dynamical regimes, optimal sensor placement, and equation-free dynamic model reduction. These examples motivate the potentially transformative role that state-of-the-art data methods and machine learning can play in the analysis of complex systems.

Abstract: Phenolics are often discussed in relation to either allelopathy or to herbivory. This work, however, was undertaken to determine if phenolic acids benefit the growth of plants in very acid soils. We here report racial differences in the phenolic acid concentrations of the important plant species found in five sites within Central Scotland which covered a wide range in soil acidity from very acid (organic peats) to mildly acid (calcareous), and describe the racial differences in the growth response of Holcus lanatusL. to phenolic acids with increasing acidity. The total concentrations of phenolic acids in the ecotypes of important species were correlated with the total concentrations found in their respective soils. In general, the most phenolic‐rich ecotypes of the five came from the organic acid soils (Flanders Moss [FM] and Sheriffmuir [SMB]). However, with the exception of ferulic acid which was a major component of both acid soils and their associated vegetation, individual simple phenolic acids extracted from either plants or soils were not consistently correlated. The addition of dry plant material collected from the five sites (0.5 g plant material 100 g‐1soil) to the acid‐organic Flanders Moss (FM) soil stimulated the growth of two ecotypes of Holcus(acid‐mineral Sheriffmuir [SMM], calcareous Kinloch Rannoch [KR]) but the same litter addition in non‐organic, less acidic or calcareous soil inhibited growth of these ecotypes. In hydroponic solutions, growth response of Flanders Moss (FM) and Kinloch Rannoch (KR) to pH and phenolic acid mixtures was interdependent: in acid solutions (pH 4.0) but not at pH 6.5 root elongation rates (RER) of both ecotypes, and shoot elongation rates (SER) of Flanders Moss (FM), increased after treatment with a mixture of seven commonly occurring phenolic acids.

The forest across a sharp boundary between greywacke and serpentinized peridotite is described from a site with seasonal rainfall on Palawan, Philippines. The forest on greywacke was of much larger stature (trees up to 26m) than that on the serpentinized peridotite (trees up to 18m). The tree (>10cm dbh) species richness was the same on both substrata with 38 species in one 0.16ha plot on each side of the boundary. There were many more individuals in the greywacke plot (149) than on the serpentinized peridotite (114). Floristically the plots were very different, with only one tree species, an unidentified Madhuca, occurring on both sides of the boundary. The soil over the greywacke was notably more acid, had lower Mg/Ca quotients, and much lower nickel concentrations than the soil over serpentinized peridotite.

In 1992, Knight Piésold was appointed to formulate a long‐term treatment strategy for the remediation of acidic metal‐rich minewater issuing from the abandoned Wheal Jane mine in Cornwall, UK. The study has investigated both passive and active treatment technologies. As part of the study, a pilot passive‐treatment plant was constructed during 1994, comprising three separate systems. Each system contains the same main treatment stages which consist of five aerobic reedbeds, an anaerobic cell and an aerobic rock‐filter. Two of the systems also incorporate pretreatment, one in the form of lime dosing and the other in the form of an anoxic limestone drain. This paper discusses the theory and design criteria used in the construction of the plant and examines performance data during the period June 1995 to November 1996.

A nutrient addition experiment was set up in August 1993 in a species–rich primary lowland dipterocarp forest in Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The following treatments were applied: control, N, P and NP. There were five blocks of four 50 m times 50 m plots with a separate treatment for each plot. Fine litterfall was measured on all the plots from l May 1994 for 12 months. Litterfall mass and phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in all the fertilizer treatments compared with the controls. All trees (greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh) were measured in August 1993 and in August 1998, and there was no significant girth increment response to fertilization in dipterocarps or non–dipterocarps. Dipterocarps of the red meranti group showed a doubling of girth increment in the NP treatment, however, the difference from the control fell short of significance.

Primary forest was studied at 530 m altitude at 27° 31′ N and 96° 24′ E in the Himalayan foothills in a plot at Haldibari in the Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India. The forest had all the structural attributes of the Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest Formation including frequent buttressing, large woody climbers, and a predominance of trees with leaves in the mesophyll and macrophyll size categories. It was species rich with at least 116 large (>10 cm dbh) tree or liana species in a 1 ha plot. The species affinities were tropical and included two species of Dipterocarpaceae, Dipterocarpus macrocarpus and Shorea assamica, which together accounted for 6.9% of the measured individual trees. The type of forest at Namdapha has the highest known latitude for what is certainly Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest although the Formation may extend to 28° 28′ N in China.

Mine spoils and other soils contaminated with cadmium, copper, lead and zinc show natural colonization by species which have strategies of avoidance or tolerance of metal toxicities. The distribution of plants on such substrata in the British Isles is examined in the light of present knowledge of such strategies. Evolutionary processes mediating the selection of tolerant individuals and ecotypic differentiation of adapted populations on metalliferous soils are considered. Other factors determining which species can and which cannot evolve tolerance include constitutional differences in species sensitivity to toxic metals, and phenotypic (environmentally-induced) tolerances. The importance of constitutional properties and phenotypic responses in providing explanations for plant distribution on metalliferous soils is assessed.

Following intravenous administration of various doses of DiLuzio glucan, Wellcome C. parvum, or BCG, the increase in clearance of intravenous 125IUdR-radiolabeled B16 tumor cells from the lung correlated with a subsequent reduction in the outgrowth of pulmonary tumor nodules. The ranges of values for tumor cell clearance were very much narrower for most groups of animals than the ranges obtained for the number of pulmonary tumor nodules in similar groups, allowing 2–3 times the definition of data with the former method.

Animals bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma called MC1 rejected substantial numbers of a suspension of the same tumor cells injected IV in comparison with normal rats. The factors that protected the host against lung metastases were impaired by the administration of tumor antigen in the form of irradiated tumor cells or soluble tumor antigen. Animals bearing an MC1 tumor which received either unrelated MC11 irradiated tumor cells or soluble tumor antigen had more lung metastasis than the animals not given any tumor products. However, a statistically significant increase in the number of lung tumor nodules was observed in the rats treated with MC1, compared with those treated with MC11 tumor antigen (soluble tumor antigen or irradiated tumor cells) or no tumor antigen. The increase in the outgrowth of lung tumor nodules in the tumor-bearing host given an excess of tumor materials was produced by a dual mechanism of inhibition of the concomitant immune resistance and nonspecific resistance. The present study shows that soluble tumor antigen similar to material shed from a primary tumor is able to impair concomitant immune resistance to tumor cells within the lungs.

Primary forest was studied at 530 m altitude at 27° 31′ N and 96° 24′ E in the Himalayan foothills in a plot at Haldibari in the Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India. The forest had all the structural attributes of the Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest Formation including frequent buttressing, large woody climbers, and a predominance of trees with leaves in the mesophyll and macrophyll size categories. It was species rich with at least 116 large (>10 cm dbh) tree or liana species in a 1 ha plot. The species affinities were tropical and included two species of Dipterocarpaceae, Dipterocarpus macrocarpusand Shorea assamica, which together accounted for 6.9% of the measured individual trees. The type of forest at Namdapha has the highest known latitude for what is certainly Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest although the Formation may extend to 28° 28′ N in China.

Pentasulfur hexanitride, S5N6, has been prepared in good yield by the reaction of [n-Bu4N+][S4N5−] with bromine (or iodine) in methylene chloride at 0 °C. In contrast, the tetrasulfur pentanitride(−1) ion reacts smoothly with chlorine to give S4N5Cl, while the reaction with sulfuryl chloride produces S4N5Cl andS5N6and the reaction with thionyl chloride produces a mixture of S3N2O, S3N2O2, S4N4, and S5N6. Pentasulfur hexanitride is an air-sensitive, explosive, yellow-orange solid which sublimes at ca. 45 °C/10−2 Torr without significant decomposition. It has been characterised by infrared, Raman, uv–visible, and mass spectra and by a single crystal X-ray structure determination. The crystals are monoclinic and belong to the space group C2/c, a = 8.787(2), b = 11.190(2), c = 7.427(2) Å, β = 106.46(2)°, V = 700.3(5) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 2.317 g cm−3. The refined structure (Rw = 0.040) has twofold symmetry and resembles a basket in which an —N=S=N— unit (d(S—N) = 1.54 Å) is the handle which bridges an S4N4cradle via S—N single bonds (d(S—N) = 1.70 Å). The introduction of this bridge widens one of the transannular separations in S4N4to 3.94 Å while the other is shortened to 2.43 Å. Thus, the S4N4cradle can be viewed as two five-membered rings fused at the S—S bond.

Winter feeding of stock has caused eutrophication of the lower part of the Keen of Hamar. A nutrient addition experiment is reported which shows that grass cover of the serpentine debris increased greatly following phosphorus fertilization. Long-term observations have shown a substantial increase in grass cover over c. 35% of the lower part of the Keen and in one limited area the complete elimination of a rare species. It is suggested that the effects of eutrophication are likely to persist indefinitely and that it poses a major threat to this habitat and its rare plant species, although it seems that the site could be restored by removal of newly accumulated soil.

SummaryThe occurrence of ultramafic rocks in Scotland is described along with a summary of recent work in the fields of exploration and description of sites and taxa; the population dynamics of rare species, nutrient limitations in the soils, the role of Ni in their ecology, and the importance and tolerance of high soil Mg/Ca quotients. Some important research needs are outlined and it is emphasized that the biological importance of ultramafics out-weighs their small areal extent.

Elites in the Policy Process by Robert Presthus (Cambridge, CUP, 1974, £8.00)Nationalism, Communism and Canadian Labour: The CIO, the Communist Party and the Canadian Congress of Labour, 1935-1956 by I. Abella (University of Toronto Press, London: Books Canada, 1973, £2.00)East African Societies by Aylward Shorter (London, Routledge, 1974, £3.20 paperback £1.50)The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi by Raghavan Iyer (New York, OUP, 1974, £5.75)Peasant Politics: Conflict and Development in Murang'a by Geoff Lamb (London, Julian Friedman, 1974, £3.50)Malawi: Foreign Policy and Development by Carolyn McMaster (London. Julian Friedman, 1974, £4.25)New Zealand Politics: A Reader edited by Stephen Levine (Melbourne, Cheshire, 1975, $A9.95)Labour, Race and Colonial Rule: The Copperbelt from 1924 to Independence by Elena L. Berger (Oxford: Clarendon Press, London: OUP, 1974, £6.00)Party and Locality in Northern Uganda, 1945-1962 by Cherry Gertzel (London, Athlone Press, 1974, £1.25)Race Vs Politics in Guyana by J. E. Greene (Kingston Jamaica, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1974, J$5-30)

Cotton is attacked by numerous insects throughout its growth. These range from millipedes and cutworms, through aphids, thrips, jassids, mirids and whitefly, to bollworms and boll weevils. Acceptable control can be achieved by judicious use of insecticides coupled with good agronomic practices, but insect problems can change, and sometimes escalate, when insecticides are introduced. Early sowing and protection of the young seedlings are particularly important.

Intravenously administered DiLuzio glucan, Wellcome C. parvum, and Glaxo BCG caused dose dependent increases in the tumor cell loss from the lungs of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice challenged respectively with intravenous 125IuDR labelled B16 or T 1699 mammary carcinoma cells.The results were reproducible with respect to the optimal doses and the magnitudes and shapes of the dose response curves.

The design of equipment to sterilise solid-liquid food mixtures continuously requires that the flow properties of such mixtures be understood. Little information is available on food flows, which can consist of high solids fractions of particles of a range of densities in non-Newtonian and viscous liquids. A metal detection system which can log two types of particle in the same experiment has been constructed and used in a loop flow rig to study flows of single particles and carrot-water mixtures. Results can be correlated using the particle Froude number; some preliminary analysis is presented to suggest that data can be correlated against 1/Frp. The effect of solids fraction on particle flow velocity has been investigated; greatest variations in the particle velocity appear for stratified flows for solids fractions between 10-20%.

Following injection into the portal venous or vena caval systems, tumour cells are held up almost exclusively in the liver or lung respectively, and subsequent outgrowth of tumour only occurs in these organs. Following systemic arterial injection, cells are distributed, and subsequently grow, in a variety of organs. However, the adrenal gland supports tumour growth from much fewer cells than the lung, and this is partly due to the fact the rate of tumour cell loss in the initial 48 h is very high in the latter compared to the former organ.

The presence of antibody in patients with malignant melanoma is well established if one examines the serum. In this report we have attempted to identify antibody within solid tumours showing that they are rarely present in any appreciable quantity on the surface of tumour cells but can be seen frequently on a number of different types of host cell within the tumours. This is discussed in the light of the role of antibody in the circulation and the possibility of antibody behaving as a blocking factor in vivo.

The morphoregulatory effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) applications to ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seedlings and 3-year-old plants was determined. Applications of TDZ (0.22 and 2.20 ppm), either as foliar sprays or soil drench to greenhouse-grown seedlings over 18 weeks (2 weeks after sowing to 20 weeks when plants were harvested) induced similar responses, in particular, increased stem length and diameter, and shoot and root weight (economic yield). Single foliar applications of TDZ at 62.5 and 125 ppm to 3-year-old field-grown ginseng plants 3 months prior to harvest increased root biomass (economic yield) by 19 to 23%. Roots of TDZ-treated seedlings and 3-year-old field-grown plants developed thickened secondary roots on the upper part of the taproot. The root-like structure of these secondary roots was confirmed by histology. In addition, TDZ treatments induced adventitious buds on the shoulder of 3-year-old roots. These buds developed into shoots to give multi-stem plants following a period of dormancy, which was overcome with GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment prior to planting.

A regulation is shown for size and number of serially repeated axial structures, the somites, in a mammalian embryo. The mammalian embryo is normally inaccessible to operation at post-implantation stages. This problem is resolved by the quantitative analysis of somite size, number and development in a recessive mutant of the mouse, amputated, whose axial length is greatly reduced. The effect of the gene simulates an experiment ablating part of the embryonic tissue available for somitic segmentation. Regulation occurs at the time when the somite is first formed, by control of the quantity of cells included in each new somite. A model is devised for the control of somitic segmentation which explains most of the features observed and which can be simulated on a computer.

We have obtained data on the frequency of aggregates of different size classes and on the maximum aggregate diameter of lymphoid cells subjected to aggregation in the laminar shear field of a Couette viscometer. Maximum aggregate diameter reached a plateau level during aggregation. This plateau is considered to be the result of a balance between the hydrodynamic shear forces tending to resist the formation of aggregates, and the adhesive forces of the aggregated cells tending to resist dissociation. Stepwise-increases in the shear rate produced aggregates of progressively smaller maximum diameter until the limiting (i.e. control equivalent) diameter was reached. Equations governing these stepwise changes in aggregate diameter were obtained by regression analysis, and an estimate of the force of dissociation (FD) was made from derived values of the critical shear rate. Thymocytes (FD=2.54 X 10(−6) N m-2/cell) were found to be more adhesive than lymphocytes (FD=2.05 X 10(−6) N m-2/cell), in agreement with current concepts. The observed data on aggregate frequency were seen to be of poor fit with a model of aggregation derived by collision analysis of the aggregation process. This led us to consider the possibility that all cells may not share the same probability of forming an adhesion. We thus derived further models of aggregation in which some fraction of the total cells was considered to have enhanced possibilities of a collision producing an adhesion. Of the models we considered, a 15% preferred fraction offered best agreement with the experimental observations. We therefore conclude that the populations of cells studied in this report are not ‘homogenous’ in that some cells are more adhesive than others. Alterations in the percentage of the preferred fraction of cells will lead to different aggregate-frequency indices. Such changes might be expected to occur during the initial stages of carcinoma development.

Three contrasting ancient Scottish oakwoods and their physical environment are described: Ross Point Wood (on podzolic soils) and North Gartfairn Wood (on gleys) on Loch Lomondside; and the Old Wood of Methven (on brown earths) near Perth. Small litterfall was measured for one year at each site. The production of total small litterfall was (t ha-1 yr-1): Ross, 3.61; Gartfairn, 4.48; and Methven, 5.37. Most small litterfall fractions followed the same rank order. Ross had the least litterfall input for all analysed nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg) and Methven the highest, except for Na and Mg which were highest at Gartfairn. The differences between the woods are as likely to involve past management practices as those involving their soils. However, there is some evidence that nutrients may be limiting production since the concentrations of litterfall nitrogen and phosphorus are least in the least productive site.

The demography of Lychnis alpina L. on skeletal soil at the Meikle Kilrannoch (MK1) ultramafic outcrop was studied from 1991-1993. Estimates were made of seed production and the size of the seed bank at different times. The germination of seeds was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Seedling survival, numbers and sizes of rosettes per genet, flowering, and herbivory at flowering were recorded in permanent quadrats in the field. High rates of herbivory occurred at flowering and the soil seed bank was found to be small. There were differences in the annual rate of increase of the population in two areas of the outcrop; λ = 1.58 on a deeper soil, indicating an increasing population and λ = 1.05 indicating a stable population on shallow soil over outcropping bedrock. The high survival of the original cohort after two years (0.8) suggests that it is the longevity of established plants rather than enhanced recruitment that is responsible for the increase of the deeper-soil population.

The small litter layer mass was measured on four occasions in three ancient contrasting Scottish oakwoods and the mean values (for total small litter) were (t ha-1): Ross Point Wood, 3.05; Gartfairn Wood, 2.51; and Methven Wood, 3.28. Decomposition constants were calculated (using earlier data for litterfall input) using different formulae which are discussed. Decomposition was fastest at Gartfairn and slowest at Ross. An experiment was set up to measure the disappearance of bagged oak leaves in meshes of different sizes. The least difference between mesh sizes was observed at Ross which has more acid soils and almost certainly least invertebrate activity. It was found that a linear decomposition model fitted the bagged leaf data best. The rates of disappearance followed the same rank order as those calculated from the litter input/litter layer data but the absolute rates were much slower for the bagged leaves. The patterns of nutrient release with time varied from element to element. Nitrogen and phosphorus were released relatively slowly, whilst potassium was released relatively quickly.

The spatial distributions of species of tree =10 cm gbh were examined in two 4 ha plots and related to the local variation in topography and soil chemistry. The plots were similar in their species composition, particularly in terms of the densities of small trees, and they showed very similar edaphic characteristics. Size class distributions varied little within and between plots. Ordination of 0.25 ha subplots highlighted parallel gradients in the vegetation of both plots when the densities of trees =10 cm gbh were considered. Focusing on understorey trees in the 10-<50 cm gbh class at the 0.04 ha subplot scale showed a similar vegetation gradient in both plots closely associated with change from lower slope to ridge. No relationship with soil chemistry was found. On the ridges a special group of understorey species formed clumps and these species contributed importantly to the ordinations. Borneo has a regional history of occasionally severe droughts. It is suggested here that the observed patterns in the understorey are due to differential responses to low soil water supply, the ridges probably tending to dryness more than the lower slopes. Within the large and diverse family Euphorbiaceae, which dominates the understorey at Danum, there may be ecophysiological groupings of species. The long-term effects of disturbance interacting with local edaphic factors on forest structure and composition are discussed.

Synopsis 1.The rôle of mathematical models in growth studies is discussed and a distinction made between the structural and descriptive aspects of a mathematical formulation.2.A simple scheme is set up to represent in broad outline the simultaneous growth and interaction of larval and adult systems inMyrmica rubra and is matched against observed results.

Five years′ research on the dietary causes of muscular dystrophy in the lamb are included. Selenium and vitamin E were equally effective in preventing the natural occurring syndrome, although neither has given complete protection when fed to the ewe during later gestation and early lactation but both have been completely effective when given directly to the lamb. A combination of vitamin E and selenium given to the ewes did result in complete protection for the lambs. Apparently the maternal transfer of either selenium or vitamin E was inadequate at the levels fed (1.0 ppm and 100 I.U./day, respectively). Cooking of the basal ration fed the ewes also completely prevented the condition in the lambs indicating a heat labile antagonist may be present in the basal feeds. This is further substantiated by evidence presented on the prevention of exudative diathesis in the chick and by the relatively high levels of oral selenium apparently required by the ewes to protect the lambs from muscular dystrophy. The addition of an anti-oxidant to the ewes′ diet did not reduce the incidence of dystrophy in the lambs. Linseed oil meal was partially effective as a preventive which is explained by its relatively high selenium content. Data on the selenium content of the feeds used and plasma tocopherol data on the ewes and lambs are also presented.

Two commercial cottonseed meals, a direct solvent-extracted meal and a screw-pressed meal, were subjected to successive solvent-extraction procedures by using an acetone/hexane/water azeotrope to reduce their cyclopropenoid fatty acid content. The two original commercial meals, as well as a double- and triple-extracted portion, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive con-trol containing 2 % refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four-week feeding period the eggs were collected dur-ing the third and fourth week and stored at 35F for periods of three and six months. Over-all egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the extracted yolk lipids were determined after the three- and six-month storage period.

Abstract: The Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant—world's largest fast breeder—is a 100,000-kw facility currently nearing completion at Lagoona Beach, Mich. Access to the sodium-cooled core is provided by a 143-ton shield plug. The maximum credible nuclear accident for the Fermi reactor has been postulated not to exceed in violence the detonation of 1000 lb of TNT at the core location. This paper is addressed to predicting the structural response of Fermi to this maximum credible accident. Scaled charges of TNT (cased in molten sodium) were detonated in idealized models of the Fermi reactor. The results of these experiments together with available theory indicate that the accident would be contained in the reactor shielding complex but that the 143-ton shield plug, if unimpeded, might be propelled through the roof of the containment building. In response to the findings of this extensive study, the Fermi reactor will be equipped with an arrester that will prevent a hazardous plug jump in the unlikely event of a nuclear accident.

C. B. Macpherson's The Real World of Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, O.U.P., 1966, 12s. 6d.)I. Wallerstein (ed.), Social Change: The Colonial Situation (New York, John Wiley, 1966, 70s.)Dr. T. Kerstiens, The New Elite in Asia and Africa: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Ghana (London, Pall Mall, 1966, 90s.)B. Pfahlberg's Zur Politik afro-asiatischer Staaten in den Vereinten Nationen 1945-1960 (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1966, DM37).R. Dumont's False Start in Africa (translated by P. N. Ott, introduction by Thomas Balogh, with an additional chapter by John Hatch, London, Andre Deutsch, 1966, 35s.)F. Schatten's Communism in Africa (London, Allen & Unwin, 1966, 32s.)A. F. Davies and S. Encl. (eds.), Australian Society, A Sociological Introduction (London, Pall Mall, 1965, 63s.)R. Stephens, Cyprus: A Place of Arms (London, Pall Mall, 1966, 35s.)A. A. Africa's The Ghana Coup: 24th February 1966 (London, Frank Cass, 1966, Cloth 25s., Paperback 12s.5d.).B. Fitch and M. Oppenheimer's Ghana: End of an Illusion (London, Monthly Review Press, 1966, 25s.).A. H. Hanson's, The Process of Planning: A Study of India's Five Year Plans 1950-1964 (London, OUP for PJIA, 1966, 105s.)Taya Zinkin's Challenges in India (London, Chatto & Windus, 1966, 30s.)Burton Benedict, Mauritius: The Problems of a Plural Society (London, Pall Mall for Institute of Race Relations, 1965, 8s. 6d.)A. Enahoto, Fugitive Offender (London, Cassell, 1965, 36s.)Selections from the Smuts Papers, 1886-1919, edited by W. K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1966, Vols. I-III 75s. each, Vol. IV 55s.)Mr. A. Hepple's South Africa: A Political and Economic History (London, Pall Mall, 1966, 4ss.)Uganda: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution by H. F. Morris and James S. Read (London, Stevens & Sons, 1966, 90s.)Professor M. G. Smith, The Plural Sodety in the British West Indies (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University Press, London: Cambridge University Press, 1965, $6s.)Richard Hall's, Zambia (London, Pall Mall, 1965, 52s. 6d.)C. Leys and P. Robson (eds.) Federation in East Africa: Opportunities and Problems (London, OUP, 1965, 26s.) by J. S. Nye Jr., in Pan-Africanism and East African Integration (Harvard University Press, London, OUP, 1966, 45s.).A. Cairncross, The Short-Term and the Long in Economic Planning (Washington, 1966). Sir Arthur Lewis' Development Planning (London, Allen & Unwin, 1966, cloth 30s., paperback 18s.)R. L. Watts, New Federations: Experiments in the Commonwealth (Oxford, Clarendon Press and OUP, 1966, 70s.)

Chemical inactivation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in commercial cottonseed meals was explored with three classes of compounds: anhydrous gases, organic acids and sulfhydryl compounds. Of the reagents screened, sulfur dioxide reduced the cyclopropenoid content by over 90% while free cottonseed fatty acids and thioglycollic acid reduced the cyclopropenoid fatty acid content by over 30%. Large batches of the above three selected meals, as well as a control commercial screw-pressed meal, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive control containing a 2% refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four-week feeding period, eggs were collected during the third and fourth week and stored at 35 F for periods of 3 and 6 months. Overall egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the yolk lipids were determined after the 3 and 6 months' storage periods.

Abstract: Chemical inactivation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in commercial cottonseed meals was explored with three classes of compounds: anhydrous gases, organic acids and sulfhydryl compounds. Of the reagents screened, sulfur dioxide reduced the cyclopropenoid content by over 90% while free cottonseed fatty acids and thioglycollic acid reduced the cyclopropenoid fatty acid content by over 30%. Large batches of the above three selected meals, as well as a control commercial screw-pressed meal, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive control containing a 2% refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four-week feeding period, eggs were collected during the third and fourth week and stored at 35 F for periods of 3 and 6 months. Overall egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the yolk lipids were determined after the 3 and 6 months’ storage periods.

Two commercial cottonseed meals, a direct solvent-extracted meal and a screw-pressed meal, were subjected to successive solvent-extraction procedures by using an acetone/hexane/water azeotrope to reduce their cyclopropenoid fatty acid content. The two original commercial meals, as well as a double- and triple-extracted portion, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive con-trol containing 2 % refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four-week feeding period the eggs were collected dur-ing the third and fourth week and stored at 35F for periods of three and six months. Over-all egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the extracted yolk lipids were determined after the three- and six-month storage period.

One hundred and sixty-six patients undergoing elective major laparotomy were skin tested preoperatively with four common recall antigens in an attempt to correlate preoperative cell-mediated immune status with postoperative septic complications. Nineteen patients were anergic, 22 relatively anergic and the remaining 125 reacted to two or more of the antigens and were regarded as normally reactive. No significant differences in morbidity or mortality were found between patients who had depressed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and those who reacted normally. We conclude that identification of those patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity preoperatively does not help in predicting postoperative problems.

An immunologically specific factor circulating in lymph and blood prevents the occurrence of lung metastases in rats with sarcomas growing in the leg. Removal of thoracic duct lymph causes such tumours to metastasize to the lung. This is due to the removal of a plasma factor and not of lymphocytes.

Rabbits maintained on a torula yeast, Vit. E deficient diet developed a severe and rapidly progressing muscular dystrophy. This condition was not prevented by addition to the diet of 1 ppm selenium or of supplements of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate alone or in combination. Additions of natural feedstuffs (wheat bran, linseed oil meal or kidney beans) to the semi-purified diet did not fully prevent the condition, although they did lessen the severity of the lesion and increase the average number of days of survival indicating deficiencies other than selenium and Vit. E were involved in the particular experimental diets used. A marked alopecia was observed in all animals fed diets not containing a natural feedstuff.