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Phosphorus (P) levels alter the allelopathic activity of rice seedlings against lettuce seeds. In this study, we investigated the effect of P deficiency on the allelopathic potential of non-pigmented and pigmented rice varieties. Rice seedlings of the white variety Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105, non-pigmented) and the black varieties Jao Hom Nin (JHN, pigmented) and Riceberry (RB, pigmented) were cultivated under high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Morphological and metabolic responses to P deficiency were investigated. P deficiency inhibited shoot growth but promoted root growth of rice seedlings in all three varieties. Moreover, P deficiency led to decreased cytosolic phosphate (Pi) and total P concentrations in both shoot and root tissues. The subsequent reduction in internal P concentration enhanced the accumulation of phenolic compounds in both shoot and root tissues of the seedlings. Subsequently, allelopathy-based inter- and intra-specific interactions were assessed using water extracts from seedlings of the three varieties grown under HP and LP conditions. These extracts were tested on seeds of lettuce, the weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium , and the same rice variety. The shoot and root extracts from P-deficient seedlings reduced the germination of all recipient plants. Specifically, the shoot extract from P-deficient KDML105 seedlings reduced the germination index (GI) of lettuce seeds to 1%, while those from P-deficient RB and JHN seedlings produced GIs of 32% and 42%, respectively. However, when rice seeds were exposed to their own LP shoot and root extracts, their GIs increased up to 4-fold, compared with the HP extracts. Additionally, the shoot extracts from P-deficient plants also stimulated the germination of D. aegyptium by about 2–3-fold, whereas the root extracts did not have this effect. Therefore, P starvation led to the accumulation and exudation of phenolics in the shoots and roots of rice seedlings, altering their allelopathic activities. To adapt to P deficiency, rice seedlings potentially release signaling chemicals to suppress nearby competing species while simultaneously promoting their own germination and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian University of Technology / Dalian Ligong Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. (TM) is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine. Phenolic natural products are one of its main active components, which have a relationship with its biological activities. Previous studies have reported certain differences in the biological activities of different parts of TM. The present study aims to quantitatively analyze 130 phenolic metabolites in the roots, leaves and flowers of TM using UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS. The method detected seventy-five metabolites in roots, seventy-three in leaves and eighty-two in flowers. Additionally, the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were further studied using statistical analysis methods. Four, nine, and ten differential metabolites were detected upon comparison between the leaves and roots, flowers and roots, and flowers and leaves, while the three parts compared together showed twelve differential metabolites. Differences in metabolic pathways were determined by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) based pathway analysis. Our results indicated that differential production of phenolic metabolites exists in TM roots, leaves and flowers, which may explain differences in efficacy of different parts. Therefore, it is recommended to use TM roots, leaves, and flowers separately. It is also worth noting that TM flowers had the highest content of phenolic metabolites. Furthermore, caftaric acid and delphinidin 3- O -glucoside may be used as chemical markers to identify different source parts of TM powder. [Display omitted] • Differential production of phenolic metabolites exists in Taraxacum mongolicum roots, leaves and flowers. • Taraxacum mongolicum flowers have the highest content of phenolic metabolites. • Caftaric acid and delphinidin 3- O -glucoside can be used as chemical markers to identify the different parts. • The different parts of Taraxacum mongolicum may have different trends in metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The presence of antinutritional compounds such as tannins reduce the nutritional benefits in sorghum. Hence, the major objective was to evaluate the differences in grain quality and physical parameters in 254 tannin and non‐tannin accessions in a diverse set of sorghum association panel. Findings: Wide variability was noticed for total protein (11%–19%) and protein digestibility (13%–78%). Tannin content recorded a significant negative relationship (R2 = 0.65, p <.001) with protein digestibility, indicating strong impact of tannins on protein digestibility in sorghum accessions with a pigmented testa. Non‐tannin accessions exhibited higher protein content, protein digestibility, kernel hardness, kernel weight and diameter, and lower phenolics compared to tannin accessions. Among the genetic races, Durra had the highest protein digestibility and Caudatum had the highest kernel weight than other races. In accessions with tannin, red grains had the highest tannin content and lowest protein digestibility than other colored grains. Conclusions: The study revealed accessions with high protein digestibility of around 71% in both non‐tannin and tannin groups. A tannin containing accession SC1056 had the highest protein digestibility (78%) coupled with high kernel hardness. Significance and Novelty: Accessions with above‐average protein digestibility, either with or without tannins could be ideal donors for breeding for improved grain quality in sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet-extraction (SE) were compared for the extraction of phytochemicals from the seed powder of Daucus carota. Results showed that only 5 min of MAE gave maximum phenolics 275 mg and flavonoids 229 mg as compared to SE, which took 5 h to give its maximum. GC-MS analysis of MAE and SE revealed 15 and 11 compounds respectively; Estragole (52.55%) and linalool (39.97%) being the major component in MAE and SE-derived extract respectively. HPLC analysis showed a variety of phenolics and flavonoids in MAE as compared to SE. MAE extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant (82%) and antifungal potential (89.3%inhibition) compared to SE (54.32% and 60.7% respectively). Results suggested that MAE can rapidly extract phytochemicals from carrot seeds without affecting their biological activities. The usage of MAE in analytical labs can safely opt for rapid extraction of required phytochemicals by optimizing the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds oraristatin A (1) and oraristatinoside A (2), one new natural compound (2 S)-methyl-6,7-dihydroxytropate (3), and 11 known phenolic metabolites were isolated from the aerial parts of Orthosiphon aristatus. Their chemical structures were identified by 1D- and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of 1 and 3 were determined by TD-DFT ECD spectroscopic analyses. Of the isolates, compound 2 weakly inhibited both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria (MIC = 150–300 μM), while 6 and 7 suppressed the growth of three Gram-positive bacteria and a yeast (MIC = 75–150 μM). This is the first report of the isolation of 6 − 9 , 12 , and 14 from the genus Orthosiphon and the antimicrobial effects of compounds 3 , 7 , 9 , 12 , and 14. [Display omitted] • 14 compounds were isolated from Orthosiphon aristatus. • Two new, one new natural, and 11 known compounds were structurally elucidated. • Antimicrobial effects of extract, fractions, and compounds were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the production of liposomal formulations using mushroom extracts has gained increasing interest to increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in the nutraceutical field. Based on this information, we aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity (by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP assays) and enzyme inhibition (against cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase) activities of alone and liposomal formulations of Pleurotus ostreatus (OYE) or Lentinus edodes (SHE) in different extracts solvents which were methanol (MeOH), aqua (Aq), methanol/aqua (MeOH/Aq). The extracts and formulations were chemically characterized using HPLC-DAD. The mean diameter of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) extended in range between 60 and 165 nm. The entrapment yields of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) were 63.8% ± 3.7% and 71.2% ± 2.8%, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that ferulic and cinnamic acids were main components in the liposomal formulations. Liposomal formulations (in MeOH) showed higher antioxidant activity in the FRAP and CUPRAC assays. SL:SHE (in Aq) showed effective enzyme inhibition activity on acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Based on our findings, the liposomal formulations can be a valuable strategy in preparing functional applications with shiitake and oyster mushrooms. [Display omitted] • Liposomal forms of mushroom extracts have higher antioxidants capacity and better characterization properties. • SL:OYE formulation is essentially significant antioxidant activity compared to SL:SHE formulation. • Ferulic and cinnamic acids were main phenolics. • Enzyme inhibition activities of liposomal formulations are realized better than the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the fermentation process of black and orange-colored carrot pomaces utilizing three varieties of lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus casei , and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The fermentation process influenced the titratable acidity and lactic acid production, with L. plantarum resulting in the highest increases, particularly noticeable in orange-colored carrot pomace (OCP). Initially, citric acid levels increased, while ascorbic acid levels decreased in all cultures. Black carrot pomace (BCP) fermented by L. casei exhibited the highest phenolic content (611.42 mg GAE/100 g dw) and antioxidant activity on day 3. The total phenolic content of OCP was the highest on day 3 with both L. casei and L. plantarum. The phenolic acid profiles varied by carrot type, with BCP being rich in neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, and OCP in gallic and p -coumaric acids. High anthocyanin content was found in OCP, especially cyanidin derivatives, peaking with L. casei. Similarly, OCP showed increased levels of both α-carotene and β-carotene on day 3 with L. casei. Carotenoid analysis revealed that BCP contained only α-carotene, with the highest level observed after 4 days of fermentation with L. plantarum. This study demonstrates that selective fermentation with lactic acid bacteria can alter the phytochemical profile of carrot pomaces, potentially enhancing the nutritional quality in various food applications. • Fermentation elevates bioactive compounds in black and orange carrot pomaces. • Specific microorganisms were investigated for optimal carrot pomace fermentation. • L. casei increases the amount of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids in carrot pomaces. • Sustainable carrot by-product valorization could be feasible with fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuding tea (KT) is the general name of a set of bitter-tasting herbal tea made from varied original plant species. However, limited information was reported about the difference of bioactive constituents, heavy metals, and bioactivities among those original species. In the present study, comparison analyses among heavy metals, polysaccharides, phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins constituents, as well as the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were performed through colorimetry, UPLC-QTOF-MS, enzymatic assay and molecular docking techniques on the six KT original plants mainly from the genus Ilex. Results showed that Cd contents in the four KT original plants other than Ilex pubescens (IP) and Ilex cornuta (IC) and heavy metal contents including Pb, Cu, As and Hg in the all six plants were lower than standard limit values. Furthermore, contents of carbohydrate in polysaccharides (470.06 and 548.51 mg GLE/g), total phenolics (33.84 and 48.85 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (30.86 and 109.97 mg RE/g), phenolic acids (49.68 and 61.48 mg CAE/g), flavonols (18.47 and 19.19 mg RE/g), flavanols (0.18 and 0.14 mg CE/g), saponins (90.81 and 97.33 mg GSE /g) in IP and Ligustrum japonicum (LJ), as well as their antioxidant activity levels (IC 50 607.41–780.44, and 547.06–754.00 mg/L) were all significantly higher than those in other four KT original plants. Moreover, a total of 6 and 9 compounds were tentatively characterized from IP and LJ, respectively, and molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were further used to analysis the interaction between α-glucosidase and bioactive compounds in IP. At last, principal component, hierarchical cluster, and correlation analysis indicated that carbohydrate content of polysaccharides, total phenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids were the main influencing factors to antioxidant abilities. Overall, according to our systematic analysis, IP possessed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, thus might be a better KT original plants from the genus Ilex for further development and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are becoming popular choice for treatment of chronic disease conditions. Cassia absus plant parts have been traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions. This study was designed for evaluating anti-arthritic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of Cassia absus seeds. n-hexane, methanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts were prepared to be appraised for identification and quantitative determination of various phytochemicals. All the extracts were evaluated for anti-arthritic activity via protein denaturation, anti-nociceptive activity by hot plate method and anti-inflammatory potential through Carrageenan induced paw edema. Three doses; 100,200 and 300mg/kg of each extract were given to Wistar rats. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that Aqueous and n-hexane extracts contained the highest total flavonoid (104.2±0.24mg QE/g) and phenolic contents (187.4±0.65mg GA/g) respectively. All the extracts exhibited decrease in protein denaturation (n-hexane 66.66%, methanol 59.42%, chloroform 65.21% and aqueous extract 89.85%). Significant increase in mean latency time (secs) was observed in n-hexane, methanol and aqueous extract treated rats as compared to normal rats. All four extracts caused significant reduction in paw inflammation as compared to carrageenan control. It is therefore concluded that all the extracts of Cassia absus possessed significant anti-arthritic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides insight into the utilization of protein-rich microalgal strain with anti-oxidant and antidiabetic potentials i.e., Chlorella minutissima, for the development of millet-based cookies. The studied microalgal strain has been very less explored for functional food properties and this is the first study to report its usage as an ingredient in the millet-based cookies, providing a therapeutic solution for diabetic patients. In this study, 1 %, 2 %, and 6 % dried biomass of C. minutissima were incorporated in the preparation of millet cookies and tested for various functional properties. The rheological study on millet cookie dough incorporated with C. minutissima showed viscoelastic behaviour depicting its underlying interactions and strength which were positively correlated with the physical property (hardness) of the cookies. The increased concentration of C. minutissima increased the protein content up to 2 % and significantly increased the total phenolic content (6.41 mg GAE g sample−1) of the cookie samples. Besides, this increased incorporation showed better in vitro digestibility of cookies (69.60 %) and expected glycaemic index (35.03). The study signifies the application of C. minutissima -based millet cookies in food industries, which aim to develop their product range for not only health cautious populations but also for diabetes patients. [Display omitted] • C. minutissima- based millet dough showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behaviour. • C. minutissima incorporation-enhanced protein & mineral content in cookies • Upto 6 %, enhanced hardness and low water activity in the cookies • Phenolic content & antioxidant profile increased with an increase in C. minutissima. • C. minutissima (6 %) reduced digestibility (69.60 %) & lowered sugar release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the impact of environmental conditions on polyphenolic content and free radical scavenging ability in the leaves of N. officinale used as food and medicine in the Himalayan region of Pakistan. Samples were gathered from six different sites located in Himalaya, Hindukush, and Karakorum ranges. Polyphenolic profiling, and in vitro antioxidant potential were determied using standard analytical techniques. The samples collected from Abbottabad had significnat levels (p ≤0.05) of total phenolic (331.43±41.43 mg GAE/100g DW) and total flavonoid contents (8.45±1.53 mg RutE/100g DW). Whereas, rutin, quercitin and kaempferol were maximum in samples collected from Dir(132.46±0.31, 8.80±0.05 and 0.95±0.04 µg/g, respectively). Likewise, Gallic and caffeic acids were highest in Haripur and Swat samples, whereas ferulic and p -coumaric acids were maximum in samples taken from Dir. The percentage scavenging of DPPH was maximum in samples collectded from Chitral (69.57±3.39%) and that of H 2 O 2 at Dir (57.24±8.05%), whereas samples collected from Abbottabad depicted maximum inhibition of ferric and molybdate ions. Total phenolic and total flavonoids contents exhibited highly significant positive correlations (p ≤0.01) with ferric and molybdate ions reduction capacity. Cluster and principal component analyses also depicted significant associations among samples collected from Abbottabad-Haripur, Dir-Swat, and Mansehra-Chilas. Our findings contribute in understanding the antioxidant potential of N. officinale leaves, and highlights the importance of polyphenolic composition and environmental factors in future investigations related to its nutraceutical applications. Further research on detailed phytochemcial profiling, their in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action could unveil the potential of this plant as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological, physicochemical, and nutritional features of black chokeberries juice fermented by a novel potentially probiotic strain (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SP5) immobilized on delignified wheat bran (DWB) and orange peel for 2 days at 30 °C and for 28 days at 4oC. In general, application of immobilization led to elevated viabilities of L. paracasei SP5 (>8.8 log cfu/mL) in all studied periods of fermentation and subsequently ameliorated fermentative capacities. The application of orange peel as immobilization support led to better total phenolic content of the fermented juice after the 48 h fermentation (10.4 GAE g/L) and the 4th week of cold storage at 4 °C (13.9 GAE g/L), compared to the respective results obtained through the application of immobilized on delignified wheat bran and the unfermented juice. Higher antioxidant activity (AA) was recorded in the fermented juices by immobilized cells in all studied periods compared to the unfermented juice. Specifically, remarkable levels were obtained through the application of immobilized L. paracasei SP5 on orange peel (79.8 mmol Trolox/L at the 3rd week of cold storage), while the respective values were slightly lower when delignified wheat bran applied and much lower in the case of unfermented juice. Chokeberry juices fermented by both immobilized cells retained sufficient volatile compounds (alcohols, ketones, and esters) even after the 4th week of cold storage, in contrast to unfermented chokeberry juice. • Novel beverages with high nutritional value were produced. • The new biocatalysts were proved efficient for black Chokeberry juice fermentation. • Immobilization increased survival rates of potentially probiotic cells. • Total phenolics, antioxidant activity & volatiles elevated during the fermentation. • The new biocatalysts led to high percentage of desirable volatile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Folin-Ciocalteu assay is a tool widely employed to measure total phenolic content (TPC) in various applications across different fields, including food industry, agriculture, medicine, and environmental sciences. However, despite its popularity, there are limitations and an ongoing debate concerning its accuracy in TPC measurement. This review addresses these concerns within the context of phycology. A comprehensive database was compiled to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the use of the Folin-Ciocalteu assay in this field. The quantitative approach led to the creation of an activity scale, indicating that brown algae, with their phlorotannins, and green microalgae stand out within the algal groups. Moreover, the qualitative approach indicates that the assay has proven to be a sensitive tool for studying algal ecology and physiology, and it has been widely employed to evaluate the biotechnological potential. However, a critical analysis reveals concerns related to interfering non-phenolic compounds and insufficient information on data reporting, including imprecise language and undefined terms, which hinders comparison with literature. Despite the growing interest in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, most articles (98.7 %) do not take into account the effect of interfering compounds on TPC determination. Thus, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay is used as a measure of reducing power or antioxidant capacity in phycology rather than a measure of TPC. Nevertheless, with proper consideration of limitations, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay remains a valuable tool due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and sensitivity. • Comprehensive database for Folin-Ciocalteu assay in phycology • Activity scale identifies prominent algal groups. • Sensitive tool: Studying ecology, physiology, and biotechnological potential • Concerns: Interfering non-phenolic compounds and data reporting • Valuable tool: Simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and sensitivity retained [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The traditional heat processing methods, steaming and cooking treatment, can affect the nutrients in rice, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. However, there is no systematic assessment that by which heat treatment method and conditions more nutrients in rice can be retained, especially in brown rice, two‐times milling rice, four‐times milling rice, polished rice, and color selection rice (from different milling processes with practical processing at rice milling factory). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of steaming and cooking treatment on the changes in nutrients in rice with different milling processes, including dietary fiber and phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, individual phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and T‐AOC) in the free, and bound extracts. Findings: Compared with unsteamed and uncooked rice, the total phenolic content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic compounds in the free and bound fractions, total anthocyanin content (TAC), and antioxidant activity in the free fractions in brown rice, two‐times milling rice, four‐times milling rice, polished rice, and color selection rice were significantly reduced by steaming and cooking treatment (p <.05). The TAC and antioxidant activity in the bound fractions, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) in the five rice samples were increased after steaming and cooking. However, it was very interesting that steaming treatment resulted in a less reduction in phenolics and antioxidant activities than cooking. Conclusions: From the view of retaining more nutrients, steaming treatment is more suitable for the white rice of the milling process with high milling degree, while cooking treatment is more suitable for the brown rice or rice of milling process with low milling degree. Generally, steaming treatment retains more phenolics, dietary fiber, and antioxidant activities than cooking rice with different milling processes. Significance and novelty: This study may provide useful reference and offer a simple and practical method to retain more nutrients for preparation and consumption of rice. These results suggest that steaming treatment is an efficient method of daily processing to reduce the loss of nutrients in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The degree of milling (DOM) can affect the phenolics and antioxidant activity of brown rice, but rice as food needs to be cooked and plays its role when passing through the digestive system. Yet, digestion has a significant impact on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DOM on the phenolics and antioxidant activity of cooked rice during in vitro digestion and how these phenolics and antioxidant activities are affected by in vitro digestion. Findings: After in vitro digestion, as the DOM increased from 0% to 12.31%, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH•, and ABTS•+ scavenging activities decreased by 26.8%, 68.5%, 48.8%, and 29.9%, respectively. The maximum release amount of phenolics occurred at the intestinal digestion phase for all cooked rice samples. The increased proportions of DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities at every stage were not consistent with those of TPC and TFC. Compared with control samples, the TPC and TFC, DPPH•, and ABTS•+ scavenging activities significantly increased in most digested samples. Conclusions: The increased DOM resulted in loss of phenolics including flavonoids and phenolic acids in digestion samples as well as in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of cooked rice. The release of phenolics and the improvement of antioxidant activity of cooked rice during in vitro digestion were mainly due to the digestive enzymes. Significance and novelty: Compared with traditional organic solvent extraction combined with alkaline hydrolysis, the in vitro digestion model simulated the digestive process of food in the human body, making the evaluation of rice with different DOMs more practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The pre‐treatments for germination of whole grains, including soaking, stress, non‐thermal processing treatments, and other methods, have been gained great attention for improving biological activity and functional properties of whole grains. The objective of this review was to summarize the effects of pre‐treatments on the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), phenolics, dietary fiber, and mineral bioaccessibility in germinated whole grains for the development and utilization of them as functional food products or ingredients. Findings: The GABA, phenolics, dietary fiber, and mineral bioaccessibility in germinated whole grains were increased by 10–55 mg /100 g, 0.1–1.5 mg/g, 0.39%‐4.92%, and 2%–12%, respectively, after pre‐treatment for germination compared with only soaking. The contents of GABA and total phenolic in germinated whole grains increased by 56.92% and 11.24%, respectively, by ultrasonic pre‐treatment. The contents of GABA and total phenolic in germinated whole grains increased by 38.89% and 70%, respectively, by high hydrostatic pressure pre‐treatment. After cold plasma pre‐treatment, the contents of GABA and total phenolic in germinated whole grains increased by 47.37% and 37%, respectively. Therefore, non‐thermal processing pre‐treatments have a significant promoting effect on GABA synthesis and phenolic accumulation for germinated whole grains, such as ultrasound, cold plasma, and high hydrostatic pressure. Conclusions: Non‐thermal processing pre‐treatment has been a promising strategy for developing healthy and nutritious whole‐grain foods. According to the existing research results, high hydrostatic pressure and low‐temperature plasma can promote GABA and phenolic in germinated whole grains, while ultrasound can not only increase the content of GABA and phenolic in germinated whole grains, but also increase the bioaccessibility of calcium and iron. Therefore, ultrasound can promote nutrients in germinated whole grains better than other non‐thermal processing methods. It is very important for choosing pre‐treatment methods for germination to obtain whole grains with increased functional properties. Significance and novelty: This review may provide a compilation of information that pre‐treatments can improve the biological activity and development of functional foods from the sources of germinated whole grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just because of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities, colored fruits and vegetables are increasingly consumed both in Turkey and worldwide. In this study, colored carrot (Daucuscarota L.) cultivars were passed through different cooking processes (boiling, microwave cooking and frying) and changes in chemical and phytochemical characteristics were investigated. Total dry matter, pH, total phenolics, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity and sugar contents of fresh and processed carrot samples were determined. Black and purple carrots had greater phenolic quantities and antioxidant capacity than the light-colored carrots. Following the cooking processes, the greatest antioxidant capacity (FRAP) (91,65 µmol TE/g DW) was observed in microwave cooking of Eregli Siyalu. The lowest antioxidant capacity (FRAP) (1,07 µmol TE/g DW) was observed in fresh White Satin cultivar. The greatest total phenolics (56,76 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in frying of Eregli Siyah1 cultivar and the lowest value (7,47 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in boiling of Atomic Red cultivar. As compared to fresh samples, cooking processes increased antioxidant capacity of carrot samples. Such an increase was more remarkable in Eregli Siyah1 and Purple Haze cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is the most important abiotic factor limiting the germination, morphological and non-enzymatic attributes of plants. It also hampers the yield and firm crop stand establishment. For agricultural crops water stress poses a constant challenge and has been considered a severe constraint for the productivity of global agriculture and in the near future its severity and intensity are predicted to increase, towards water stress legumes shows high sensitivity. So, the present study was conducted to examine the water stress tolerance of twenty mung bean cultivars/lines based on the seed germination, morphological and non-enzymatic characteristics. Activities of seed germination attributes (GI and G.E), biomass production of seedling were adversely affected due to the imposition of water stress through PEG while MET and CUE enhanced significantly and G% remained unaffected whereas chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, phenolics, proline, ascorbic acid, H2O2, flavonoids, total soluble proteins decreased due to the PEG-induced water stress but malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycine betaine contents were increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased in all cultivars/lines being the maximum in line V14. The activities of CAT and POD were enhanced in line V14 under the conditions of water stress. In conclusion, line V14 was recommended as water stress tolerant and V19 as water stress sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Four new phenolic compounds were isolated from the tender leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. • Compound 9 was isolated from Eucommiaceae for the first time. • Modest inhibitory activities were observed for compounds 2–5 and 9, with IC 50 values ranging from 8.3 to 31.0 μM. Four new phenolic compounds, 2-{[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy} propanoic acid (1), 2-{[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy} propanoic acid methyl (2), (±)3-{2-[1-(3′,4′-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl} propanoic acid methyl (3), and (±)3-{2-[1-(3′,4′-dihydroxy-phenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl} propanoic acid (4), together with five known compounds, methyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoate (5), 3,4-dihydroxybenzenepropionic acid (6), caffeic acid (7), protocatechuic acid (8), and 1,3- trans -5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl) indan-1-methyl (9) were isolated from the tender leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Compound 9 was isolated from Eucommiaceae for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from the spectra of 1D NMR and 2D NMR, and MS data. Compounds 1 - 9 were tested to determine their inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Modest inhibitory activities were observed for compounds 2–5 and 9, with IC 50 values ranging from 8.3 to 31.0 μM. This research enriches the current chemical information regarding the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and provides a reference for further research on its anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera L. is cultivated throughout the World including Turkey which is one of the largest producers of grape. Grape is consumed as fresh or dry fruit as well as used in the wine industry in which good quality of grapes are preferred. Grape is also a part of the traditional Mediterranean diet which is linked to a low risk of cardiovascular and degenerative diseases. Kohnu is a geographically labeled type of grape cultivated in the eastern cities of Turkey. In this study, Kohnu grapes harvested from two different cities of Turkey were compared through phenolic compounds, phytosterols, vitamins, fatty acids, and antioxidative properties. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in the sample from Elazig were obtained to be significantly higher as compared to the sample from Malatya. Especially vanillic acid was found to be much higher in Elazig samples. The concentrations of fatty acids especially palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were obtained significantly higher in Elazig samples as compared to Malatya samples. Vitamin and phytosterol concentrations of the samples from Elazig were also determined as higher as compared to Malatya samples. Significantly higher antioxidant activity of Kohnu grape seeds from Elazig was obtained via DPPH radical scavenging activity and MDA levels. The antioxidant profile of Kohnu grape seeds of Elazig samples could be related to phenolic composition and vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the responses of 20 wheat varieties were evaluated to water stress. Data was recorded for different growth and morphological attributers were evaluated in relation with leaf photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense mechanism. The investigations revealed that plants grown under water deficit conditions showed a considerable decline in all growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble proteins and phenolics. However, a considerable increase in MDA, Ascorbic acid, H20 2, was observed. The enhanced level of MDA Considerable differences were recorded in studied wheat cultivars regarding tolerance against lipid peroxidation that was associated with enhanced levels of ascorbic acid and leaf phenolic contents. The varieties showed tolerance to water stress was associated with their less decrease in leaf photosynthetic pigments and reduced lipid peroxidation in terms of less MDA accumulation. Among all the twenty wheat varieties V14 (Dhrabi-11) and V20 (GA2002) showed better performance under water stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicines implicate consumption of plant crude extracts, which may consist of extensive phytochemical diversity. Overall, the most biologically active extract of Peganum harmala (seeds) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity on Artemia salina with LC 50 value of 61.547 µg/mL, while P. harmala (roots) [LC 50 = 124.229 µg/mL] and M. azedarach (fruits) [LC 50 = 147.813 µg/mL] showed moderate cytotoxic potential. P. harmala (seeds) extract also showed the maximum antitumor potential with 52.278 µg/mL LC 50. Branches of P. harmala and Morus alba were not active in both bioassays. These outcomes were further reinforced by the levels of phenolics and flavonoids checked against gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively, by standard curves. Current study aims to isolate, structurally characterize and analyze the bioactive compound from plant extracts by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. Bioactivity guided isolation of extracts led to the isolation of PH-HM-16 from ethyl acetate fraction P. harmala seeds. Chemical structure of PH-HM-16 was elucidated by ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC and IR spectrum. The results demonstrated significant positive anticancer activities against six human cancer cell lines assessed through MTT cancer cell growth inhibition assay. PH-HM-16 was most effective against prostate cancer cell lines [IC 50 = 17.63 µg/mL] followed by breast cancer cell line MCF7 [IC 50 value of 41.81 µg/mL]. IC 50 value of PH-HM-16 against human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 and human colorectal tumor cells HCT-116 was observed as 68.77 µg/mL and 71.54 µg/mL respectively. The IC 50 value of PH-HM-16 compound was not significant against human gastric cancer SGC-7901 (111.89 µg/mL) and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 (176.04 µg/mL). Isolated bioactive metabolite PH-HM-16 possesses significant antitumor potential so this could be the first step to develop an effective anticancer agent. Hence, this compound represents a promising potential to be chemically standardized or developed into pharmaceuticals for the chemoprevention and/or the treatment of certain types of cancer, especially as adjuvant phytotherapeutics in conventional chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potatoes are considered very important staple and antioxidant-rich tubers in human diet. The present study evaluated the bioactive, antioxidant, antidiabetic and inhibition of lipid peroxidation properties of cooked and uncooked Irish potatoes. The samples were subjected to total phenolic (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total flavonoids (TFC), ascorbic acid (AsA) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity analyses using spectrophotometric method. Also Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition were assayed. The results revealed that there is no significant (p < 0.05) difference in TPC and TAC of the potatoes samples but there was a significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in TFC and reduction in AsA of the cooked potatoes. There is also dose-dependent inhibition in DPPH and α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The IC50 revealed that cooked sample has significant higher (p < 0.05) inhibition in the enzymes assay. The lipid peroxidation was also reduced upon incubation with Irish potato samples but higher inhibition was exhibited by the cooked potato. In conclusion, this study has shown that Irish potato can be a good functional food in the management of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation is a technique commonly used to improve the health of agricultural products. In this study, Dendrobium officinale leaves were solid-state fermented by edible fungi, and the results showed that Aspergillus oryzae was the suitable strain to increase their inhibition abilities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase by 9.05- and 2.99-times, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the contents of total phenolics, free phenolics, bound phenolics, quercetin, and rhoifolin were increased by 2.54-, 3.41-, 2.09-, 6.03-, and 8.06-times, while those of luteolin, gallic acid, and kaempferol were increased from undetectable level to 0.45, 46.99, and 4.47 μg/g, respectively, after four days of fermentation by A. oryzae. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic activity of D. officinale leaves was tested in vivo. The fermented group showed higher capacity for decreasing fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance, reversing dyslipidemia, ameliorating oxidative stress, and reversing pancreatic and liver lesions in db/db mice. These findings suggest that it is effective to utilize and valorize D. officinale leaves as functional food or food additives through the fermentation by A. oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water deficit stress and pod developing stages affect the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites thereby altering nutritional composition of groundnut kernels. Two groundnut genotypes (GJG-22 and TG-37 A) were grown under normal and water-deficit conditions in the field. Biochemical traits of the genotypes were measured at three pod-developing stages (90, 105, and 120 days after sowing). The results showed that groundnut kernels' oil percentage increased with maturity with a significant decrease in sugars and protein content in the control set (P < 0.005). Among the fatty acids, linoleic and palmitic acids were increased, while oleic acid decreased in both varieties under water deficit conditions, thereby reducing the oleic to linoleic acid ratio (O/L ratio). Water deficit stress resulted in increased trehalose and tocopherol content. Phenolics profiling revealed accumulation of p -coumaric acid (3–6 folds), and resveratrol (2–3 folds) in water deficit treatment at all the stages. While a toxic compound catechol decreased due to water deficit stress and maturity. Rutin, the major flavonoid detected in groundnut, increased during the S1 and S2 phases in both the genotypes under stress conditions over the control. Protein and sugar content had a positive correlation (0.46) while both protein (−0.23) and sugar content (−0.35) had a negative correlation with oil content. Overall primary metabolites showed a negative correlation with bioactive compounds. These findings revealed that water deficit stress at different pod-developing stages increases bioactive compounds in groundnut kernels. [Display omitted] • Oleic acid and oil content increased with the maturity of groundnut pods. • Sucrose, raffinose, protein, and linoleic acids decreased with maturity of pods. • Total sugars, protein, oil, and oleic acid content reduced in water deficit stress. • Resveratrol, rutin and tocopherol accumulated higher in water deficit stress. • Primary metabolites exhibit a negative correlation with secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic fermentation is attractive for beverage processing. However, its regulatory role in quality of coix seed-chrysanthemum beverage (CCB) rich in phenolics and polysaccharides was unknown. Results showed that co-fermentation with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 (BLa80), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaria LB42 (LB42), Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ST81 (ST81), and Lactobacillus plantarum LP90 (LP90) for 12 h combined their respective advantages to prepare fermented CCB with viable counts of 8.78 lg CFU/mL, high phenolics bioaccessibility (>60 %), good sensory quality, and strong antioxidant activity. LP90 greatly contributed to the aroma. BLa80 and LP90 hydrolyzed resistant starch/polymer dextrin. BLa80 showed the strongest deglycosidic ability, decreasing bitterness. The compound probiotic fermentation led to the biotransformation of endogenous polysaccharides/phenolics and introduction of exogenous viable probiotics resistant to gastrointestinal digestion, facilitating the proliferation of beneficial gut microbiota and accumulation of their metabolites. These findings provided a useful strategy for dual regulation of high quality of plant-based beverage. [Display omitted] • Probiotics were effective in fermenting coix seed-chrysanthemum beverage (CCB). • Different probiotics contributed differently to biotransform functional constituents. • Co-fermentation effectively reduced the bitterness and astringency of CCB. • Co-fermentation led to complex and balanced aroma of CCB. • Fermented CCB showed good intestinal health-promoting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berries, rich in phenolics with a C -ring, have numerous biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulating blood lipid metabolism, which is beneficial to human health. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to verify the effect of berry-derived phenolic products (BDPP) supplementation on blood lipid profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Thirty-seven clinical trials (2161 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria of the meta-analysis. A random effect model was applied in the meta-analysis, and results were expressed as WMD (weighted mean differences) with 95% CI (confidence intervals). Meta-analysis showed that BDPP supplementation resulted in a reduction in the TG (WMD = −0.08), TC (WMD = −0.14), and LDL-c (WMD = −0.27), respectively; however, an increase trend was in the HDL-c (WMD = 0.05). In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that long-term duration of BDPP (≥8 weeks) was more effective to the regulation of the blood lipid on the non-healthy and American subjects. Blood lipid regulation of BDPP intake may be attributed to their content and compounds of phytochemicals, mainly including phenolic acids, proanthocyanins and flavonoids. [Display omitted] • Berries are rich in phenolics and anthocyanins. • Berry-derived phenolic products (BDPP) could regulate blood lipid profiles. • BDPP had no significant effect on TG and LDL-c, but decreased TC and enhanced HDL-c. • BDPP for duration time had a better impact on blood lipid profiles of non-health subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased intestinal permeability (IP) can occur in older people and contribute to the activation of the immune system and inflammation. Dietary interventions may represent a potential strategy to reduce IP. In this regard, specific food bioactives such as polyphenols have been proposed as potential IP modulator due to their ability to affect several critical targets and pathways that control IP. The trial aimed to test the hypothesis that a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern can decrease serum zonulin levels, an IP surrogate marker involved in tight junction modulation, and can beneficially alter the intestinal microbiota, and IP-associated biochemical and clinical markers in older subjects. A randomised, controlled, cross-over intervention trial was performed. Sixty-six subjects (aged ≥ 60 y) with increased IP based on serum zonulin levels, were randomly allocated to one of the two arms of the intervention consisting of a control diet (C-diet) vs. a polyphenol-rich diet (PR-diet). Each intervention was 8-week long and separated by an 8-week wash out period. At the beginning and at the end of each intervention period, serum samples were collected for the quantification of zonulin and other biological markers. Faecal samples were also collected to investigate the intestinal microbial ecosystem. In addition, anthropometrical/physical/biochemical parameters and food intake were evaluated. Fifty-one subjects successfully completed the intervention and a high compliance to the dietary protocols was demonstrated. Overall, polyphenol intake significantly increased from a mean of 812 mg/day in the C diet to 1391 mg/day in the PR-diet. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of treatment (p = 0.008) and treatment × time interaction (p = 0.025) on serum zonulin levels, which decreased after the 8-week PR-diet. In addition, a treatment × time interaction was observed showing a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.028) following the PR-diet, which was strongest in those not using antihypertensive drugs. A decrease in both diastolic (p = 0.043) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.042) was observed in women. Interestingly, a significant increase in fibre-fermenting and butyrate-producing bacteria such as the family Ruminococcaceae and members of the genus Faecalibacterium was observed following the PR intervention. The efficacy of this dietary intervention was greater in subjects with higher serum zonulin at baseline, who showed more pronounced alterations in the markers under study. Furthermore, zonulin reduction was also stronger among subjects with higher body mass index and with insulin resistance at baseline, thus demonstrating the close interplay between IP and metabolic features. These data show, for the first time, that a PR-diet can reduce serum zonulin levels, an indirect marker of IP. In addition, PR-diet reduced blood pressure and increased fibre-fermenting and butyrate-producing bacteria. These findings may represent an initial breakthrough for further intervention studies evaluating possible dietary treatments for the management of IP, inflammation and gut function in different target populations. ISRCTN10214981. The effect of an 8-week, randomized, controlled, dietary intervention consisting of a polyphenol-rich diet (PR-diet) versus control diet (C-diet) was evaluated in older subjects with increased intestinal permeability. A plethora of markers related to intestinal permeability, anthropometrics, host function and metabolism, oxidative stress, vascular and inflammatory response, microbiota composition and dietary intake have been analysed. The PR-diet intervention significantly increased polyphenol intake, reduced serum zonulin levels (primary outcome of intestinal permeability) and diastolic blood pressure while increased fibre fermenting and butyrate-producing bacteria. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Milling, polishing, and color selection are the basic unit operation steps during rice processing, which may remove much amounts of nutritional components, such as phenolics and dietary fiber. And for a long time, rice is often overprocessed which results in a serious loss of nutrients. However, the reduction of the nutritional components during rice milling process has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different milling processes during industrial rice processing on the free and bound phenolic content, composition, dietary fiber, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, T‐AOC) of two kinds of rice (Dao Huaxiang and Jiangxi Indica). Findings: As the milling degree increased, the loss percentages of total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins of Dao Huaxiang rice were 52.8%–76.4%, 43.3%–72.9%, and 100.0%, respectively; it was similar for the reduction percentages of total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins for Jiangxi Indica rice, which were 56.5%–77.4%, 58.7%–87.7%, and 87.5%–100%, respectively; the amounts of total dietary fiber were also decreased from 5.87 to 2.03 g/100 g DW for the Dao Huaxiang rice and from 5.14 to 2.84 g/100 g DW for Jiangxi Indica rice, respectively. Correspondingly, the content of individual phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compositions in both rice varieties decreased with the increase in milling degree during the rice processing. Antioxidant activities of T‐AOC, DPPH, and ABTS showed a same trend with phenolic profiles for the two rice varieties. Conclusions: The phenolic profiles, dietary fiber, and antioxidant activities for Dao Huaxiang and Jiangxi Indica rice decreased significantly with milling degree increase during rice processing. Therefore, it is recommended that the milling and polishing degree should be reduced during rice grain processing, in order to achieve the purpose of not only satisfying the edible quality of rice but also retaining the nutritional characteristics as much as possible. Significance and novelty: The rice samples in this study were from the actual industrial production industry, and the Dao Huaxiang rice and Jiangxi Indica rice were from northeast China and south China, respectively, which were representative and could provide specific and practical data for reducing milling degree in rice industry and reducing the removal of bran layer. These findings indicate that the milling degree should be reduced or controlled for retention of nutrients and acceptable sensory quality in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of preharvest calcium spray (PCS) and postharvest chitosan coating (PCC) treatments on the levels of sugar, organic acid, and phenolics were evaluated for Chinese dwarf cherry fruit during cold storage. An orthogonal method was applied using the decay rate as index. The optimised treatment was spraying 2.0% Ca(NO3)2 solution before 21 d of harvest and postharvest application of 0.1% chitosan coating. Compared to the control group, the PCS+PCC treatment group showed a significantly reduced fruit decay rate at the end of storage. Total sugars (91.3–143.1 mg/g), organic acids (11.3–29.4 mg/g), and phenolic (912.4–2337.5 mg/g) contents in optimised group are averagely higher than those in control group. Glucose (24.7–64.8 mg/g) was the predominant sugar, followed by sucrose and fructose. Malic acid (5.2–22 mg/g) was the predominant acid, followed by succinic, citric, tartaric, and oxalic acid. The total phenolic content was relatively stable from 0 to 30 d, and then decreased. The levels of procyanidin and flavonol exhibited similar trends. The antioxidant activities were positively associated with phenolic contents. These findings suggest that treatment with PCS+PCC could be used commercially for extending the storage time and improve Chinese dwarf cherry quality for up to 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been natural materials used for different purposes from past to present. Medicinal uses of plants are very common. In this study, endemic Origanum boissieri Letsw. was used as material. Phenolic contents of the plant, chemical components, some physiological properties and element contents were determined. As the physiological parameters, chlorophyll a + b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenolic, non-protein -SH groups, total carbohydrate and protein analyzes of the plant were done using spectrophotometer. Phenolic contents were scanned on the LC-MS/MS device. Chemical components were screened using the GC-MS device. Element contents were determined in the ICP OES device. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that it can be used in pharmacological designs as a natural resource in terms of the compounds determined within the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter reports essential information about the protective action of antioxidants against LDL oxidation. The activity of individual compounds (tocopherols, vitamin C, phenolic compounds) as well as extracts obtained from plant material (cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, mushrooms, by-products of food industry) is reported. The structure-antioxidant activity relationship of phenolic compounds is discussed. This article summarizes the findings to date of both in vitro and in vivo studies using foods or phenolic extracts isolated from foodstuffs at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation. This chapter summarizes also the reportings to date of in vivo studies using foods or beverages at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Yemeni Aloe (s) have been investigated; the resin from A. perry Baker (APR, Socotran Aloe), and the gel from A. vera (AVG, Saber Yamaniis). LC-MS for APR identified aloin B, aloinoside B/A, homonataloin B and microdontin B/A as the major components, constituting 67.7% w/w of the extract. AVG showed the same pattern of anthrones (19.5% w/w), in addition to the chromones aloesin, aloeresin A, aloeresin D and aloeresin E. Dihydro-isocoumarin glucoside was identified in both Aloe species. Aloe extracts showed high antioxidant activity: DPPH (0.09 & 0.05 mM/g TE), ABTS (0.06 & 0.03 mM/g TE), and FRAP (20.5 & 15.5 mM Fe+2E), for APR & AVG, respectively. The antidiabetic properties was evaluated through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. APR showed inhibitory activity with IC 50 0.76 μg/mL higher than AVG (IC 50 0.76 mg/mL). Aloin A showed the highest inhibitory activity with IC 50 0.34 mg/mL that was higher than acarbose (0.54 mg/mL) the positive control, indicating that the activity of Aloe extract is linked to the aloin and other anthrone compounds. These findings highlight the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and potential antidiabetic activity of the Yemeni Aloe species and draw attention to their potential application in food, medicine and cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origanum boissieri Ietsw., O. saccatum P.H.Davis, O. solymicum P.H.Davis and O. ayliniae Dirmenci & T.Yazıcı belonging to sect. Amaracus (Gled.) Vogel, O. sipyleum L. and O. hypericifolium O.Schwarz & P.H.Davis belonging to sect. Anatolicon Ietsw. were analyzed for their chemical composition of essential oil and phenolic components. The essential oil compositions were analysed by using GC-MS and GC-FID. The phenolic contents of the chloroform, acetone, and methanol extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated by using three methods; DPPH free radical scavenging activity, β -carotene linoleic acid assays and CUPRAC assays. The essential oil compositions of the section Amaracus were found to be as carvacrol type (O. ayliniae, O. boissieri) and p -cymene type (O. saccatum, O. solymicum). In the section of Anatolicon, while O. sipyleum was found as γ-terpinene type, O. hypericifolium was carvacrol type. In the extracts, the most abundant components were determined as flavonoids, coumaric acids and derivatives. Especially rosmarinic acid and penduletin were detected in high amounts. Among the studied species, extracts of O. ayliniae showed quite good activity for all methods. The extracts from all species showed remarkable antioxidant activity. Inhibition capability of the extracts against acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (AChE and BChE) were determined. The extracts were found as inactive against AChE. The moderate inhibition capacity observed against BChE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was aimed to optimize the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of phytochemicals from Foeniculum vulgare Mill and its comparison with other conventional extraction methods. Biological activities of polar and nonpolar extracts (from MAE, Soxhlet and cold maceration) were also compared. For this purpose, seed powder of Foeniculum vulgare Mill was extracted by Microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and Cold maceration (CM) using water as a solvent. MAE conditions (power level, time of microwave irradiation and particle size of plant matrix) for maximum phenolic content from F. vulgare, were optimized using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology. Thereafter, antioxidant activities and reducing power of all extracts was analyzed and compared. Nonpolar fractions of extracts were analysed with GCMS. Results showed that MAE gave higher extracts from F. vulgare in 4 min as compared to 20 and 24 h of SE and CM respectively. MAE extracted smaller particle size (40 µ) more efficiently while extraction yield of other two techniques was not significantly affected by particle size of seed powder. Optimal extraction conditions were found to be 600 W, 3 min and 80 µm of particle size. Antioxidant potential of MAE extracts was also higher (75.5%), comparable to the standard antioxidants used. Extracts were then fractionated into chloroform and n-hexane fractions and were subjected to GCMS analysis and antibacterial activity. On comparison it was concluded that both the fractions of MAE gave the maximum variety of nonpolar constituents and enhanced antibacterial activity. MAE proved to be a rapid and energy efficient method for plant based extractions for polar as well as non-polar components from F. vulgare without affecting their biological activities. In conventional herbal industry, MAE protocols can replace maceration and SE, to save time, energy and cost as well. This will also reduce the final cost of the medicine at consumer level [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovery of new antioxidants of plant origin is of current interest. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. is a traditionally used medicinal plant. The present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activities of aerial parts' aqueous extract of A. latifolia (AAEAL) and its organic solvent extract fractions in relation to their total phenolics and flavonoid contents. The AAEAL was fractionated with the organic solvents like petroleum ether (AAEALPE), chloroform (AAEALCH), ethyl acetate (AAEALEA), and n-butanol (AAEALNB). For the determination of antioxidant activity of AAEAL and its extract fractions, Fe3+ ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1 - diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and total antioxidant assays were performed and the total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also estimated. The EC 50 of the ferric ion reduction by AAEALEA and ascorbic acid were calculated as 90.8 ± 4.70 and 84.86 ± 7.22 µg/mL respectively. The IC 50 of DPPH free radical scavenging with AAEALEA and ascorbic acid were calculated as 19.5 ± 0.5 and 18.35 ± 1.15 µg/mL respectively. The overall data indicate that the AAEALEA possesses the highest total antioxidant activity (37.85 ± 1.55 µg ascorbic acid equivalents/100 µg dry extract matter), the highest total phenolics (65.89 ± 1.33 mg tannic acid equivalent phenolics/100 mg dry extract) and flavonoid (30.67 ± 0.28 mg quercetin equivalent flavonoids/100 mg dry extract) contents. The antioxidant activities were also positively correlated with the total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the extract fractions. In summary, AAEAL may be considered as a natural source of antioxidants and its ethyl acetate extract fraction seems to be equally effective to the ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of natural and safe antioxidants from natural origin is highly encouraged since it was revealed that synthetic antioxidants have restricted use in foods due to their toxicological effects and suspected carcinogenic potential. Purification of most active phenolics from the halophyte Inula crithmoїdes was the objective fixed for this work. The separation of the flower phenolics was carried using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and yielded 24 fractions. A bio-guided selection of the most active fractions was done based on their antioxidant activities. Fractions 2, 7, 11 and 19 were the most active ones, even more potent than positive controls BHT, BHA and ascorbic acid. The semi-preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) purification of the antioxidant molecules from these active fractions and their identification by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) revealed that the most potent phenolics of I. crithmoїdes are the chlorogenic acid and its two derivatives 3- p -coumaroyl-5-caffeoyl quinic acid and 1,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid, in addition to the quercetin and its derivative quercimeritrin. All identified compounds are powerful antioxidants, as they have many biological properties allowing their use in agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports qualitative profiling of the phenolic compounds in an indigenously developed purple radish genotype VRRAD-151 using ultra performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The root and leaf samples were harvested at the horticultural maturity stage of the genotype. Roots were divided into the periderm, and xylem, and the leaf samples were divided into petiole, and lamina, and these were separately extracted with methanol before the LC-MS analysis. A total of 66 compounds, including 23 flavonols, 1 dihydroflavonols, 4 flavonones, 4 flavones, 28 anthocyanins, 2 isoflavonoids, 3 phenolic acids, and 1 hydroxybenzaldehyde were putatively identified based on high resolution accurate mass analysis with the data processing through UNIFI®, which is a comprehensive compound identification software solution. An in-house developed database comprising the secondary metabolites of polyphenols was used for the screening purpose, and each phenolic compound was identified based on the detection of the precursor ion, and at least one characteristic fragment ion, each with less than 5 ppm of mass error. Anthocyanins were the most abundant type of phenolics exhibiting 59% in leaf petiole, 80% in root periderm, and 90% in root xylem. The relative concentration of anthocyanins was lower (11%) in the leaf lamina. Cyanidins were the most predominant anthocyanins accounting for 54, 100, 90 and 65%, in leaf lamina, leaf petiole, root periderm and root xylem, respectively. Eight anthocyanins and 25 flavonols (except kaempferol-3- O - p -coumaryl-shophoroside-7- O -glucoside) are tentatively new identifications and reported for the first time in radish. Flavonols were found to be the predominant group of phenolic compounds in the leaf lamina, and interestingly, the gradient of antioxidant activity followed the (relative) concentration gradient of flavonols in the samples. The relative antioxidant activity of various fractions when compared with each other, followed the trend: leaf lamina > root periderm > leaf petiole ≈ root xylem. Based on the results it can be reflected that this genotype can be utilized as a functional food for management of various human and animal diseases. Since the detected anthocyanins were mostly present in acylated forms, this genotype can function as a potential source of stable natural colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Echeveria species from Sinaloa, Mexico (Echeveria craigiana, Echeveria kimnachii and Echeveria subrigida) were analyzed for their content of antioxidant compounds (β-carotene, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, total phenolics and flavonoids) and the in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and β-carotene bleaching [β-CBM]), α-glucosidase inhibitory and antibacterial activities. The studied Echeveria species showed high α-tocopherol content (2.9–9.0 mg/100 g f.w.) and total phenolics as Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) (152.2–400.5 mg GAE/100 g f.w.). Antioxidant activities of the three Echeveria methanol extracts (ME) were higher than those of other well-known plants with this property; the activities of E. craigiana (ABTS, 65.91 μmol ET/g f.w.) and E. subrigida (β-CBM, 79.3%) were remarkable. The Echeveria ME showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibition (IC 50 25.21–50.57 μg/mL) than acarbose (IC 50 3.59 mg/mL) as well as high antibacterial activity (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations, MICs ⩽ 1 mg/mL), mainly against Gram positive bacteria. The results showed the three Echeveria species had components/biological activities with high potential for food/pharmacological uses and could be exploited by sustainable management schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacities of the edible parts of Urtica mens, which is consumed in the East Black Sea region of Turkey, are specified. The antioxidant activity was assessed in solvents of different polarity values, which were extracted by maceration and Soxhlet apparatus methods. Antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH, Fe+2-metal chelating, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power and ferric thiocyanate methods and compared to reference antioxidant standards. The levels of phenolic and flavonoid components of the various extracts were also determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively and by HPLC which depends on detection of various standard polyphenols in the plant. In general, the results indicate the highest antioxidant activities of the extracts were obtained by Soxhlet extraction method with polar solvents. The aerial part of the plant species is a source of nutraceuticals which have satisfactory nutrient profile and antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Pluchea indica leaves (PIL) is a polyphenolic-rich plant. Polyphenols, such as phenolics and flavonoids, are natural antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the ability of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based on ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for highly efficient extraction of the polyphenolic antioxidant compounds from PIL. Choline chloride-urea (ChCl-U) was selected based on screening of 17 types of NADES. This study uses Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to help determine optimal extraction conditions. The selected variables include molar ratio, temperature, and the water addition in the NADES. The responses used for the RSM study were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing power (RP) methods with microtiter analysis. The best condition for polyphenolic antioxidants extraction using ChCl-U NADES was a 1:3 molar ratio, temperature of 52 °C, and 26% of water addition in NADES. Under these conditions, the extraction of total phenolics and flavonoids from PIL with antioxidant activity increased up to 1.2 folds and 3.1 folds compared with 50%-ethanol and methanol, respectively. The morphology of the leaves before and after extraction was also evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the effects of ultrasonic vibrations with different solvents. Furthermore, the compound di-caffeoylquinic acid (DCQA) in PIL was selectively found in ChCl-U extract through quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS/MS) analysis. Thus, ChCl-U combined with UAE can be developed for polyphenolic extraction from PIL for extract production as an antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria have gained increasing attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural source of antioxidants. However, more knowledge is needed regarding the antioxidant and nutritional properties of cyanobacteria found in water bodies worldwide, including those in Sri Lanka. This study investigated the antioxidant activities and microstructural properties using FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated total reflectance) analysis and the fatty acid composition of three cyanobacterial species: Chroococcidiopsis sp., Gleocapsa sp., and Merismopedia sp., which were isolated from water bodies in Sri Lanka. The water extract of Chroococcidiopsis sp. Exhibited the highest (p ≤ 0.05) phenolic content (2.26 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW) and ABTS activity (13.28 ± 0.36 mmol TE/g DW) among the tested species. The methanol extract of Merismopedia sp. Displayed the highest (p ≤ 0.05) DPPH activity (IC 50 -15.21 mg/mL) and notable (p ≤ 0.05) ORAC values (112.50 ± 5.79 mmol TE/g DW). Analysis by FTIR-ATR revealed the presence of nutritional components, including proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, as well as functional compounds such as phenolics and amides in the studied cyanobacterial species. The fatty acid composition indicated that the studied cyanobacteria contain twenty different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with compositions ranging from 60 to 70% and 29–39%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, caprylic, capric, pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, palmitic, and lignoceric acids, were detected in all species, while elaidic, palmitoleic, and Cis -10- heptadecanoic acids were identified as prominent monounsaturated fatty acids among them. Gleocapsa sp. Had the highest (p ≤ 0.05) saturated fatty acid content, while Merismopedia sp. Showed the highest (p ≤ 0.05) unsaturated fatty acid content. Based on the results, Merismopedia sp. Has demonstrated promising potential as a rich source of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids. [Display omitted] • The growth and survival abilities are high in Chrooccocidiopsis sp. • Methanolic extracts of Merismopedia sp. Are rich in antioxidants activities. • Gleocapsa sp. Showed the highest unsaturated fatty acid content. • Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are available in all three species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]