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Humans are constantly exposed to sulfites and their derivatives, both endogenously and exogenously. Recent studies have shown that sulfite and its derivatives can cause oxidative stress.. Ghrelin has been reported to possess antioxidant properties and stimulates neurogenesis in hippocampal progenitor cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ghrelin on sulfite-induced changes in hippocampal oxidative status, spatial learning and locomotor activity in rats. Forty male albino Wistar rats were randomized into four groups as follows; Group 1: Control (C); Group 2: Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) treated (S); Group 3: Ghrelin treated (G); Group 4: Na2S2O5 + Ghrelin treated (SG). Sodium metabisulfite (100 mg/kg/day) was given by gastric gavage, and ghrelin (20 µg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured through fluorometric method. The spatial memory and locomotor activity of the rats were evaluated by Y-maze test. Y-maze results revealed an enhancement of short-term spatial learning and memory in S and SG groups compared to C group. TBARS levels were increased significantly in S group with respect to C group. The increase in TBARS levels induced by sulfite was completely prevented by ghrelin in SG group. We suggest that systemic ghrelin administration might ameliorate ingested sodium metabisulfite-induced hippocampal oxidative damage without providing any changes in spatial learning, memory and locomotion. Further investigation concerning the mechanism of ghrelin action in hippocampus might provide valuable information for developing new therapeutic approaches to attenuate oxidative stress in hippocampal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ferroptosis is type of programmed cell death, which is known to be involved in certain cancers. Notch3 signaling is reported to be involved in the tumorigenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and regulates iron metabolism, lipid synthesis, and oxidative stress in some tissues. However, whether Notch3 signaling regulates ferroptosis is unclear. In this study, we found that ferroptosis inhibitors, ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, protected against cell death induced by Notch3 knockdown and that Notch3 knockdown initiated ferroptosis in NSCLC cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation, and Fe2+ levels, accompanied by downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and peroxiredoxin6 (PRDX6). Conversely, Notch3 intracellular domain overexpression suppressed erastin-induced ferroptosis, which was synergistically enhanced by MJ33 in H1299 cells via a decrease in ROS levels and lipid peroxidation, accompanied by upregulation of GPX4 and PRDX6. Moreover, Notch3 knockdown decreased tumorigenesis in vivo with downregulation of GPX4 and PRDX6. In summary, here we have identified Notch3 as a potential negative regulator of ferroptosis in NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolate was isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample. This study aimed to determine the production of biosurfactant and its effect on the plant growth via the biosorption of some heavy metals. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Bacillus megaterium ATTC 14581. The surface activity of the produced biosurfactant was determined. The biosurfactant was recovered from the cell-free culture of a bacterial strain at 1.5 g/L. The extracted biosurfactant shows potential stability towards some factors, like temperature and salinity. The FTIR analysis confirmed the production of surfactin biosurfactant. The impact of B. megaterium biosurfactant on Pb and Ar significantly increases morphological features, proline, and antioxidant enzymes, while a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, H 2 O 2 , and O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mitigating effect of Ananas comosus (pineapple juice) extract on an aluminum-induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats was examined in this study. Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200 g were grouped into six groups; distilled water and 1 ml of pineapple juice extracts were administered to the control and treated animals respectively for 3 weeks. The control group was given rat pellets and distilled water. Negative control was given 100mg/kg/d Aluminum Chloride and pellets; Group 1 was given 100mg/kg/d and 1ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally; Group 2 was given 100mg/kg/d Aluminum Chloride and 1.5 ml of in distilled water orally; group 3 was given 100 mg/kg/day aluminum chloride and 2 ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally; group 4 was given 100 mg/kg/day aluminum chloride and 2.5 ml of pineapple juice in distilled water orally. Testicular histology, semen parameters, and testosterone were assessed. Results: This study showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in testicular volume, motile sperm count, concentration, total count, progressive evaluation, and morphology in the negative control group relative to the normal control and extract control groups. In the groups co-treated with aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract, there was improvement in sperm volume, motility, total count, progressive assessment, and morphology. There was also a statistical decrease (P < 0.05) in testosterone hormone in the negative control group, but there was an increase in the aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract co-treated groups. Similarly, in co-treated aluminum chloride and Ananas comosus extract, the degenerative seminiferous tubule histoarchitecture due to aluminum chloride in the negative control group was enhanced. Conclusion: Based on this current study, it was evident that aluminum chloride induced oxidative stress and retarded reproduction in males whereas Ananas comosus mitigated reproduction in males by improving sperm parameters and microarchitecture of the testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental implant surgery is a routine treatment in clinical dentistry. However, implant surgery is associated with an increased risk of bacterially induced peri-implantitis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with no established treatment. We recently designed a new redox injectable gel (RIG) containing nitroxide radicals for the treatment of peri-implantitis. Here, we investigated the antioxidative effect of RIG as a preventive therapy for ROS-associated peri-implantitis in a rat model of alveolar bone resorption and in vitro. In each rat, the maxillary first molar tooth was replaced with a screw-type implant, and rats were assigned to one of four groups: an implant alone, an implant with infection, implant with infection and treatment with nRIG (a non-nitroxide radical-containing injectable hydrogel) or RIG. We confirmed the long-term retention of RIG in the peri-implant region and found that RIG significantly protected the alveolar bone volume and decreased lipid peroxidation. In culture, we found that RIG restored osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2)-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, using a malondialdehyde assay of lipid peroxidation, we found that RIG suppressed oxidative stress in H 2 O 2 -treated rat osteoblasts. Overall, RIG is anticipated as a prophylactic treatment for peri-implantitis and may help preserve oral function. Statement of Significance 1. Implant surgery is associated with an increased risk of bacterially induced peri-implantitis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We designed a novel redox injectable gel (RIG) containing nitroxide radicals for the treatment of peri-implantitis. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effect of RIG as a preventive therapy for ROS-associated peri-implantitis in a rat model and in vitro. 2. We showed that treatment with RIG reduces oxidative damage in a rat peri-implantitis model, protecting against bone resorption and a loss of bone density. We showed that RIG inhibits H 2 O 2 -mediated decreases in proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization, and also against lipid peroxidation in vitro. Our results indicate that RIG has an antioxidative effect of peri-implantitis. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of research was to study the features of prooxidant-antioxidant status in patients with postoperative alveolitis. The study involved 2 groups – the control group (healthy) included 10 people; the main group (32 patients after tooth extraction in which postoperative alveolitis developed). To assess the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the oral cavity, the determination of the content of secondary products of lipoperoxidation by reaction with thiabarbituric acid was used. To evaluate the performance of the enzymatic link of the oral fluid actioxidant system (AOS), the enzyme activity of the first (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and second (catalase) lines of antiradical protection was determined. The level of malondialdehyde in patients with alveolitis was 1.9 times higher than in the control group; the level of hydroperoxide lipids also increased 8.1 times higher than the control group (p <0.05). A study of the status of antioxidant protection in patients with postoperative alveolitis revealed a statistically significant decrease in SOD content by 51.0 % compared with the group of healthy individuals. Also, we observed a slight increase in catalase activity in the group of patients with alveolitis by 50.0 %. The level of SH-groups in patients of the main group was 2.34 mmol / l and was by 58.6 % statistically significantly lower compared to the same indicator in the control group. Activation of free radical oxidation of biomolecules and depletion of both non-enzymatic (SH-group) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase) levels of antioxidant protection are observed in the oral fluid of patients with alveolitis, as well as a compensatory increase in catalase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earlier investigations have revealed heavy metals exposure is implicated in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia. The goal was to evaluated the relationship of blood arsenic (As) concentration with dyslipidemia in the elderly through a cross-sectional study. The entire 360 elderly population were selected. Fasting blood specimens, demographic information, and clinical characteristics were obtained. The concentration of blood As was detected using ICP-MS. Serum 8-iso-PGF2α, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, was measured by ELISA. Pearson correlative analysis hinted there were strong relationships of blood As with liver function indices in the elderly. Besides, blood As was positively associated with total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA I). Further multivariate linear and logistic regression suggested that the incidences of TC and LDL-C elevation were upregulated with the rising tertiles of blood As. Blood As was positively related with the prevalence of dyslipidemia (OR=3.609; 95%CI: 1.353, 6.961). Additionally, serum 8-iso-PGF2α was dramatically and positively linked to the levels of blood As and lipid profiles. Mediation analyses verified that 8-iso-PGF2α partially mediated the correlations between blood As with TC (36.63%) and LDL-C (34.03%). Blood As concentration is positively related to lipid profiles in the elderly. Higher blood As concentration elevates the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Lipid peroxidation partially mediates the correlation of As exposure with dyslipidemia. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Concentrations of certain oxylipins measured in human plasma in potassium-EDTA tubes are reasonably stable when stored on wet ice for up to 2 h prior to processing. • Substantial time-dependent increases in the 12-lipoxygenase-derived and platelet-derived oxylipins were observed when whole blood stored at room temperature prior to processing. • Future studies are needed to determine the impacts of other pre-analytical variables on plasma oxylipin concentrations. Oxidized derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids, collectively known as oxylipins, are labile bioactive mediators with diverse roles in human physiology and pathology. Oxylipins are increasingly being measured in plasma collected in clinical studies to investigate biological mechanisms and as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for nutrient-based and drug-based interventions. Whole blood is generally stored either on ice or at room temperature prior to processing. However, the potential impacts of delays in processing, and of temperature prior to processing, on oxylipin concentrations are incompletely understood. To evaluate the effects of delayed processing of blood samples in a timeframe that is typical of a clinical laboratory setting, using typical storage temperatures, on concentrations of representative unesterified oxylipins measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Whole blood (drawn on three separate occasions from a single person) was collected into 5 mL purple-top potassium-EDTA tubes and stored for 0, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 min at room temperature or on wet ice, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 10 min with plasma collection. Each sample was run in duplicate, therefore there were six tubes and up to six data points at each time point for each oxylipin at each condition (ice/room temperature). Representative oxylipins derived from arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and linoleic acid were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Longitudinal models were used to estimate differences between temperature groups 2 h after blood draw. We found that most oxylipins measured in human plasma in traditional potassium-EDTA tubes are reasonably stable when stored on ice for up to 2 h prior to processing, with little evidence of auto-oxidation in either condition. By contrast, in whole blood stored at room temperature, substantial time-dependent increases in the 12-lipoxygenase-derived (12-HETE, 14-HDHA) and platelet-derived (thromboxane B2) oxylipins were observed. These findings suggest that certain plasma oxylipins can be measured with reasonable accuracy despite delayed processing for up to 2 h when blood is stored on ice prior to centrifugation. 12-Lipoxygenase- and platelet-derived oxylipins may be particularly sensitive to post-collection artifact with delayed processing at room temperature. Future studies are needed to determine impacts of duration and temperature of centrifugation on oxylipin concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are necessary mineral nutrients for human body but millions of people have an inadequate intake of them, and eat food enriched with Se and Zn may minimize these problems. Chinese cabbage is an important food in people's daily life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single Se, Zn and their combination treatment in soil on their accumulation, antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in roots and leaves of Chinese cabbage using soil pot culture experiment. When 0.5 mg kg−1 Se +30 mg kg−1 Zn and 1.0 mg kg−1 Se +30 mg kg−1 Zn were spiked in soils, Zn concentrations in roots and leaves of Chinese cabbage were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by 20.2%, 37.8% and 17.9%, 34.1% respectively compared to the treatment of 30 mg kg−1 Zn added, and the latter was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of former, indicating Se significantly promoted Zn accumulation. Almost all physiological indexes including POD, SOD, CAT, APX, GR, Chlorophyll a , Chlorophyll b , Carotenoids, MDA and Free proline in the treatments of Se or Zn spiked were significantly improved (p < 0.05) or basically unaffected compared to the control without Se or Zn added. The biomass change trends were similar with these indexes either. These results showed that the addition in soil of Se and Zn significantly increased their accumulation in Chinese cabbage without affected its formal growth. Particularly, the addition of Se promoted Zn accumulation. The conclusions were more important reference for the production practice of cash crop enriched of Se and Zn either. • Se spiked in soil increased Zn accumulation of Chinese cabbage. • Some enzymes activities was basically improved with addition of Se and Zn. • Se or Zn addition is beneficial for lipid peroxidation of Chinese cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O 3) can cause oxidative stress in plants and humans. Catechin is an antioxidant that enriches tea and can probably increase O 3 tolerance in plants. To investigate the mechanism of catechin to alleviate O 3 stress in plants, Zamiocalcus zamiifolia (an efficient plant for O 3 phytoremediation) was sprayed with 5 mM catechin and was used to expose O 3 (150-250) under long-term operation (10 cycles). We investigated whether exogenous catechin could enhance O 3 removal and alleviate O 3 stress through a balanced redox state in plants. Z. zamiifolia sprayed with catechin exhibited higher O 3 removal (80.27±3.12%), than Z. zamiifolia without catechin (50.03±2.68%). O 3 in the range of 150-250 ppb led to stress in plants, as shown by an increased malondialdehyde content (MDA) and salicylic acid (SA). Whereas under the presence of O 3 , exogenous catechin could maintain the MDA content and inhibit SA accumulation. Under Z. zamiifolia +catechin+O 3 conditions, catechin reacted with O 3 , which led to the formation of catechin-quinone. The formation of catechin-quinone was confirmed by the depletion of reduced glutathione content (GSH). This catechin-quinone could induce GST and APX genes that are up-regulated approximately 35- and 5-fold, respectively. Hence, Z. zamiifolia +catechin+O 3 conditions had higher performance for coping with oxidative stress than did Z. zamiifolia +O 3 conditions. This evidence demonstrates that catechin could enhance O 3 removal through a balanced redox state in plant cells. Finally, the application of tea extract for enhanced O 3 removal is also shown in this study. Image 1 • Zamioculcas zamiifolia sprayed with catechin had higher O 3 removal than that were not sprayed. • Exogenous catechin could lower lipid peroxidation and salicylic acid content under O 3 stress. • Catechin-quinone could induce antioxidant enzyme genes (GST, APX) up-regulated. • Tea extract could enhance O 3 removal in Z. zamiifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased prevalence of human infertility due to male reproductive disorders has been linked to extensive exposure to chemical endocrine disruptors. Acrylamide (AA) is a compound formed spontaneously during the thermal processing of some foods that are mainly consumed by children and adolescents. We previously found that prepubertal exposure to AA causes reduced sperm production and functionality. Oxidative stress is recognized as the main cause of reduced sperm quality and quantity. In this sense, our objective was to evaluate the expression and activity of genes related to enzymatic antioxidant defense, nonprotein thiols, lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonylation (PC) and DNA damage in the testes of rats exposed to acrylamide (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) from weaning to adult life by gavage. For the AA2.5 and AA5 groups, there were no alterations in the transcript expression of genes related to enzymatic antioxidant defense. The enzymatic activities and metabolic parameters were also not affected in the AA2.5 group. For the AA5 group, the enzymatic activities of G6PDH and GPX were reduced, SOD was increased, and protein carbonylation (PC) was increased. Data were also evaluated by Integrate Biomarker Response (IBRv2), a method to analyze and summarize the effects on biomarkers between doses. The IBRv2 index was calculated as 8.9 and 18.71 for AA2.5 and AA5, respectively. The following biomarkers were affected by AA2.5: decreased enzymatic activities of G6PDH, SOD, and GPX, increased GST and GSH, increased LPO and PC, and decreased DNA damage. For AA5, decreased enzymatic activities of G6PDH, GST, CAT and GPX, increased SOD and GSH, increased PC, and decreased LPO and DNA damage were observed. In conclusion, AA exposure during the prepubertal period causes imbalances in the testicular enzymatic antioxidant defense, contributing to the altered spermatic scenario in the testes of these rats. [Display omitted] • Acrylamide (AA) is formed spontaneously during the thermal processing of some foods. • Prepubertal period is a window of sensitivity. • AA reduced the enzymatic activity of G6PDH and GPX. • AA increased SOD and protein carbonylation. • AA exposure could contribute to the development of male infertility in adult life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic Non-oxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) is a green method to convert methane into high value-added products such as ethane and ethylene by using photogenerated electron-holes. Compared with oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), besides C2 products, H 2 is also produced in NOCM process. However, the effect of the photogenerative carriers on the yield and selectivity of photocatalytic NOCM products is still unclear. We tested Au 1 -ZnO/TiO 2 synthesized by NaBH 4 reduction and photodeposition in a flowing gas reactor at atmospheric pressure without external heat source. The Au 1 -ZnO/TiO 2 -N sample showed a superior C 2 H 6 yield of 0.015 mmol/h accompanied by a small amount of H 2 production (1.32 μmol/h). Meanwhile, Au 1 -ZnO/TiO 2 -p120 sample shows much higher H 2 yield (0.012 mmol/h) and a lower C 2 H 6 yield (4.96 μmol/h). Through varies characterizations, we demonstrated that the selectivity of C 2 H 6 and H 2 are highly related to photogenerative carriers. We propose that defects affect the degree of peroxidation in photocatalytic NOCM by controlling the concentration of photogenerated holes. [Display omitted] • No external heat source was used in the photocatalytic NOCM reaction under ambient pressure. • Flowing gas reactor was used for continuously producing C 2 H 6. • The maximum yield of C 2 H 6 is 0.015 mmol/h, and the maximum yield of H 2 is 0.012 mmol/h. • Defects in Au 1 -ZnO/TiO 2 promote carrier recombination and control the peroxidation of C and H intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous flow Electrochemical Peroxidation (EP) was studied as a method for wastewater treatment in the Mexican textile industry. Fe2+ was generated in a reactor by electrochemical cells in the presence of H 2 O 2. EP was combined with later stages of flocculation, sedimentation and vacuum filtration, in order to study the effects of pH, Fe dose, and H 2 O 2 concentration on overall process efficiency. Under optimal conditions (747 mg/L of Fe and 1226 mg/L of H 2 O 2 at pH 3.0, obtained by means of a central compound design, it was possible to remove 86.4% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 97.7% of the color. It was observed that electrocoagulation (EC) and chemical oxidation (CO) with H 2 O 2 have a synergistic effect when applied simultaneously during EP, compared to either effect on its own. EP was found to have an operating cost of 3.87 USD/m3, which accounts for energy consumption, chemical products, transport, and sludge disposal. This work is novel because it analyzes the effect of the main variables for EP in a continuous flow reactor with water from the textile industry, with competitive costs and treatment times applicable to real units. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant and has been frequently detected in aquatic environments. However, its effects in fish from Asia remain relatively less studied. In this study, the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva was exposed to 0, 50, and 200 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h and 42 d. The effects of fluoxetine on biometrics were compared to biochemical endpoints indicative of stress in different fish tissues (brain, liver, gills and intestine) following exposures. In fish exposed for 42 d, lipid peroxidation endpoints were enhanced 80% in the liver and gills. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was increased 40% after exposure to 50 µg/L and 55% at 200 µg/L following 4 h exposure. In contrast AChE was increased 26% (at 50 µg/L) after 42 d of exposures. Enhanced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was detected only in fish exposed to 50 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h. The activity of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) was also induced (at 200 µg/L) after 4 h of exposure. After 4 h of exposure, the activities of proteases in the intestine were generally inhibited at 200 µg/L. Both 4 h and 42 d exposures resulted in an increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) but did not affect the condition factor (CF). Our results demonstrate that fluoxetine significantly altered biochemical endpoints in P. parva after acute exposure and the morphological changes in liver size were not observed until 42 d of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, live weight, live weight gain, plasma GPx, GR, LDH, ALT activities, triglyceride, total protein, albumin and LPO levels, also liver and brain SOD and GPx activities were investigated after administration of boron (0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 mg/day) into male mice with drinking water for 60 days. Blood albumin and triglyceride levels were not affected with boron (p > 0.05) where triglyceride levels, with increasing amounts of boron, displayed a slight decrease within the normal ranges. From the antioxidant-oxidant balance parameters, LPO and GR levels were not affected from boron, where GPx activity was increased significantly (p < 0.001) comparing the groups of boron and control. LDH and ALT activities were affected significantly (p < 0.001) with decreased ALT and increased LDH levels with increasing amounts of boron. In regards of liver and brain GPx and SOD activities, significant increases were determined. Liver GPx and SOD activities were increased within the groups with the increasing amount of boron, where in brain, SOD (p < 0.05) was affected significantly but GPx (p > 0.05) displayed a gradual insignificant increase. As regards live weight gain, a gradual increase was determined during experimental period, but only the 45th day, the increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05). It is suggested that, new studies on the effects of different doses and compounds of boron in laboratory animals in regards of antioxidant and metabolic effects may be helpful for the understanding of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al contamination becomes a growing problem in human society. Accumulation of Al in blood could destroy the structure and disorder function of erythrocyte, and finally cause blood diseases. In the present study, AlCl 3 and Al(malt) 3 are respectively used in the erythrocyte system, in order to investigate the comparative toxic effect on erythrocyte fragility, the influence on cellular biochemical components and lipid peroxidation level. We find that the osmotic fragility, the number of Heinz bodies, the content of MDA and advanced oxidation protein product of the AlCl 3 treated erythrocytes were higher than the Al(malt) 3 treated erythrocytes at the same concentrations of Al(Ⅲ). The morphological and membrane protein changes of the AlCl 3 treated group show superior to the Al(malt) 3 treated group. In summary, we conclude that the comparative effect on the erythrocyte between organic aluminum and inorganic aluminum is significantly different, and the prime comparative difference between the toxic effects of both the compounds is oxidative stress. Further research should focus on in vivo experiments to confirm the differential toxicity and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Al-induced erythrocyte toxicity in order to prevent hematological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to mercury (Hg) and the ingestion of peroxidized edible oil represent a health risk. This study evaluated the effects of peroxidized coconut oil (CO) on the liver and kidney of rats treated with Hg. Methods: Male albino Wistar rats were administered HgCl2 and CO separately or as a combination for 21 days. The concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which were used as markers of oxidative stress were measured in the liver and kidney homogenates. The activities of gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the levels of bilirubin and creatinine (CREA) as markers of liver and kidney functions were analyzed in the serum. Results: The level of MDA in the kidney and liver homogenates was significantly increased in the HgCl2, CO, and CO + HgCl2 groups when compared to control values (p < 0.05). Liver SOD activity and GSH level were increased and CAT activity was decreased, whereas kidney GSH level and SOD activity were decreased and CAT activity was increased in the CO and CO + HgCl2 groups when compared to control values (p < 0.05). The increase in CREA and bilirubin levels as well as γ-GT and LDH activities observed in the CO + HgCl2 group when compared to the control values (p < 0.05) were associated with pathological changes in both tissues, and were considered to be due to oxidative stress. Conclusions: In summary, peroxidized CO and Hg alone or in combination induces oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the electrochemical peroxidation (EP) process on the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated. Different EP process conditions were assessed using an electrolytic cell based on stainless steel electrodes and O 2 injection. Parameters, such as H 2 O 2 (25–1000 mg L −1 ), electrical current density (ECD) (19.71–164.26 A m −2 ), Fe 2+ (0.5 and 2.0 mg L −1 ), initial solution pH (2.5–9.0), and electrolysis treatments (5–90 min), were varied to determine the best EP performance. Changes in CIP, total organic carbon, and residual H 2 O 2 , as well as solution pH, were monitored during the EP performance analysis. Additionally, a set of intermediary by-products and chemical element concentrations was identified and quantified. The toxicity levels of the samples, in terms of the median lethal concentration ( LC 50 ), were assessed with Lactuca sativa -based bioassays tests. By setting the ECD, initial H 2 O 2 concentration, initial pH, and electrolysis treatment to 32.85 A m −2 , 100 mg L −1 , 3, and 30 min, respectively, the optimal EP performance on CIP removal was attained. Conversely, low toxicity levels were observed for shorter electrolytic treatments (<45 min), with LC 50 reduced to 40% of their initial values due to a strong drop in intermediate by-products and metals, and 30 min electrolytic treatments being more suitable for yielding efficient EP process performance. Finally, it is recommended that this EP process is considered as a complementary treatment to assist in reducing the negative impacts of the inappropriate discharge of pharmaceuticals in water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe-Cu-MCM-41/O 3 was first used as an alternative to O 3 to control disinfection by-products generation from chlorinated-disinfection of Br-containing Diclofenac. Accompanying with decrease of TOC, THMs and HAAs had an initial increase, reaching the highest at 30 min, then gradually decreased. Coupling Fe-Cu-MCM-41 with O 3 successfully enhanced TOC removal and inhibited bromate, THMs and HAAs formation in post-chlorination when compared with those in ozonation. Four kinds of THMs and six kinds of HAAs were detected. CHCl 3 was main Cl-THMs and CHBrCl 2 was main Br-THMs. CHCl 2 COOH was the dominant Cl-HAAs and CHClBrCOOH was main Br-HAAs. A converse Br-THMs order was observed in O 3 and Fe-Cu-MCM-41/O 3 pre-treatment. Fe-Cu-MCM-41 decreased ozone exposure, reducing the direct reaction of O 3 with Br − to form bromate. More DBPs precursors in Fe-Cu-MCM-41/O 3 were removed by ·OH. H 2 O 2 , which generated during pre-treatment process, reduced HBrO/BrO − to Br − , inhibiting both its reaction with Br-DBPs precursors and bromate formation. The pre-treatment process changed intermediates’ properties and hydrophilic DOM was the dominant component. Hydrophobic acids and transphilic DOM were the main chlorine consuming intermediates and had major contribution to DBPs formation. Fulvic-like intermediates was suggested as precursors of Br-DBPs. Fe-Cu-MCM-41/O 3 were suggested as a good alternative to O 3 pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is a continuation of two previous studies in which biomarker fatty acids (12 of 56 FA pools) were analysed in Helix pomatia L. after heterogeneous micro-supplementation of Zn and Cu (administered in five micro-doses in the form of salts and EDTA and lysine chelates). This time, peroxidation (PI) and unsaturation coefficients (UI) as biomarker were analysed. These indices were calculated based on the FA profile in the foot and hepatopancreas of snails. The correlation of frequently used oxidation status indicators of organisms (catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, selenium-dependent peroxidase - se-GPx, superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione transferase - GST, glutathione reductase - GR, glutathione - GSH, carbonyl protein - CP, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS) with the rarely used UI and PI ratios was analysed. It was found that the 12-week micro-exposure to Zn and Cu did not inhibit but rather stimulated antioxidative defence at a sufficient level to increase the values of peroxidation/unsaturation indices in comparison to the control groups. Induction of an opposite process to oxidation of fatty acids was demonstrated. Maximum activities and amounts of antioxidants as well as minima of protein and lipid decomposition were recorded in groups supplemented with 0.75 mg/l Zn and 1.0 mg/l Cu. The possibility of a direct use of fatty acids as well as peroxidation/unsaturation indices as sensitive and reproducible biomarkers of exposure and oxidative physiological status in snails was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) process for the removal of pyridine bearing wastewater by nanoscale zero-valent iron. In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron was dispersed uniformly on granular activated carbon (GAC) with the help of chemical reduction method under ethanol atmosphere. N 2 adsorption-desorption study demonstrates the possibility of the existence of slit pores in dominant form. The surface area (S BET ) of the GAC decreased significantly after nFe 0 loading on to the GAC channel to 191 m 2 /g. Catalytic wet peroxidation process was optimized by examine the influencing experimental parameters such as pH, catalyst dose, hydrogen peroxide and temperature. During CWPO process pyridine and TOC removal with time courses of 300 min at 333 K were evaluated and reached maximum removal 93% and 78%, respectively. Pyridine degradation kinetics followed the two-step first-order kinetics. The activation energy for the first-step and second-step of the oxidation process of pyridine was 33.5 kJ/mol and 19.1 kJ/mol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing presence of yttrium (Y) in the environment raises concern regarding its safety and toxicity. However, limited toxicological data are available to determine cardiotoxicity of Y and its underlying mechanisms. In the present study, yttrium chloride (YCl 3) intervention with different doses was performed in male Kunming mice for the toxicological evaluation of Y in the heart. After 28 days of intragastric administration, 500 mg/kg·bw YCl 3 induces iron accumulation in cardiomyocytes, and triggers ferroptosis through the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)/glutathione (GSH)/system Xc− axis via the inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway. This process led to cardiac lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. Further RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis found that many genes involved in ferroptosis and lipid metabolism-related pathways were enriched. The ferroptosis induced by YCl 3 in cardiomyocytes ultimately caused cardiac injury and dysfunction in mice. Our findings assist in the elucidation of the potential subacute cardiotoxicity of Y3+ and its underlying mechanisms. • Yttrium chloride can induce iron accumulation in mice cardiomyocytes. • Yttrium chloride can trigger ferroptosis through GPX4/GSH/system Xc− axis via the inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway. • Yttrium chloride can cause subacute cardiac injury and dysfunction in mice. • Ferroptosis can be a viable target for protecting against YCl 3 -induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estuaries of the Aconcagua and Maipo Rivers of central Chile are receptors of residues that contain metals from anthropic activities including agriculture, mining and smelters, which have different levels in the two basins. This study postulates that the exposition to metals is different in the two estuaries and that their sediments contain bioavailable chemical agents that produce oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of estuarine sediments on the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis using oxidative stress biomarkers and to determine the metal concentrations in sediments and their accumulation in P. gualpensis . Sediments and organisms were collected in December 2015 and January 2016 in the estuaries. The Catapilco estuary was used as control, since its basin has little anthropic activity. The metal concentrations of Fe Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were determined in tissues of the organisms and in sediments. The granulometry, conductivity, redox potential, pH and organic matter in sediments were determined, as well as catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. The results show that the concentrations of metals in sediments were higher in the estuary of the Aconcagua River: Cu: 48 ± 2 μg g −1 ; Fe: 154 ± 19 mg g −1 , Pb: 20 ± 3 μg g −1 and Zn: 143 ± 20 μg g −1 . In tissues, Pb and Fe were higher in the estuary of the Maipo River, while Cd was detected only in the Catapilco River mouth. Catalase activity was greater in the estuary of the Aconcagua River and lipid peroxidation in the estuary of the Catapilco River. Significant regressions were found between biomarkers of oxidative stress and metal concentrations in tissues of P. gualpensis . In conclusion, the sediments of the studied estuaries contain bioavailable chemical agents that provoke oxidative stress in P. gualpensis , which may be a risk for the benthic communities of these ecosystems. This species is proposed to monitor metals bioavailability and oxidative stress in estuarine sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated necrosis that involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. How cells die once ferroptosis is triggered remains unclear. Ferroptosis is hypothesized to require three critical events: (1) accumulation of redox-active iron, (2) glutathione depletion, and (3) lipid peroxidation. It is proposed that these three events must unfold simultaneously because stopping any critical event also stops ferroptosis. These events are hypothesized to amplify in severity through positive feedback loops. The cause of death in ferroptosis is therefore the synergistic combination of antioxidant depletion, iron toxicity, and membrane denaturation. The relevance of these feedback loops for cancer and neurodegenerative therapies is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternanthera sessilis , a widely consumed leafy vegetable in different parts of India, was investigated for its phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cataract activities using standard procedures. Antioxidant assays were done by in vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl −2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assays. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antibacterial tests were performed by disc/agar well diffusion methods using laboratory and clinical human isolates of chosen micro-organisms. Anti-cataract activities were determined by lipid peroxidation and Na + - K + ATPase assays. Experimental results indicate that all the organic solvent extracts contained flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, phytosterols and alkaloids. Highest total phenolic content was found in ethyl acetate extract (67.75 μg GAE/mg) followed by methanolic (44 μg GAE/mg), Chloroform (12.13 μg GAE/mg) and petroleum ether (0.013 μg GAE/mg) extracts. In general, the reducing power ability increased with the increase in concentration of the extract. Highest reducing power ability was shown by the chloroform extract followed by ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and methanolic extracts. High percentages of DPPH radical scavenging activities were obtained with acetone (57.6%) and ethyl acetate (64.73%) extracts while very low/no activity was obtained with petroleum ether (20.04%) and chloroform (0%) extracts. Antibacterial potential of the extracts was evident from the zones of inhibition obtained against different clinical bacterial strains tested and the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 18.75 mg/ml to 75 mg/ml. Thus, the leaves of A. sessilis have good antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cataract activities and their consumption by humans have beneficial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the oxidation of phenol via heterogeneous Fenton-like process over silver-based catalysts loaded on CeO 2 , ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 has been evaluated. Structural and morphological properties were investigated by conventional techniques and catalytic tests were carried out in an autoclave at 343 K. Phenol conversion was evaluated by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) measurements. The influence of pH and temperature on phenol conversion was also considered. Silver-doped ceria exhibited a good activity in the oxidation of phenol and the optimization of the reaction variables (pH and temperature) led to an increase of the activity reaching an almost complete degradation of the pollutant at pH = 2 and 343 K. The deactivation of the catalyst after up to five cycles were evaluated and the material resulted to be very stable. The present study highlights the potential of silver supported catalyst for the removal of organic compounds in wastewaters via heterogeneous Fenton-like system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids in blood samples, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are susceptible to degradation through peroxidation reactions during long-term storage. Storage of blood samples is necessary in almost all studies and is crucial for larger clinical studies and in field research settings where it is not plausible for analytical infrastructure. Despite this, PUFA stability during blood storage is often overlooked. This review introduces and discusses lipid peroxidation and popular strategies employed to prevent or minimize peroxidation reactions during fatty acid analysis. Further, an in-depth examination of fatty acid stability during storage of blood is discussed in detail for all blood fractions including plasma/serum, erythrocytes and whole blood stored both in cryovials and on chromatography paper before discussing the associated mechanisms of degradation during storage. To our knowledge this is the first review of its kind and will provide researchers with the necessary information to confidently store blood samples for fatty acid analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Critical illness neuropathy (CIN) is a condition that may occur in diseases with severe systemic response, particularly in sepsis. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and lipid-peroxidation inhibiting activities of lacosamide by measuring tumour necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and white blood cells (WBC) using electroneuromyography (ENMG) in rats with sepsis-induced critical illness neuropathy (SICIN). Methods: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure was performed on 39 rats to induce a sepsis model. The study groups were designed as follows: Group 1: normal (nonoperative); Group 2: (shamoperated); Group 3: CLP (untreated group); Group 4: CLP and lacosamide 20 mg/kg; Group 5: CLP and lacosamide 40 mg/kg. TNF-alpha, C reactive protein, MDA and WBC levels was measured and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) distal latans, amplitudes were measured by using ENMG in rats with SICIN. Results: When untreated sepsis group was compared with both control and sham groups, CMAP amplitudes and latans were significantly lower (P<000.1). When CLP, CLPzlacosamide 20 mg/kg and CLPzlacosamide 40 mg/kg groups were compared, plasma levels of TNF-alpha and MDA were significantly higher in the untreated CLP group (F 512.74, P<0.0001), (F =19.43, P<0.05). In the CLPzlacosamide 40 mg/kg group, CRP levels were significantly lower only compared to the CLP group (P<0.001). Discussion: We have showed that lacosamide may have beneficial effects on early SICIN by its potential anti-inflammatory and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities; however, further comprehensive studies are required to clarify these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of the hydro-methanol (2:3) extract of the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. To evaluate the antioxidant activity, the effects of the extract on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging potential, scavenging of nitric oxide, and antilipid peroxidation activity by biochemical methods were examined. Total phenol and flavonoid content in the extract were measured biochemically as per standard methods. Results indicated that the hydro-methanol (2:3) extract had strong scavenging activity on the DPPH radical with an IC 50 value 80.54 μg/mL, the hydroxyl radical with an IC 50 value 60.76 μg/mL, and hydrogen peroxide with an IC 50 value 66.10 μg/mL. The hydro-methanol (2:3) extract also showed notable inhibition of lipid peroxidation with an IC 50 value 61.23 μg/mL and nitric oxide with an IC 50 value of 81.56 μg/mL. Phytochemical study showed that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds [46.25 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dried extract] and flavonoids [231.72 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dried extract]. The present study provides evidence that the hydro-methanol (2:3) extract of seeds of S. mahagoni is a potential source of natural antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure has been related to the abnormal glucose metabolism and the risk of diabetes. However, the joint effects of various PCBs are uncertain and the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate the associations of serum PCBs with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and the risk of diabetes among a general Chinese population, and to estimate the mediating effects of oxidative stress in the above associations. Serum levels of seven indicator-PCBs (PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) and FPG values were determined among 4498 subjects from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Oxidative DNA damage biomarker (urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) and lipid peroxidation biomarker (urinary 8-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF 2α) were also measured. Positive relationships of serum PCBs with FPG values as well as the risk of diabetes were observed. With each 1% increment in the natural log-transformed values of wet weight serum PCBs, FPG levels increased a 0.125% for PCB-52, 0.168% for PCB-118, 0.221% for PCB-138, 0.273% for PCB-153, and 0.379% for ΣPCB (the sum of seven PCBs). The adjusted odds ratios of diabetes associated with wet weight PCBs were 1.186 for PCB-52, 1.373 for PCB-118, 1.635 for PCB-153, and 1.456 for ΣPCB. The seven serum PCBs showed positive overall effect on the risk of diabetes. Elevated PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, and ΣPCB were associated with the increased urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α , which was positively related with FPG values. Furthermore, urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α partially mediated the positive associations between PCBs and FPG values, with the mediated proportions ranged from 3.20 to 12.93%. In conclusion, our results suggested that serum PCBs were positively related with increased oxidative stress, FPG values, and the risk of diabetes among a general Chinese population. Serum PCBs mixture had positive overall effect on the risk of diabetes. Lipid peroxidation partly mediated the FPG elevation induced by PCB exposure. [Display omitted] • Serum PCB-52, 118, 138, and 153 and ∑PCB were positively associated with FPG levels. • Serum PCB-52, 118, and 153 and ∑PCB were positively associated with risk of diabetes. • PCBs mixture showed positive overall effect on the risk of diabetes. • Increased serum PCBs were associated with elevated urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α. • Urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α mediated the associations between serum PCBs and increased FPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite widespread use of antioxidants, reactive oxygen species have important functions in normal tissues. Herein, we present an example of a physiological role for free radicals, and in particular, reactive oxygen species, that are suppressed by anti-oxidants. Free radicals catalyze the degradation of hyaluronan in synovial fluid, a tissue in which hyaluronidase activity is barely detectable. Articular cartilage requires a low oxygen environment. The process of hyaluronan peroxidation consumes significant amounts of molecular oxygen, thus keeping the tension of oxygen in the joint at a low but physiologically critical level. One concern is the change in physical activity between day and night, with periods of joint hyperemia and ischemia, respectively. Increased oxygen and the resulting oxidative stress would lead to chondrocyte dysfunction and cartilage damage. A mechanism for keeping oxygen levels low is required. We postulate that a mechanism indeed exists for the removal of excess oxygen. High-molar-mass hyaluronan turnover in synovial fluid utilizes peroxidative degradation, during which oxygen is massively consumed. The peroxidation itself may be initiated by hydrogen peroxide, which is produced by chondrocyte mitochondria, that can diffuse into the synovial fluid. The resulting decrease in available oxygen down-regulates hyaluronan peroxidation. This in turn prevents excessive oxygen consumption. It appears that free radicals and reactive oxygen species may be components of normal physiology, particularly in the synovial fluid of joints and articular cartilage. It is suggested therefore that indiscriminate use of anti-oxidants, vigorously promoted currently by health professionals and the health industry, be approached with caution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Physical exercise has many benefits, but it might also have a negative impact on the body, depending on the training level, length of workout, gender, age and fitness. The negative effects of physical exercise are commonly attributed to an imbalance between the levels of antioxidants (both low molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species due to excessive production of free radicals during physical exercise. In this critical review, we look for answers for three specific questions regarding the interrelationship between physical exercise and oxidative stress (OS), namely, (i) the dependence of the steady-state level of OS on fitness, (ii) the effect of intensive exercise on the OS and (iii) the dependence of the effect of the intense exercise on the individual fitness. All these questions have been raised, investigated and answered, but the answers given on the basis of different studies are different. In the present review, we try to explain the reason(s) for the inconsistencies between the conclusions of different investigations, commonly based on the concentrations of specific biomarkers in body fluids. We think that most of the inconsistencies can be attributed to the difference between the criteria of the ill-defined term denoted OS, the methods used to test them and in some cases, between the qualities of the applied assays. On the basis of our interpretation of the differences between different criteria of OS, we consider possible answers to three well-defined questions. Possible partial answers are given, all of which lend strong support to the conclusion that the network responsible for homeostasis of the redox status is very effective. However, much more data are required to address the association between exercise and OS and its dependence on various relevant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of multiple biomarker responses is nowadays recognized as a valuable tool to circumvent potential confounding factors affecting biomonitoring studies and allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying exposure to natural mixtures of toxicants. For the purpose of an environmental risk assessment (ERA) in an impacted estuary in SW Europe (the Sado, Portugal), juvenile Solea senegalensis from commercial fishing areas were surveyed for histopathological liver alterations and biochemical biomarkers. Although the findings revealed moderate differences in the patterns of histopathological traits between urban/industrial- and agricultural-influenced areas within the same estuary, no significant distinction was found between the cumulative alterations in animals from the two sites. The overall level of histopathological injury was low and severe traits like neoplasms or pre-neoplastic foci were absent. While metallothionein induction and lipid peroxidation could relate to histopathological condition indices, the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes appeared to be impaired in animals collected off the estuary's heavy-industry belt (the most contaminated site), which may partially explain some degree of hepatic integrity loss. Overall, the results are consistent with low-moderate contamination of the estuary and indicate that oxidative stress is the most important factor accounting for differences between sites. The study highlights the need of integrating multiple biomarkers when multiple environmental stressors are involved and the advantages of surveying toxicity effects in field-collected, foraging, organisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, the impact of technical grade glyphosate acid on Limnoperna fortunei was assessed employing outdoor microcosms treated with nominal glyphosate concentrations of 1, 3 and 6mgL−1. At the end of the experiment (26 days), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterases (CES) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. GST and ALP activities and lipid peroxidation levels showed a significant increase with respect to controls in the mussels exposed to glyphosate (up to 90, 500 and 69 percent, respectively). CES and SOD activities showed a significant decrease in glyphosate exposed bivalves with respect to controls (up to 48 and 37 percent, respectively). CAT and AChE did not show differences between exposed and no exposed bivalves. The increase in lipid peroxidation levels and the decrease in SOD and CES activities observed in L. fortunei indicate that glyphosate had adverse effects on the metabolism of this bivalve. The results of the present study also indicate that a “multibiomarker approach” provides a more precise knowledge of the impact of glyphosate on L. fortunei. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Lead (Pb) exposure is considered as a risk factor responsible for renal impairment in humans. On the other hand, the halophyte Sarcocornia perennis is a fresh vegetable crop suitable for leafy vegetable production. This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro protective activity of S. perennis against lead-induced damages in HEK293 kidney cells. Morphological and biochemical indicators were used to assess cytotoxicity and oxidative damages caused by Pb treatment on the cells. Our results showed that lead induced (1) a decrease in cell viability (MTT), (2) cell distortion and cohesion loss, (3) superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation. Conversely, addition of S. perennis extract to the lead-containing medium alleviated every above syndrome. Thus, cell survival was increased and the production of reactive oxygen species caused by Pb treatment was inhibited. Taken together, our study revealed that S. perennis has potent cytoprotective effect against Pb-induced toxicity in HEK 293 cell. Such action would proceed through the decrease in ROS levels and resulting oxidative stress, which suggests a potential interest of this halophyte in the treatment of oxidative-stress related diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two aromatic species (Ocimum basilicum L. and Satureja hortensis L.) with different water requirements were submitted to varying water supply, as characterised by different soil water capacities [SWC; control (C), 70% SWC; Stress 1 (S1), 50% SWC; and Stress 2 (S2), 30% SWC] in a growth chamber. The effect of water deficit on the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated at three phenological phases (before flowering, at full-flowering, and after flowering) in both plant species. The results revealed that MDA contents were significantly higher in savory than in basil. However, significant increases in MDA contents, as a consequence of changes in the water supply, were detected only in basil (by 23% and 49% in S1 and S2, respectively). In contrast, SOD activities in control plants showed similar values in both species. Elevated SOD activities were detected in basil and in savory as a reaction to water deficit stress, with maximum SOD activities occurring during full-flowering (3.212 Units mg-1 protein and 2.655 Units mg-1 protein in basil and savory, respectively). We conclude that water deficit stress (to 50% or 30% SWC) may result in increased SOD activities, which were responsible for the decreased levels of superoxide free radicals in both species examined. However, under the conditions used here, enhanced LPO was detectable only in basil, known as a plant with a high water requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lipid peroxidation and DNA methylation were observed in erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to soluble fractions of textile, metal–mechanic and pulp and paper industrial waste, after a period of 48h. Lipid peroxidation was quantified by the rate of malondialdehyde (MDA) and DNA methylation was quantified by the rate of 5-methyldeoxycytosine (m5dC). Soluble fractions of textile industrial waste caused metabolic changes for all studied samples. In organisms exposed to samples TX1 and TX2 (textile waste) MDA rates were 132.36 and 140.28nM MDA/mg protein, respectively, while in control organism the MDA rates were 27.5nM MDA/mg protein. All samples from soluble fractions of textile industrial waste induced increases in m5dC rates, increases varied between 300 percent and 700 percent when compared to the control organism. All the organisms exposed to soluble fractions of metal–mechanic industrial waste presented increases between 360 percent and 600 percent in the rates of MDA, and one of them (sample MM3) induced an increase of 180 percent in the rate of m5dC, when compared to control. Although a significant increase was not observed in the MDA rate of fish exposed to the soluble fractions of pulp and paper industrial waste, there was an increase of 460 percent in the rate of m5dC in one of the samples (sample PP2), when compared to control. The results showed that the soluble fractions of these industrial wastes are capable of inducing oxidative damage and altering the DNA methylation of O. niloticus. Thus, the MDA and m5dC rates demonstrated to be effective biomarkers of exposure, which could be used to evaluate the toxicity of soluble fractions of industrial solid waste. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To study the chemical constituents of stembark of Garcinia malaccensis (G. malaccensis) together with apoptotic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods: Purification and structure elucidation were carried out by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. MTT and trypan blue exclusion methods were performed to study the cytotoxic activity. Antibacterial activity was conducted by disc diffusion and microdilution methods, whereas antioxidant activities were done by ferric thiocyanate method and DPPH radical scavenging. Results: The phytochemical study led to the isolation of α,β-mangostin and cycloart-24-en-3β-ol. α-Mangostin exhibited cytotoxic activity against HSC-3 cells with an IC50 of 0.33 μM. β- and α-mangostin showed activity against K562 cells with IC50 of 0.40 μM and 0.48 μM, respectively. α-Mangostin was active against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacilus anthracis (B. anthracis) with inhibition zone and MIC value of (19 mm; 0.025 mg/mL) and (20 mm; 0.013 mg/mL), respectively. In antioxidant assay, α-mangostin exhibited activity as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Conclusions: G. malaccensis presence α- and β-mangostin and cycloart-24-en-3β-ol. β-Mangostin was found very active against HSC-3 cells and K562. The results suggest that mangostins derivatives have the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. In addition, α-and β-mangostin was found inhibit the growth of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and also showed the activity as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of boswellic acid against monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in mice Methods: The mice were divided into four experimental groups. Group I served as control; mice in group II were injected with monosodium urate crystal; group III consisted of monosodium urate crystal-induced mice who were treated with boswellic acid (30 mg/kg/b.w.); group IV comprised monosodium urate crystal-induced mice who were treated with indomethacin (3 mg/kg/b.w.). Paw volume and levels/activities of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant status and inflammatory mediator TNF-α were determined in control and monosodium urate crystal-induced mice. In addition, the levels of β-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured in monosodium urate crystal-incubated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in vitro Results: The activities of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and tumour necrosis factor-α levels and paw volume were increased significantly in monosodium urate crystal-induced mice, whereas the activities of antioxidant status were in turn decreased. However, these changes were modulated to near normal levels upon boswellic acid administration. in vitro, boswellic acid reduced the level of β-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase in monosodium urate crystal-incubated PMNL in concentration dependent manner when compared with control cells. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study further strengthen the anti-inflammatory/antiarthritic effect of boswellic acid, which was already well established by several investigators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The production of secondary sewage sludge at urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is increasing and this, in turn, leads to significantly higher wastewater treatment costs. Thermal Hydrolysis (TH) and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), such as Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) or Fenton''s peroxidation, have been widely studied in an effort to manage this type of waste. In this work, a new process named Advanced Thermal Hydrolysis (ATH) is introduced for the pre-treatment and/or treatment of secondary sewage sludge and the advantages in terms of performance and improvements have been evaluated. The ATH process employs the synergistic effect of peroxidation plus direct steam injection and it operates under mild conditions and without the addition of a catalyst. The dewaterability and solubilization of sludge processed by ATH were monitored and the results were compared with those obtained by TH. The organic matter elimination was also assessed, with satisfactory results obtained in most cases. A concise economic viability discussion is included in this paper and it was concluded that ATH is a promising technology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, Capoeta capoeta was used to determine plasma total sialic acid (TSA), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in fishes applied glyphosate. The animals in group I in normal water environment, group II and group III sequentially in aquariums added 0.01 and 0.02 mg/L glyphosate were waited for 10 days. Plasma TSA levels in group II animals were higher than group I and group III. There was not significantly difference between groups in terms of plasma NO levels. MDA levels were determined to be higher in group III compared the other two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to estimate antioxidative status of two malignant-mammary gland carcinoma (Walker 256/B) and malignant-prostate carcinoma cells (MatLyLu) disseminated in ascitic fluids. Malignant carcinoma cells (107 cells) were twice serially intraperitoneal injected in male Wistar rats to develop ascites. After 7 days, ascitic fluids were collected, and cells in suspension were usable for biological assays. Cellular lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Some antioxidant parameters: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were also assessed. Comparisons with control baseline (cells maintained in normal culture medium) were analyzed. TBARS levels were found to be significantly decreased in both ascitic cancer cells compared to the baseline except for in the ascite I of MatLyLu cells. On the other hand, SOD and CAT activities were found to be statistically increased in the two malignant ascitic passages. GSH-Px levels were elevated in the first and in the second ascitic passages (p <0.05 and p <0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that malignant ascites are associated not only with reduced levels of TBARS but also with increased antioxidant parameters, indicating the increasing antioxidant potency of two cancer cells during malignancies process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the role of lead in the development of oxidative stress in the brain. We examined the rate of lipid peroxidation and we determined lipid fluorescence products (lipofuscin-like pigments – LFP) as a marker of lipid peroxidation after short in vitro incubation of rat brain homogenates with lead acetate (10−2, 10−4, 10−6 M lead acetate, 2h). Simultaneously we examined by the same method in vivo indices of oxidative stress in brains of mice exposed for 12 weeks to 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water. The results show that the concentration of LFP in rat brain homogenates increased significantly after 2h incubation with 10−2 M lead acetate as compared to controls (P <0.0001). This effect was not observed in lower doses of lead acetate (10−4 and 10−6 M). After the long-term exposure of mice to 0.2% lead acetate, pronounced accumulation of lead and significantly increased concentration of LFP (P <0.004) in the brains of exposed animals as compared to controls were observed. The evidence for the formation of specific fluorophores originating from oxidative damage was shown also in qualitative changes in 3D spectral arrays and synchronous spectra. The presented results proved the influence of lead on the activation of radical reactions in the brain after short in vitro exposure of rat brain as well as within long-term in vivo exposure in mice using lipofuscin-like pigments as an indicator of oxidative stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Neurodegerative diseases have been linked to oxidative stress arising from peroxidation of membrane biomolecules and high levels of Fe have been reported to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorder. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end-product of lipid peroxidation and the production of this aldehyde is used as a biomarker to measure the level of oxidative stress in an organism. The present study compares the protective properties of two varieties of ginger [red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)] on Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Incubation of the brain tissue homogenate in the presence of Fe caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the brain. However, the aqueous extract from both varieties of ginger caused a significant decrease in the MDA contents of the brain in a dose-dependent manner. However, the aqueous extract of red ginger had a significantly higher inhibitory effect on both Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain homogenates than that of white ginger. This higher inhibitory effect of red ginger could be attributed to its significantly higher phytochemical content, Fe2+ chelating ability, OHng ability and reducing power. However, part of the mechanisms through which the extractable phytochemicals in ginger (red and white) protect the brain may be through their antioxidant activity, Fe2+ chelating and OHng ability. Therefore, oxidative stress in the brain could be potentially managed/prevented by dietary intake of ginger varieties (red ginger and white ginger rhizomes). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been established as a model system for cancer studies, due to the widely conserved family of genes involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation and apoptosis. In the current study, we sought to determine whether copper deprivation modulates sensitivity of yeast to cisplatin. Yeast cultures grown in low copper medium and exposed to bathocuproiene disulfate (BCS) resulted in significant reduction of intracellular copper. We report here that low copper medium rendered BY4741 hypersensitive to cisplatin (CDDP). Yeast grown in low copper medium exhibited ∼2.0 fold enhanced cytotoxicity in survival and colony-forming ability, compared to copper adequate control cells grown in YPD. The effect of copper restriction on CDDP sensitivity appeared to be associated with the up regulation of CTR1, facilitating enhanced uptake and accumulation of CDDP. Also, CDDP further lowered copper deprivation-induced changes in CUP1 metallothionein levels, SOD activity and GSH levels. These changes were associated with increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by CDDP. These results thus suggest that cisplatin cytotoxicity is potentiated under low copper conditions due to enhanced uptake and accumulation of cisplatin and also in part due to lowered antioxidant defense and increased oxidative stress imposed by copper deprivation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To wonder whether endomorphin 1(EM1), the antioxidative peptide, can protect against the renal toxicology of cadmium (Cd), which probably related to the oxidative injury. Methods: In vivo assays have been designed and performed, such as the measurement of oxidative damage parameters and the index of antioxidative system. Result: Data from our study demonstrated the effect of EM1 could ameliorate the increased concentration of lipid peroxidation products and protein carboxylatio and increase the content of antioxidative system, the antioxidant capacity of EM1 probably relate to its structure. Conclusion: Our study first demonstrated the nephrotoxicity induced by Cd can be suppressed by the treatment of EM1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Prostatitis is a disease that seriously affects the quality of patients’ life. In the majority of cases, chronic prostatitis (chronic pelvic pain syndrome – CPPS) has an unclear pathogenesis. Anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious treatments have remained controversial. According to the latest research, prostatitis has been associated with oxidative stress (OxS) and/or OxS-related genetic polymorphisms. We have observed that prostatitis patients have systemic OxS in case of inflammation and pain. We propose a new explanation for the role of OxS in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and describe the putative OxS-related pathways in detail. The neural vicious circle starts by activation of primary sensory afferents. Glutamate mediates the signal to the neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and facilitates calcium influx into their mitochondria. The latter causes an increased production of superoxide radicals. If the superoxide production is not effectively controlled by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), then superoxide leads to OxS and lipid peroxidation. Consequent release of electrophilic lipid peroxidation products (LPP) from dorsal horn of the spinal cord causes pain by activating the primary sensory afferents, again. Additional LPP-mediated causes of pain include glutathione depletion and neuron sensitisation by isoprostanes. Excretion of LPP into urine may exert positive feedback as well. Currently, different information exists about chronic prostatitis (inflammation, pain, oxidative stress, neural sensitisation, lower urinary tract symptoms). The clear links between these data are actually absent. We propose that vicious circle based on LPP, especially isoprostanes, is the linking mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]