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Background: Black rice is rich in various nutrients, such as anthocyanins, which may undergo some changes during cooking. However, previous studies have been mainly focused on a single substance and paid less attention to the changes in overall nutrient components. Here, we performed widely targeted metabolomics analysis on the chemical compositional changes in a new black rice variety ('Huamoxiang No.3') under three cooking modes, including bottom heating (BH), induction heating (IH), and IH + pressure. Results: Among the detected 1458 metabolites, 276 and 108 metabolites were differential metabolites after cooking and in three cooking modes, respectively. Cooking increased the contents of most peptides, phenolic acids, and organic acid compounds but significantly decreased those of lipids and flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins. However, phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, erucic acid, and p‐coumaric acid increased significantly, possibly due to the release of bound phenols and degradation of flavonoids to phenolic acids, such as thermal degradation of C3G to protocatechuic acid and among the three heating modes, the IH + pressure mode resulted in the most significant changes. Conclusion: Although cooking reduced the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins, the increase in phenolic acids and other substances contributed to the healthy effect of cooked black rice, and the content of these active substances increased more significantly in the IH + pressure mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Oat (Avena sativa L.) is well known for its biofunctional properties, primarily attributed to cereal phytochemicals. Germination may amplify the formation of secondary metabolites in oat, enhancing its nutritional and bioactive quality. Despite this, the impact of germination of oat on skin health remains unknown. This study investigated how germination influences the in vitro antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity related to skin health (tyrosinase and elastase). Findings: Oat was germinated at 25°C for 6 days, and the germinated samples were collected every 2 days. The samples were then divided into kernel and radicle (including germ) fractions for analysis. The radicle fraction exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging) and in vitro cosmeceutical activity compared to the whole kernel. Phenolic acids were identified to be responsible for the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition at all germination times, whereas phytosterols including β‐sitosterol played the key role in elastase inhibition. Avenanthramides, synthesized during oat germination, were proved to be crucial in inhibiting the enzymes deteriorating skin health. Conclusions: This study revealed that germination, as a bioconversion process, enhanced antioxidant activity and cosmeceutical activity of oat by inhibiting the key enzymes responsible for skin aging. However, further research is imperative to fully comprehend the roles and mechanisms of these substances produced during germination. Significance and Novelty: This study revealed the impacts of germination with cereals, offering valuable insights into the strategies for future investigations in the field of skin health and bioactive cereal compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat grain has health-promoting properties that are related to the content of phenolic acids in its composition, among which ferulic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid predominate acting as potent natural antioxidants. The study evaluated the phenolic acid (PA) content and grain yield of hybrid wheat genotypes (Hyland, Hywin) compared to the common variety (Patras), grown under an integrated system at two nitrogen rates of 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg·ha−1, under varying hydrothermal conditions during three growing seasons. The effects of genotype, cultivar and the interaction of cultivar and hydrothermal conditions on the phenolic acid profile, except for synapic acid, phydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid, and grain yield were confirmed in favour of the hybrid cultivars. The concentration of total phenolic acids (TPAs) and ferulic acid in the grain of the hybrid cultivar Hyland was higher and, in addition, greater yield stability of this cultivar under varying hydrothermal conditions was shown in the analysed years of the study. The grain of the common variety Patras was characterised by advanced content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and that of the hybrid variety Hywin by p-coumaric, caffeic and syringic acids. Higher TPAs content and lower grain yield of the varieties were observed in the 2018/2019 drought season. Higher nitrogen fertilisation (N120) compared to N60 significantly increased TPAs content and grain yield of Hyland and Hywin hybrid varieties. Fertilisation with N120 compared to N60 increased TPAs content by 4.2% and promoted higher concentrations of ferulic and syringic acids in the wheat cultivars tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Pigmented rice is a good source of polyphenols that can interact with proteins to affect starch rheological properties. Parboiling influences rice functional properties via starch gelatinization and protein denaturation, but its effects on polyphenol/protein/starch interactions are unknown. This study investigated the rheological properties of pigmented (HB‐1) and nonpigmented (Neches) waxy rice in neutral (water) and acidic (0.1 N HCl) environments as affected by soaking at room temperature or 5°C below onset gelatinization temperature (To) and steaming. Findings: Whole grain rice and starch of both varieties shared similar pasting viscosities, whereas milled HB‐1 displayed a higher peak viscosity than its derived starch. Soaking at 5°C

Background and Objectives: Ferulic acid has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity. Ferulic acid in barley is present in esterified form in the bran layer, however, only the free form is bioaccessible in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The objectives of this study were to investigate the bioaccessibility of ferulic acid at four stages of simulated gastrointestinal digestion of two barley varieties to determine when ferulic acid is released and investigate factors which may affect the release of ferulic acid including digestive enzymes and pH. Findings: The release of ferulic acid was strongly influenced by digestive enzymes and minimally by pH. The presence of enzymes reduced free ferulic acid but increased the amount of esterified ferulic acid. The major release of esterified ferulic acid occurred during the final hour of small intestinal digestion. The amount of bioaccessible ferulic acid remained constant throughout digestion. The bran thickness, measured by microCT imaging, significantly differed between the varieties. Conclusion: During digestion, ferulic acid changed structurally, as observed by the changes in the amount of free and esterified ferulic acid at four digestion timepoints. The release of ferulic acid was strongly influenced by exposure to digestive enzymes and minimally by pH, although the mechanism of the presence of enzymes on ferulic acid release is unclear. The bioaccessibility of ferulic acid may be determined by the bran layer thickness and further investigation is required. Significance and Novelty: This is the first study to investigate the bioaccessibility of ferulic acid in barley at various stages of digestion and to measure the bran thickness of barley using microCT imaging with preliminary findings indicating enhanced ferulic acid bioaccessibility in grains with a thinner bran layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L., syn. Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) has a wide geographical distribution in natural bogs of Europe, Asia, and North America. The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, syn. Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pursh) is more easily cultivated in the northern regions of the world and is therefore an available source of bioactive compounds. They are both rich in polyphenolic compounds (i.e., flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids), which have significant antioxidant and antiimmflamatory properties. The cranberry fruits and their preparations represent important natural preservatives used against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Heritage related to its usage refers to the cranberry as a food plant and multiuse ethnomedical remedy. The results of the modern phytochemical and pharmaceutical research suggest using cranberry against urinary tract infections and as a preventive or curing plant against many other diseases. Today there are many new opportunities to draw attention to this plant, including cranberry tourism. In food and pharmaceutical industry the fruits are used most often, but leaves are also rich in biologically active substances, which can be sources for creating new medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a microwave extractor was successfully developed by simulating the waves and electric fields in a heating chamber. The chamber size and positions of the magnetrons were determined to maximize the heating in the microwave extractor. The results from the COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to construct the microwave extractor. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction was then performed on Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes. The highest total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 258.81 ± 1.01 µg quercetin equivalents per ml sample and 120.69 ± 0.75 µg gallic acid equivalents per ml sample, respectively, were achieved by extraction in methanol solvent at 83 °C within 2.5 min. These values were higher than those obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction for 30 min and Soxhlet extraction for 60 min. In addition, the extraction time of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone using the Soxhlet extractor, which was approximately 1 h, was reduced to 2 min using the microwave extractor. These results demonstrated that microwaves are an outstanding heat source for extracting bioactive compounds and exhibit potential for commercial applications. Computer simulations were performed to provide insights into microwave heating. This information could be used to overcome technical challenges in industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three new phenolic acid derivatives, 1-methyl glyceric acid-2-vanillic acid ether (1), methyl 2-hydroxy-6-(3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-2-yloxy) benzoate (2), methyl 2-hydroxy-6-(1-Carboxyvinyloxy) benzoate (3) and five known compounds namely 4-hydroxymellein (4), mellein methyl ether (5), 2-methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone (6), latifolicinin C (7) and oresbiusin A (8) were isolated from Oenothera biennis L. The structures of these secondary metabolites were elucidated using different spectroscopic techniques, including 1H, 13C NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD and comparison with published data. [Display omitted] • Eight compounds including three new natural products were isolated from the whole herbs of Oenothera biennis L. (Onagraceae). • The new metabolites were methoxylated phenolic acid derivatives possessing ether functionalities. • Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR, HRESIMS and ECD spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins are compounds that reported play important roles in plant defence mechanism system. Antioxidant activity is mostly derived from these phytochemical groups, which have a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, including antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-allergy, anti-fertility, hypoglycemic, anti-histamine, antioxidant, antiviral, analgesic, anti-ulcerogenic, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, immuno-secretory, cardiovascular, anti-platelet aggregation, antibacterial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. However, these compounds in Solanum lasiocarpum from Borneo areas are remaining unclear. In this experiment, we performed comprehensive evaluation on effect of extraction solvents on phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanin's contents and further on the scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate, DPPH; 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ABTS; and ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FRAP). High phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents be found in low polar solvent. Antioxidant assay showed acetone was higher activity with IC 50 of 6.36 mg/mL compared to methanol (12.1 mg/mL) and hexane (17.8 mg/mL). Furthermore, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quadrupole-time of flight (LCMS Q-TOF) mass spectrometer detected N-Acryloylglycine, butoctamide hydrogen succinate, eruberin B, emmotin A and N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine that important in natural polymers, serve as sleep disorders treatment agents, anti-fibrotic property, immunomodulatory activity, and act as differentiator between N-palmitoylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NPAA) compared to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), respectively. The limitation of this research is the assessment of antioxidant properties related to the polarity of the extraction solvent. Polar solvents may exhibit high scavenging activity, but phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins are found in higher concentrations in non-polar solvents. We encourage further investigation into phytochemical profiles due to the abundance from non-polar solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies have reported the antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects of Asphodelus species. These species are used in the treatment of various skin-related issues such as acne, abscesses, psoriasis, burns, alopecia, wound healing, and eczema in folk medicine. The purpose of the present study is to determine the antioxidant, antityrosinase, anticollagenase and cytotoxic effects of Asphodelus aestivus and Asphodelus fistulosus as potential dermocosmetic agent, as well as the phenolic substance profiles of the species by Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Antioxidant capacity of the species was determined by total phenolic and flavonoid content determination, cupric ion reducing power (CUPRAC), ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assays. Enzyme inhibition studies were conducted spectrophotometrically. The cytotoxic activity was analyzed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. As a result, it was determined that the methanolic extracts obtained from the species showed strong antioxidant activity. Based on the CUPRAC and DPPH results, A. aestivus was found to be more effective while according to the FRAP results, A. fistulosus exhibited greater effectiveness. A. fistulosus was discovered to be abundant in phenolic substances, while A. aestivus was found to be richer in flavonoids. It has also been observed that the methanolic extracts have a high inhibitory effect on collagenase and tyrosinase enzymes. It is believed that the species can be used as a potential resource in the treatment of skin aging and hyperpigmentation problems in the dermocosmetic industry. It is thought that the data obtained in the study will lead to further studies. [Display omitted] • The methanolic extracts obtained from A. aestivus and A. fistulosus showed strong antioxidant activity. • Tyrosinase and collagenase enzyme inhibition activities of the extracts are significant. • It was observed that the methanol extract of A. aestivus had a higher inhibitory effect on enzymes. • It was found that the extracts did not affect cell viability even at maximum concentration. • In HPLC studies, it was determined that the species contained p-hydroxy benzoic acid, syringaldehyde, benzoic acid, quercetin, vanillic acid and sinapic acid as phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The versatile chemical structures of cyclotriphosphazenes (CTPs) and their derivatives make them useful for various applications, including serving as plant nutrients to enhance the production of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the effects of 30 and 60 mg/L concentrations of CTPs (Compound 4 and 5) sprayed foliar at two different stages (pre-flowering stage and full-flowering stage) on total flavonoids and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and accumulation of phenolics in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) were investigated. Compounds 4 and 5 were purified by using column chromatography. The structures of the compounds were verified using mass, 1H, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy methods. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were achieved with Compound 5 (60 mg/L) treatment by using Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests. The phenolic profile was determined by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Compound 4 treatment yielded a higher level of increase in total flavonoids, protocatechuic aldehyde, protocatechuic, caffeic acid, 4-OH benzoic, and salicylic acid, whereas Compound 5 treatment yielded a higher level of increase in vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and rosmarinic acids. CTPs applied during the full-flowering stage resulted in significant increases, such as an 8.7-fold rise in protocatechuic acid, a 4.3-fold increase in protocatechuic aldehyde, and an 8.4-fold surge in caffeic acid. The caffeic acid was strongly and positively correlated with the 4-OH benzoic acid (,834**), vanillic acid (,955**), p-coumaric acid (,670**), and rosmarinic acid (,669**). The results showed that using a suitable cyclotriphosphazene compound(s) and selecting a suitable pre-harvest application time can significantly enhance and optimize the levels of phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet potato leavesare a natural source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. Despite abundance of results regarding sweet potato composition, effect of fertilizing on bioactive compounds is not explored enough. In this study influence of diverse fertilization treatments on the yield and leaf composition of 'Japanese', 'Beauregard' and '414' sweet potato cultivars from late harvesting of dual-purpose was examined. Through comprehensive analysis, we reveal cultivar-specific responses to fertilization treatments, showcasing distinct correlations among factors such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolic and flavonoid content, demonstrating the impact of fertilization on both yield and biochemical composition, underscoring the unique variations across sweet potato cultivars.Despite these differences, all cultivars exhibited significant changes in yield and biochemical composition in response to fertilization. Furthermore, sweet potato leafs were characterized with phenolic acids (SPLPA) and sweet potato leaf flavonoids (SPLF), identifying 33 individual constituents. PCA analysis of results offers valuable insights into the complex relationships between of each cultivar to fertilization treatments and the bioactive polyphenols present. The results obtained from this study would be beneficial to sweet potato producers and increase the interest of consumers for sweet potato leaves. [Display omitted] • Fertilization impacts the yield and biochemical composition of sweet potato leaves. • Cultivar-specific responses observed in chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoid content. • Sweet potato leaves characterized by 33 distinct phenolic acids and flavonoids. • High antioxidant activity in sweet potato leaves offers health benefits and functional food potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the metabolite composition of various mango leaf samples using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). A total of 103 chromatographic peaks representing diverse metabolite groups were annotated, revealing significant variations in chemical composition among different mango varieties. Polyphenols emerged as the most abundant class, with mangiferin being the major polyphenol detected in most varieties, including Awis, Sukari, Sinara, Sedika, and Alfonse. Trihydroxybenzoyl mangiferin was predominant in Sedika and Alfonse varieties. Flavonoids, such as flavanone glycosides and flavone glycosides, were also prominent. O-methylnaringenin pentoside was the major flavanone glycoside detected in Awis, Sukari, and Sinara varieties, while naringenin- O -hexoside was predominant in Alfonse. Phenolic acids were detected across all varieties, with protocatechuic acid and gallic acid being major components. Protocatechuic acid was identified in all varieties except Sedika and Naomi, where gallic acid dominated. Kaempferol and di- O -methylquercetin were exclusively detected in the Naomi variety. In-vitro enzyme inhibition assays against α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes revealed dose-dependent inhibitory effects of mango leaf extracts, with variations in potency among varieties. The most potent inhibitors of α-amylase activity were found in extracts from Sukari and Alfonse leaves, while those from Sukari and Sedika leaves showed the strongest inhibition of α-glycosidase activity. Interestingly, the extracts that exerted the highest inhibition of α-amylase activity did not necessarily inhibit α-glycosidase activity significantly. Additionally, glucose uptake promotion assays identified Awis and Sedika leaves as the most potent promoters of glucose uptake. [Display omitted] • UPLC-HRMS identifies 103 metabolites in different varieties of mango leaf. • Polyphenols, notably mangiferin, are the most abundant metabolites in samples. • Flavonoids, notably O-methylnaringenin, are prominent in Awis, Sukari, Sinara. • Distinct varieties exhibit inhibition on α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes. • Most potent inhibitors of α-amylase activity were found in Sukari and Alfonse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive Cu2+ is toxic to plants. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) exhibit certain chelating properties towards heavy metals, and they also demonstrate antioxidant activities. To explore the mechanism for alleviating the Cu2+ toxicity of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge mediated by CQDs, CQDs that contained C C, C O, H–O, C–N and C–O functional groups with particle size less than 10 nm and that emitted blue fluorescence were prepared. S. miltiorrhiza seedlings were treated with 200 μM of Cu2+ and 500 mg/L of CQDs to relieve stress. Exogenous CQDs effectively restored plant phenotype; reduced Cu2+, H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde contents and restored total superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities under Cu2+ toxicity. Simultaneously, an association network of Cu2+ transport-related and metabolic pathway genes of phenolic acids and terpenoids was established on the basis of cross-species transcriptome analysis. Combined with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, the potential molecular mechanism of CQDs, i.e. promoting phenolic acid biosynthesis to alleviate Cu2+ toxicity, was revealed by activating the expression of key enzyme genes of phenolic acid synthesis. This study provides a theoretical basis for Cu2+ pollution prevention and control in plants. It also laid a foundation for alleviating Cu stress by using CQDs in agricultural production. • CQDs with carboxyl, hydroxyl and blue fluorescence were prepared. • CQDs activate antioxidant oxidase to alleviate Cu2+ toxicity in Salvia miltiorrhiza. • CQDs promote the synthesis of phenolic acid to relieve Cu2+ stress. • SmCOPT1 and SmCOPT2 mediate the absorption and transport of Cu2+. • CQDs promote phenolic acid synthesis by activating phenolic acid pathway genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have showed that thrombosis is closely related to leucocytes involved in immunity. Interfering with the binding of leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet GPIb α can inhibit thrombosis without affecting physiological coagulation. Mac-1-GPIb α is proposed as a potential safety target for antithrombotic agents. Guanxinning tablet (GXNT) is an oral Chinese patent medicine used for the treatment of angina pectoris, which contains phenolic acid active ingredients, such as salvianolic acids, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinol, and protocatechualdehyde. Our previous studies demonstrated that GXN exhibited significant antithrombotic effects, and clinical studies suggested that it did not increase bleeding risk. In addition, GXN exerted a significantly regulatory effect on immune inflammation. In the current study, we intended to evaluate the effects of GXN on bleeding events and explore the safety antithrombotic mechanism of GXN based on leukocyte-platelet interaction. First, we established a gastric ulcer model induced by acetic acid in rats and found that GXN not only did not increase the degree of gastrointestinal bleeding when gastric ulcer occurred, but also had a certain promoting effect on the healing of gastric ulcer. Second, in vitro experiments showed that after pretreatment with GXN and activation by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the adhesion and aggregation of leukocytes with human platelets were reduced. It was also found that GXN reduced the expression and activation of Mac-1 in leucocytes, and inhibited platelet activation due to leukocyte engagement via Mac-1. Overall, the results suggest that GXN may be a safe antithrombotic agent, and its low bleeding risk mechanism is probably related to inhibited leukocyte-platelet aggregation and its interaction target Mac-1-GPIb α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All plants contain varying levels of phenolic acids (metabolites) thus playing an important role in resistance mechanisms as constituents of cell walls, as constitutive antimicrobial compounds of plants or induced in response to infection against many diseases, in particular fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium species. To this end, the objective of this research was to study the variation in phenolic acid composition during the kinetics of filling wheat grains, in order to determine the best variety resistant to fusarium head blight. For this purpose, free and bound phenolic analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD on five durum wheat varieties at the stage 5 to 8 days after the flowering stage (early grains). We showed that at the level of the samples analyzed, several phenolic acids were present at different concentrations, but others were absent [cis-ferulic acid (free phenolic acid), and sinapic acid (bound phenolic acid)]. The results also showed that the content of bound phenolic acids was much higher than that of free phenolic acids in all varieties. In addition, these phenolic acids existed in free soluble form or were mostly present in insoluble form bound to cell walls. For free acids, the results showed that significant amounts of transferulic acid were detected in comparison to all free phenolic acids (56.72 µg · g-1 DM for G10). For bound acids, ferulic acid is the main bound phenolic acid which has much higher levels (4913.92 µg · g-1 DM for G1), followed by p-coumaric acid (3098.99 µg · g-1 DM for G1). Moreover, the sum of monomers (bound acids) was much higher than that of dehydrodiferulic acids (DiFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a synergism between rubber seed extract (RSE) and KI on cold rolled steel (CRS) in H 2 SO 4 solution. • The addition of KI promotes the adsorption of RSE on CRS surface. • The synergistic inhibited CRS surface appears little corrosion from SEM and AFM. • XPS confirms the synergistic mixture of RSE/KI can efficiently adsorb on CRS surface. • The active components of RSE are gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Plant-based inhibitor has emerged an important topic owing to the combing merits of eco-friendly, low cost, rich natural resources as well as easy preparation. Rubber seed is the agricultural waste, and is mainly composed of oil and fatty acids those contain many polar oxygen atoms, and so it can be extracted to prepare the potential corrosion inhibitor. Rubber seed extract (RSE) is prepared using reflux extraction method with the extracting solvent of ethanol aqueous solution. The synergistic inhibition effect of RSE and potassium iodide (KI) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 0.50 M H 2 SO 4 solution is firstly studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. CRS surface was thoroughly characterized using metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. FTIR, UV–vis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) compositional analysis of RSE were used to analyze the efficient components in RSE. The results indicate that individual RSE or KI cannot function as a successful inhibitor to prevent CRS corrosion, but the mixture of RSE/KI performs better at inhibiting, with a maximal inhibition efficacy of up to 96.4% of 200 mg L−1 RSE/100 mg L−1 KI. The synergistic coefficient of the mixture is larger than 1, indicating that a true synergism. RSE/KI can drastically retard both cathodic and anodic processes, and interfacial capacitance falls as the charge transfer resistance of CRS/solution rises. It exhibits remarkable inhibition properties when the capacitor arc grows. There is only a small corrosion response in the inhibited media, as evidenced by the variations in electrical conductivity and ultraviolet spectrum before and after immersion. The hydrophilicity and surface roughness of CRS surface is dropped as a result of the introduction of RSE/KI. A series of metallurgical microscopy, AFM, SEM or contact angle tests indicate a synergistic inhibition effect is more pronounced for RSE/KI. XPS results clearly demonstrate that elements including Fe, S, N, and I are bonded to the surface of CRS. The primary ingredients of oleic acid, polyphenols, phenylpropanoids can also produce a strong synergism with KI. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Colchicum comprises medicinal plants with important bioactive alkaloids, mainly colchicine, and phenolics. The present study was aimed to determine for the first time the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic properties of corms of C. lingulatum. Different solvents extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) were obtained. The extracts were examined for chemical characterization, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic properties. To gain more insights, in silico and network pharmacological analysis were performed. Results of GC/MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed that the extract was dominated by oxygenated diterpenes (37%). UHPLC/MS analysis of ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts indicated the presence of flavonoids as the most abundant class in addition to phenolic acids and alkaloids. The alkaloid colchicine together with its derivatives colchiceine, colchiciline and isomers were detected in the methanol and aqueous extracts. Results of antioxidant activity showed that the methanol extract exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging. At 100 μg/mL, the ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts displayed potent cytotoxicity against the human embryonic (HEK 293), murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). In silico analyzes have investigated the potential of C. lingulatum in cancer therapy using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. These results demonstrate C. lingulatum can be a valuable source of bioactive compounds in the development of functional applications including nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous additions and storage time affect the nutritional and sensory properties of fermented products. This study investigated the effect of natural cyclodextrin on the nutritional indicators and overall quality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum sequentially fermented apple juice, and further studied the quality changes during the shelf life. Results showed that the cyclodextrin significantly affected the quality of apple juice during sequential fermentation and storage, especially β-cyclodextrin increased the total polyphenols and flavonoids of apple juice after sequential fermentation reached 0.67 g/L and 0.42 g/L; DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate increased to 76.33% and 77.55%; increased the organic acids and monomeric phenols. β-CD has a positive effect on the generation and protection of higher alcohols and esters, especially ethyl acetate and heptyl acetate. Compared with other groups, the addition of β-CD before fermentation showed superior color retention in terms of lightness (L*) and yellow (b*) index under 4 °C and 25 °C. Additionally, the aroma and sensory qualities of the product were improved and preserved. Therefore, the addition of cyclodextrin before fermentation not only improved the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of fermented juice, retained and improved the aroma and color, but also stabilized the comprehensive quality during storage. [Display omitted] • The addition of CD can change the product quality during fermentation and storage. • Sequential fermentation of different strains markedly boosts the antioxidant activity of apple juice. • β-CD exhibits superior properties in maintaining brightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). • β-CD is more conducive to the fermentation of S. cerevisiae and L. plantarum to produce alcohols and esters. • β-CD has potential properties to extend the shelf life of fermented products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis has several uses in human health, including its role as a nutritious and beneficial dietary component, as well as a folk medicine. In this study, we aimed to explore the phytochemical and anticancer activity of propolis collected by honeybees in Assam, India. The chloroform fraction (CF) from the ethanol extract of propolis was screened for antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally, the chemical composition of CF was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CF was found to contain 223.44 ± 5.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalents of total phenolic content and 114.43 ± 7.087 mg quercetin/g of flavonoids. The CF presented antioxidant activities against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt free radicals, with IC 50 values recorded as 68.54 ± 3.1% and 7.26 ± 0.55, respectively. The fractions exhibited growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. The cell migration capacity of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was significantly decreased by CF. Additionally, the fraction was observed to arrest the cell cycle of MDA-MB-231 cells at the S phase and of MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase. In MDA-MB-231 cells, CF enhanced p53 expression and downregulated CDK2, Cyclin A, Cdc25A, and Cyclin D1, expression whereas in MCF-7 cells, CF downregulated CDK1 and Cyclin B1 expression. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed a decrease in the expression of the Ki-67 protein in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells following treatment with CF. The propolis from north-east India exhibited antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro , suggesting its therapeutic potential for breast cancer. [Display omitted] • Breast cancer cells respond better to chloroform propolis fraction. • Propolis chloroform fraction halts MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in S and G2/M. • Flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in propolis aid in anticancer effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) is a widely utilized medicinal plant species known for its various effective biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. majus against oral microorganisms. To assess its biological activities, C. majus fractions were obtained using 80% methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water. Antioxidant assays, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests, as well as total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination, were conducted. Notably, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity than that of the other fractions, both in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, it contained the highest contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EtOAc extract (212.00 mg CAE/g, 135.70 mg NE/g). In addition, antimicrobial assays using various antimicrobial tests against oral microorganisms, namely S. mutans , S. gordonii , S. sobrinus , and S. sanguinis , were conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect, revealing that the EtOAc fraction showed the greatest inhibition. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc fraction identified biologically active compounds, including phenolic compounds such as fisetin, quercetin, and coumaroylimalic acid. Based on these findings, C. majus, with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, is a promising candidate for improving oral health. • The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Chelidonium majus were assessed. • The EtOAc extract of Chelidonium majus exhibited the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. • Phytochemicals analysis of the EtOAc extract of Chelidonium majus was performed. • Chelidonium majus has the potential to be used as a natural product to improve oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum erianthum is a medicinal herb that offers health benefits and valuable phytochemicals in treating human ailments. Phytochemicals and therapeutic properties of different parts of S. erianthum in four solvents: water, petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol were evaluated. Stem showed high alkaloids (15.40 ± 0.7%) and tannins (8.6 ± 0.3%), followed by higher root saponins (12.2 ± 0.2%). In contrast, leaf exhibited high flavonoid (13.5 ± 0.5%) and phenolic (12.30 ± 1.0%) contents. The petroleum ether extract of the stem had the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity (70.66 ± 0.3%) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity (70.55 ± 0.08 μg/mL). In contrast, the petroleum ether extract of the root had maximum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (1.065 ± 0.6 absorbance at 695 nm), while the fruit aqueous extract showed highest activity in ferric thiocyanate assay (FTC) (61.53 ± 0.1). Antibacterial activity ranged from 19 to 51 mm, while antifungal was from 11 to 43 mm. The methanol extracts of the root and leaf showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and fungi. The methanol extract of fruit showed the highest analgesic activity (11.98 ± 2.14 s) and writhing inhibition (1st phase 85.1% and 2nd phase 96.7%), as confirmed by the formalin-induced paw licking test. Fruit extract showed active central and peripheral analgesic effects in early (88.9%) and late (92.8%) phases of pain, comparable to paracetamol (60 mg/kg). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties as well as central and peripheral analgesic effects of S. erianthum extracts. [Display omitted] • Solanum erianthum is a well-known medicinal plant rich in beneficial phytochemicals. • Plant tissue specific synthesis of phytocemicals was explored for antioxidant potential. • Methanol extract showed the maximum antimicrobial and analgesic activities. • Methanol extract of fruit showed the highest analgesic activity and writhing inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild artichokes (Cyanara algarbiensis, C. baetica, C. cardunculus, and C. humilis) heads are globally consumed, although some taxa remain understudied, constituting natural reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals. This study was focused on four Cyanara taxa collected in diverse locations in the SE of the Iberian Peninsula in comparison with cultivated C. scolymus. Analyses of vitamin C was effected by HPLC-DAD, and the methanol:water (80:20, v/v) extracts were analyzed for: i) phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS; ii) phenolic acids and flavonoid using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods; iii) the antioxidant activity through the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods; iv) the in vitro antiproliferative activity against HT-29 cells using the MTT assay; and v) caspase-3 activity, which was performed to verify induced apoptosis. Vitamin C highlighted in C. humilis (59.9 mg/100 g fw), and total phenolics (by chromatography quantitation) reached 645.9 mg/100 g fw in C. baetica. The antioxidant activity stood out in C. baetica , with 0.50 (DPPH) and 0.52 (ABTS•+) mmol TE/100 g fw. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin-7- O -glucoronide, and apigenin-7- O -rutinoside highlighted in C. baetica (159.5, 274.5, and 50.3 mg/100 g fw); and quercetin-3- O -glucoside and 1,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid stood out in C. algarbiensis (61.5 and 93.5 mg/100 g fw). Artichoke extracts inhibited HT-29 colorectal cancer cells proliferation, particularly the ones from C. algarbiensis and C. baetica (GI 50 of 975 and 650 μg/mL for 72-h exposed cells). This work constitutes a whole approach to the knowledge of phytochemicals and bioactivities of wild artichoke taxa to discern their use as functional foods. [Display omitted] • Wild and cultured Cynara heads were checked for phytochemicals and bioactivities • The antioxidant activity by the DPPH· and ABTS•+ methods highlighted in C. baetica • The main phenolics in all taxa were chlorogenic and 1,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acids • Vitamin C content stood out in C. humilis • Cynara extracts inhibited HT-29 cancer cells proliferation, especially C. baetica [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens, with their distinctive flavor and rapid growth, have garnered significant attention as a functional and nutritious food. In this study, we performed a thorough targeted metabolomic study using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) on four distinct cultivars of radish microgreens, namely Champion Radish (CR), White Radish (WR), Hailstone Radish (HR), and China Rose Radish (CRR), in order to better understand the metabolic foundation of the nutritional value of these microgreens. A total of 1411 metabolites were found and more than a third of the total number of metabolites were accounted for by flavonoids (FL), phenolic acids, lignans, coumarins and glucosinolates (GL). Significant variations were found in the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) in each pairwise comparison of cultivars, according to further comparative analysis. The comparison of CR with the other groups identified more than 400 DAM and about 10,000 DEG, the most abundant DAM being FL, and the results showed that CR was very different from WR, HR and CRR. A total of 33 GL were newly found in radish microgreens and classified into 8 categories according to their side chains. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and biosynthetic pathway analysis revealed the distinctive relationship between gene expression levels and characteristic GL and FL. This work aimed to provide fresh insights into the differences in metabolite profiles among radish microgreens of various cultivars in addition to establishing a theoretical framework for improving the genetic quality of radish microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum Sanctum L. (Basil) is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The composition of microgreens is influenced by environmental conditions. Consequently, Ocimum microgreens were cultivated under varying growing conditions, assessing average height, total chlorophyll content, targeted compounds, and non-targeted UHPLC-QToF-IMS-based metabolomic profile. Under T3 growing condition (longer photoperiod of 22 h with 26 °C in light and 20 °C in the dark), Ocimum microgreens exhibited approximately 43% and 26% increases in average height and chlorophyll content, respectively. The targeted phenolic profile analysis identified gallic acid, caffeic acid, and resveratrol in microgreens. The growing conditions significantly influenced the phenolic profile. Also, sugar profiling indicated elevated levels of myo -inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and d -raffinose under longer photoperiods with T3 conditions. Furthermore, microgreens exhibited a high abundance of amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, arginine, and phenylalanine. Notably, proline concentration increased from 13.40 mg/g to 25.15 mg/g in response to T3 growth condition. The comprehensive non-targeted UHPLC-QToF-IMS analysis revealed various metabolite classes, including organic compounds, phenolic and flavonoid derivatives, alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, sugars, polyalcohol and a few nucleic acid derivatives. Also, some organic acids, specifically rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid D, and chicoric acid, showed highest expression level under T3 condition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the postbiotics production ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MIUG BL21 (Lpb.21) and Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum MIUG BL74 (Lpb.74), was demonstrated through the fermentation of different media based on agri-foods by-products, gluten free flours, and bovine colostrum. Three categories of postbiotics were identified, such as bioactive peptides, a wide spectrum of polyphenols with antioxidant activity and short chain fatty acids. After fermentation, the polypeptides' profile showed different patterns, with more intense bands at about 30 kDa in gluten-free flour based fermentation product (FP) and between 18 and 34 kDa in the colostrum-based FP. The main synthetized organic acids were acetic acid, followed by isovaleric and valeric acid, respectively. The postbiotics production was highly depended on the medium composition and LAB strains, evidencing the presence of isovaleric, valeric acids, isobutyric acid, isorhamnetin, gallic acid, naringin, galangin, syringic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, abscisic acid, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, hyperoside, caffeic acid, catechin, ellagic acid and hyperoside. The FP derived by agri-food byproducts fermentation highlighted a better antimicrobial activity when compared to the FP obtained through bovine colostrum-based media' fermentation. All the fermented medium showed good cytocompatibility and antitumoral potential, correlated with both the strains fermentative potential and biotechnological conditions, especially with the medium composition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated that consuming polyphenols is linked to a lower risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to quantify the polyphenol content in the meal recommendations provided by the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population (2014). This quantitative and descriptive analysis was conducted on the data from photographic documentation in the national food guide, focusing on the food items, their preparation methods, and the suggested quantities for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The polyphenol contents of the foods and meals were estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database, which allowed determining the contribution of foods and polyphenol classes to the total polyphenol content. The mean total polyphenol content for breakfast patterns was found to be 242.67 ± 161.09 mg, with coffee being the primary contributor to this amount. Phenolic acids were the most significant contributors, accounting for ≥95% of the total. For lunch and dinner patterns, the average polyphenol contents were 311.97 ± 208.15 mg and 337.14 ± 220.17 mg, respectively. Contrary to breakfast, flavonoids emerged as the predominant class in these meals (p < 0.005), with legumes making a notable contribution to the total polyphenol content in both lunch and dinner. No significant difference was observed between the polyphenol contents of the different breakfast, lunch, and dinner patterns (p = 0.71). Therefore, the inclusion of different meals throughout the day is important for the intake of different polyphenol classes. Staple items in the national diet, particularly coffee and beans, were identified as key contributors to the polyphenol content in the meals suggested by the national food guide. Furthermore, in natura and minimally processed foods are highlighted as significant sources of polyphenols in the Brazilian diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernels are usually discarded as waste, but they contain many pharmacological properties and bioactivities. In this study, we isolated antiobesity agents from mango kernels that inhibit intracellular lipid formation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Two phenolic acids, ethyl gallate and ethyl digallate, and 2 tannin acids, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) and 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-β-D-glucose (HGG), were identified from mango kernels and were found to be suppressed lipid accumulation as evidenced by Oil Red O staining. Furthermore, ethyl digallate, PGG, and HGG significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBPa and PPARy. However, ethyl gallate did not affect the expression of these transcription factors. Our findings reveal the presence of antiobesity compounds in mango kernels, implying its therapeutic role against obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moroccan medicinal plants exhibit several pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects, which are related to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. In the present review, we systematically evaluate previously published reports on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Moroccan medicinal plants. The in vitro investigations revealed that Moroccan medicinal plants inhibit several enzymes related to inflammatory processes, whereas in vivo studies noted significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as demonstrated using different experimental models. Various bioactive compounds exhibiting in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, with diverse mechanisms of action, have been identified. Some plants and their bioactive compounds reveal specific secondary metabolites that possess important anti-inflammatory effects in clinical investigations. Our review proposes the potential applications of Moroccan medicinal plants as sources of anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. [Display omitted] • Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Moroccan medicinal plants were highlighted. • Chemical nature of Moroccan medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects was reported. • Insights into anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds were highlighted. • Toxicological investigations of Moroccan medicinal plants were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the significant extraction factors in achieving higher recovery yield of total polyphenols, phenolic acids and flavonoids content from Citrus limon peel using two-level factorial design. The effect of five independent factors including drying temperature (40–60 °C), methanol concentration (20–60%), extraction temperature (28–60 °C), extraction time (30–60 min) and storage duration (0–14 days) were evaluated. Among all the examined factors, results showed that drying temperature, storage duration and extraction temperature were the most significant and contributing factors affecting the total polyphenols, phenolic acids and flavonoids content of lemon peel at P < 0.05. On the contrary, methanol concentration and extraction time exhibited the least significant and contribution at P greater than 0.05. In conclusion, the experimental domain factors were successfully obtained from this experiment, Therefore, further study on optimization of the obtained factors will be conducted in the future study using response surface methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the selected edible flowers grown in Poland. A significant variation was observed in the both antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Marigold flowers were characterized by the highest total phenolic content (89.22 mg GEA/g dry weight). In turn, begonia flowers exhibited the highest total flavonoids and phenolic acids content (21.96 mg QE/g dry weight, and 8.60 mg CAE/g dry weight, respectively). Taking into account the type of flowers, begonia and marigold flowers were the richest in phenolic acids. Caffeic and p-coumaric acids were the most frequent ones in the edible flowers grown in Poland. While gallic and p-coumaric acids were the prevalent ones in terms of their content. The begonia and marigold flowers contained quercetin and kaempferol, while hesperetin and naringenin were present in the chives flowers. The marigold flowers were characterized by a particularly high content of quercetin, and also exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity. The methanolic extracts of marigold and begonia flowers were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity, reducing activity, as well as the highest ability to neutralize free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A diagram depicting the effects of BPIS on anti-diabet through the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and blockage the miR-1-3p /PTP1B signaling axis. [Display omitted] • Foxtail millet bran-derived polyphenol (BPIS) can effectively improve insulin resistance. • BPIS can significantly inhibit α-glucosidase activity and the type of inhibition is non-competitive inhibition. • PTP1B plays an important role in the improvement of insulin resistance by BPIS. • BPIS improves insulin resistance by upregulating miR-1-3p and inhibiting the expression of its target gene PTP1B. As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise, traditional treatment has not been effectively controlled. Therefore, it is urgent to explore safe and effective hypoglycemic substances. In our previous studies, phenolic acids extracted from foxtail millet bran (BPIS) could inhibit cancer cells proliferation by inhibiting glucose uptake, suggesting that BPIS may play a role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the role of BPIS in improving diabetes remains unclear. The results of this study revealed that the antidiabetic activity of BPIS was characterized by non-competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase activity, blocking the gluconeogenic rate-limiting enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) and the expression of the negative regulator of insulin signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B). In addition, this study further revealed that BPIS can improve insulin resistance by upregulating miR-1-3p and inhibiting expression of its target gene PTP1B, which proves that BPIS is an important functional component of the anti-diabetic potential of bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of fermentation using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of black rice bran (BRB) with varying fractions of milling. The BRB was divided into four fractions through the milling process, resulting in the outermost layer BRB-1 and the innermost layer BRB-4, and each fraction accounted for 4.14 %, 4.38 %, 3.50 %, and 3.31 % (W/W) of the whole grain, respectively. The suitable Lactobacillus plantarum for fermentation of BRB was selected from nine different LAB strains. Additionally, the changes in pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) were monitored throughout the fermentation process. Notably, the fermentation process with LAB significantly increased the total phenolic content in three milled fractions of BRB, while the total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents exhibited opposite trends. The in vitro antioxidant capacity assessment revealed that the antioxidant activity of the four fractions of BRB was enhanced by 15.94 %–98.69 % after fermentation. Additionally, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated a substantial increase in the levels of certain phenolic acids and a notable decrease in the levels of individual anthocyanins as a result of fermentation. These findings offer momentous insights regarding the potential application of fermentation techniques for enhancing the utilization of BRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the polyphenol components of flaxseed were identified, and their antibacterial effect and mechanism of action against pathogenic bacteria were studied. Results showed that 14 phenolic acids and 15 flavonoids were identified in flaxseed. Among them, 5 phenolic acids, including ferulic acid, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, as well as 6 flavonoids, including vitexin, quercitrin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempfero1, (+)-dihydroquercetin, were the main phenolic compounds in flaxseed and have been quantitatively analyzed and determined. The content of sinapic acid and quercetin accounted for over 42.67% of flaxseed polyphenol extract. The Oxford Cup method confirmed the antibacterial effect of flaxseed polyphenol extract on Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The experimental data showed that flaxseed polyphenol extract had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of both common food-borne pathogens and non-food-borne pathogens. Flaxseed polyphenols increased the permeability of microbial cell membrane, resulting in microbial protein leakage, cell membrane depolarization, and decreased intracellular ATP content, and increased cell membrane potential and cell contents leakage. The results of this study clarified the composition of flaxseed polyphenol and provided a new way for the comprehensive utilization of flaxseed. [Display omitted] • The polyphenol extract of flaxseed had inhibitory effect on the five indicator bacteria. • The extract damages the cell structure of microorganisms, thereby inhibiting their growth. • The integrity of the cell wall of P. fluorescens was damaged by the polyphenol extract of flaxseed. • Sinapic acid and quercetin were the dominant phenolics in flaxseed polyphenol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the profile of defense-related metabolites in tomatoes during ripening by classical and NMR techniques to infer their susceptibility to fungal damage at ripening. Tomatoes of the Khaki variety at different ripening stages were standardized regarding their ripeness indicators (color and relation sugar/acid). It was determined pectin content, phenolic profile and activity of enzymes invertase, polygalacturonase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase. Both 1H and 13C NMR spectra were used for focusing on metabolites responsible for the defense mechanism, phenolic compounds and organic acids, reinforcing the results from conventional determination. The main change on the defense-related components at ripening stages were the phenolic profile, organic acid and activity of enzymes. The activity of enzymes related to the defense of the fruit decreased during the change from the turning stage to the ripe stage, suggesting that this is a critical point of management to prevent fungal post-harvest damage in tomatoes. The NMR technique was very promising to screening fruit metabolite profiles that were at different stages because it needs little sample preparation, releases fewer residues, results fast and it is less susceptible to experimental errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periphyton, a microbial assemblage of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, is vital to aquatic ecosystems. While exposure to macrolide antibiotics has been confirmed to reduce the biodiversity and damage the critical ecological functions in indoor microcosm bioassays, the distribution of periphyton along a macrolide antibiotic pollution gradient in a river has yet to be determined. Herein, we established the spatiotemporal distribution of five major macrolides, i.e., azithromycin (AZI), roxithromycin (ROX), erythromycin (ERY), clarithromycin (CLA), and anhydro erythromycin (ERY-H 2 O) in water and periphyton of Zao River (Xi'an, China), after which we evaluated the effects on the structures, photosynthetic activity, and carbon utilization capacity of periphyton in March, June, and September 2023. In contrast with the reference sites, the macrolides were identified in all sewage treatment plants (STPs) impacted sites with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.18 μg/L in water and from not detected - 9.67 μg/g in periphyton. Regarding community structure, the occurrence of macrolides was negatively linked to Firmicutes Exiguobacterium undae and Exiguobacterium sibiricum , Cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales and Vischeria sp., and Chlorophyta Monostroma grevillei, Selenastrum sp. LU21 and Desmodesmus subspicatus. At the functional level, only the metabolism of phenolic acids was significantly decreased in river reach with high antibiotic levels in June, compared to the other five carbon sources that were not altered. The overall photosynthetic activity of periphytic photosystem II remained unchanged in both reference and STPs impacted groups throughout three seasons. Overall, the macrolides released from STPs were correlated with the altered periphytic structures in the river, whereas a similar trend was not detected for the community functions owing to the functional redundancy. A mesocosm experiments warrants further consideration to validate the field results. [Display omitted] • An evident macrolide antibiotic gradient was detected in Spring and Autumn • Macrolides was negatively correlated with Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria • Phenolic acids metabolism was inhibited in river reach with high antibiotic levels • The photosynthetic capacity in periphyton was not altered in STPs impacted groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Wheat bran is commonly used in pasta products and is an excellent source of phytochemicals, but it creates various processing and consumer acceptability issues. Proteins extracted from bran (WBPC) have potential to improve the protein content and protein quality of pasta, but their contribution to the phytochemical content of pasta is unknown. Findings: In this study, WBPC was added to a spaghetti formulae at 0, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w). The dried uncooked spaghetti were characterized for quali‐quantitative composition of phytosterols and phenolic acids. Also, both the uncooked and cooked samples were evaluated for total soluble phenolics (TSP) and antioxidant activity (AO). Results showed that pasta with 20%WBPC increased total phytosterol content (~55%), and phenolic acids content (~57%), with ferulic acid being the main component. Cooked spaghetti had reduced TSP and AO compared to the uncooked. However, cooked 20%WBPC spaghetti had significantly higher contents of both TSP (~37%) and AO (~93%) compared to 100% durum semolina spaghetti. The in vitro starch digestion of pasta was not affected by WBPC at these levels. Conclusion: Spaghetti enriched with WBPC has improved phytochemical content without negative changes on pasta in vitro starch digestion. Significance and novelty: WBPC is a suitable ingredient to enhance the phytochemical content of regular spaghetti with potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioaccessible angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of biscuits formulated from roasted common buckwheat flour after fermentation by select bacteria was studied. The same content of total phenolic compounds was found in fermented flour and in biscuits obtained from them. Generally, fermentation of flour did not changes the ACE inhibitory activity, whereas baking process significantly increased the ACE inhibitory activity of examined products. The potential bioaccessible ACE inhibitory activity from biscuits was very high. Phenolic acids such as protocatechuic, vanillic and syringic acids as well as flavonoids: kaempferol and epicatechin in the digested buckwheat biscuits have the highest impact on ACE inhibitory activity. A high significant correlations were found between IC50 and total phenolic compounds of fermented flours, biscuits before and after digestion. The data obtained in this study closely associates phenolic compounds with ACE inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several thousand different cultivars of apple trees but only a limited number are cultivated on an industrial scale. Old cultivars can be useful, for example, in the processing industry due to their different composition. In many cases, they have higher organic acid content. The content of mineral components, colour, and polyphenols in the fruit of 7 old apple tree cultivars, growing in the Wolinski National Park, was studied. The changes that occurred in the fruit after freeze-drying were also evaluated. The trees from which the fruit was picked for analysis, despite the lack of chemical protection, were fruiting and the apples had only a few symptoms of damage caused by pests or diseases. The fruit was characterised by a high soluble solids content (14.4-16.4%), in which sugars and especially fructose dominated. The number of organic acids varied greatly and ranged from 0.27 (Oberlander Himbeerapfel) g to 1.07 g/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The content of polyphenols in fresh apples ranged from 186 mg (Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel) to 354 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane) and increased after freeze-drying from 666 mg (Weisser Winterkalvill) to 1486 mg/100 g (Winter Goldparmane). The dominant group of polyphenolic compounds was phenolic acid. The freeze-drying process caused unfavourable changes in the colour of the pulp. The fruits of Oberlander Himbeerapfel cultivar were most susceptible to these changes. However, the least darkened fruit of Horneburger Pfannkuchenapfel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromeria dalmatica Benth. is a Balkan endemic medicinal and aromatic plant widely used as herb or spice. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of three populations of M. dalmatica were evaluated for free radical scavenging activity against DPPH radicals. All studied extracts showed significant activity. No difference was found in the antiradical properties between methanolic and aqueous extracts. Comparative analysis of metabolites of plant material of the studied populations was done by GC-MS. The results showed that M. dalmatica is rich in essential nutrients as phenolic and organic acids, triterpenes (amyrin), sterols, fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated). The content of these important biologically active substances determines M. dalmatica as a valuable spice and medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) is a high value, highly nutritional grain which originated in Middle‐East. More recently lentil has gained favor in Western countries due to the high value in production and the benefits they provide agronomically; however, growing lentil in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United States is not without its challenges. One is the high probability of damage due to radiant frost either before flowering or during pod‐filling. The effects of which is most noticeable in the appearance of the seed reduce the value and usability of crops. On the other hand, a generation of well informed, health‐conscious, and environmentally concerned consumers has driven the demand for affordable and healthy food alternatives. Such demand has resulted in a growing industry for protein extraction and novel food production. If used for protein extraction or novel food production, the visual appearance of seeds is no longer an important quality trait. Lentil seeds damaged through frost that still retain a high nutritional composition may be the perfect candidate for a low‐cost substrate in novel food production while improving the outcomes for growers and industry alike. Findings: This study used as a model extrusion technology to investigate the use of flour derived from Grade 1 (premium quality) and downgraded frost‐damaged lentil and to monitor compositional changes during extrusion. The study concentrated on how total protein, individual carbohydrates, and phenolic acids changed through high‐temperature, high‐pressure extrusion. Overall flours made from composite lentil–wheat flour had significantly higher concentrations of protein and carbohydrates than the base wheat flour. No significant differences were observed for total protein or carbohydrates between Grade 1 and frost‐damaged flours; however, extrusion significantly reduced total protein concentration as well as maltose and glucose concentration but did not alter the concentration of fructose, sucrose, or the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). As expected, phenolic acids, procyanidin, kaempferol glycoside, and kaempferol trihexoside were detected in lentil–wheat composites but not in wheat. All phenolic acids significantly increased with increasing concentrations of lentil flour in composite; however, their concentration decreased as a result of the extrusion process. Differences in concentrations of procyanidin and kaempferol glycoside were detected between Grade 1 and frost‐affected lentil in both the composite flour and the extrudate. Conclusions: The extrusion process has the effect of altering the composition of the raw material. This was evident by a decrease in protein percentage phenolic compounds and to a lesser effect the water‐soluble carbohydrates. No changes in RFOs was observed. The complete loss of glucose and a significant reduction in maltose provide a healthier carbohydrate profile as the carbohydrates are low fermentable sugars. The reduction in phenolic acids a result of extrusion may help to reduce the antinutritional activity particularly in grains where the concentration of phenolic acids is high. This study found that functionality of downgraded lentil is similar to the premium grade, and more expensive raw material. This knowledge may assist in reducing the increasing issue of food waste where often downgraded products are not used in the production of food. Significants and novelty: In order to meet world food security needs, it is predicted that global food production will need to increase by at least 70% by 2050. Therefore, the utilization of all possible protein sources including downgraded pulses, such as lentil, will become increasingly more important. Furthermore, due to climate change increasingly more variable weather conditions will result in the production of below optimum grains. Understanding how to best utilize both premium and downgraded grains is a desirable outcome to minimize food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work was undertaken to screen some drought tolerant indigenous aromatic rice cultivars (IARCs), commonly cultivated in West Bengal, India, based on their capacity to produce osmolytes, redox-sensitive phenolic acids and flavonoids, as contrivances for redox-regulation under drought stress. Polyethylene glycol induced post imbibitional dehydration stress mediated changes in redox regulatory properties of the germinating seeds of the four IARCs (Jamainadu, Tulaipanji, Sitabhog, Badshabhog), which were assessed in terms of changes in prooxidant accumulation (in-situ localization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by confocal microscopy, DCFDA (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) oxidation, O 2 − and H 2 O 2 accumulation), cumulative antioxidative defense (radical scavenging property and total thiol content), ROS scavenging phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, para-hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (catechin, naringin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and apigenin). The capability of germinating seeds to accumulate osmolytes (like glycinebetaine, proline, soluble carbohydrates and K+ ion) and polyphenolic compounds was also correlated with their corresponding redox status and redox biomarkers (conjugated diene, hydroperoxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and free carbonyl content) produced under the same conditions. The results in general showed that accumulation of osmolytes along with the redox-sensitive phenolics and flavonoids conferred the ability to maintain the redox homeostasis under drought stress for the tolerant IARCs (Badshabhog and Tulaipanji). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]