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This paper investigates the pension effect on poverty reduction in rural China, considering the influences of potential substitution income, including earned and transfer income from older adults and children, respectively. The study created a counterfactual group to impute potential substitution income from the income distribution perspective. We find that when substitution income is not considered, pension effect on poverty reduction may be overestimated. Comparing the two types of substitution income, earned income is found to have a larger effect than that of transfer income from children, and it is significantly more for the middle- and high-income groups. The substitution relationship between pensions and earned income has increased in China in recent years. • To investigate the pension effects on poverty reduction. • To investigate the pension effects on income distribution. • Develop a method to calculate the imputed substitution income. • Pension effect may be overestimated when not considering substitution income. • The effect of earned income is larger than that of the transfer income in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Pages is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This 'Afterword' summarises the main themes of the papers, especially the motivation for international humanitarianism and the difficulty of researching it given the paucity of sources, as is all too common with the histories of mainly female activities. Nevertheless, the authors have successfully achieved invaluable analyses of the lives of a fascinating variety of women, and one man, working for deprived people across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While funding of retiree benefits has become a critical challenge to the fiscal sustainability of U.S. local governments, little is known about the consequences of public expenditures on OPEBs and pensions. This study examines whether and when annual contributions to other post-employment benefits (OPEBs) plans affect government borrowing costs. By reducing unfunded liabilities, OPEB contributions may decrease borrowing costs. As two parts of deferred employee compensation, expenditure tradeoffs may exist between OPEBs and pension contributions. Fiscal capacity can further moderate these expenditure tradeoffs. Results show that, as U.S. city and county governments make more contributions to OPEB plans, they pay lower borrowing costs when the pension contribution is low and when fiscal capacity is low. They pay higher borrowing costs when the pension contribution is high and when fiscal capacity is low. These findings suggest that the savings of borrowing costs from OPEB contributions depend on the tradeoffs between OPEB and pension expenditures and the availability of fiscal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropology Magazine is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the factors that intervene in decisions to leave the labour market in the Czech Republic from a gender perspective. It uses binary logistic regression to identify the variables that predict the economic inactivity of men and women at the age of 60 plus and the interactions of variables to examine whether the factors that determine when people exit the labour market are the same for men and women. The analysis uses data from the Labour Force Study (LFS) collected in the fourth quarter of 2017 and focuses on people between the ages of 60 and 69 and five independent variables: gender, education, pension eligibility, marital status, and type of job. It studies how gender intersects with other characteristics in the decision to retire from the labour market. Although pension eligibility is the central predictor of economic inactivity after the age of 60, when eligibility is controlled for here, it is evident that gender, education, job type, and marital status all influence the timing of labour market exits. Women leave work earlier than men, and this is found to be true even when we control for their education or pension eligibility. They are also more likely than men to leave work even if they are not yet eligible to collect a pension. The effect of education is not as straightforward for women as for men: women with the lowest and with the highest levels of education are more likely to continue to work than men with the same educational attainment. Policies to prolong people’s working lives may thus have a different impact on each gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Protecting citizens against social risk is one of the most important tasks of a democratic state. In Poland, it is implemented through the social security system, an important element of which is the pension system. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that determine the functioning and change of the pension system. The considerations concern the demographic, social, economic and political situation. The research problem is the circumstances that determine the need for reform of the Polish old age risk protection system. The following research hypothesis was formulated: functioning and change of the pension system are conditioned by many circumstances, but the most important thing is the demographic situation. Its verification requires the use of the document examination method as well as the method of analysis and criticism of the literature. The considerations undertaken in the article allowed to state that the pension system is subject to frequent changes aimed at adapting it to new conditions. In the author's opinion, the demographic situation is the most important factor affecting the pension system, which may in the future pose an increasing challenge to its long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at a comparison of savings behavior choices in selected countries. Applying national, World Bank and OECD data sources, empirical analysis is provided to describe the structure of savings and changes of savings behavior in years 2006-2016. This study adds to the literature by linking and comparing the population aging process and savings behaviors for retirement. The amount and types of long-term financial assets holdings held by households will increasingly be channeled through activist institutional investors in managing the aging population's retirement financial assets holdings on their behalf. The paper also looks at the efficiency of these portfolio assets performance based on the annual real net rate of investment returns of funded and private pension arrangement managed by pension funds providers between developed and developing countries. The results would have a great significance on how pension system reforms and policies should be implemented differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study suggests a new measure of risk related to firms' pension expenses for their employees. • The new measure is the natural logarithm of the ratio of pension expenses to assets (ROPETA). • This new measure explains the cross-section of stock returns. • Higher ROPETA increases risk and expected stock returns. As life expectancy rises, firms' pension expenses for employees rise as well. This study shows that from around the beginning of the current millennium, US firms' annual mean expenditure on their employee pensions has increased substantially. This expense has become a burden on firms and presents a risk for their activity, which is not diversifiable. An increase in the newly suggested measure causes an increase in the average cross-sectional stock returns. This effect is both statistically and economically significant. Moreover, the effect is sustainable for a variety of robustness tests, both in-sample and out-of-sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that the DC saving method, which is a self-guided saving method, is a contributor to exacerbation in retirees' poverty and income inequality. Economists lobby governments to provide the public with information regarding pension savings to improve the situation, and many studies conclude that employees can improve their decisions substantially by receiving pension advice. This study analyzes Israeli data of four field studies among over 1,500 subjects and the Israeli social survey data of the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS). The findings of the study indicate that providing employees with information regarding pension savings does not encourage them to more pro-actively manage their pension savings nor receive advice from a professional counselor. Surprisingly, the findings suggest that employees are more willing to receive pension savings advice from a counselor on behalf of the state than from a counselor who is not necessarily on behalf of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Security Works is a nongovernmental organization that works to protect and improve the economic security of disadvantaged and at-risk populations; safeguard the economic security of those dependent, now or in the future, on Social Security; and maintain Social Security as a vehicle of social justice. With permission, New Solutions has reprinted a recent report that provides details of the Social Security system's expansive coverage and protections for U.S. individuals and families, as well challenges the system faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of pensions as a source of family wealth has attracted increased attention during the first decades of the twenty-first century. In particular, ever-greater focus is now being placed in many jurisdictions on how the wealth held in pensions is factored into financial remedies on marital breakdown. Notwithstanding that pension entitlements may also be some of the most valuable assets available for distribution on separation or divorce in Ireland, the Irish approach to pensions and pension adjustment orders on marital breakdown has attracted minimal comment or analysis. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature. It pulls together for the first time findings from various studies to investigate the prevalence of pension adjustment orders, specifically, in Irish divorce practice. Reflecting on these findings and the Supreme Court's recent 2019 judgment in F v M, it analyses the regime and considers a multifaceted approach to reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the experiences of Swedish migrant women who are returning to Sweden after having lived abroad for a period of their lives. Most of them have been situated outside the formal labour market during their time abroad and been occupied with family related work. The aim of this article is to analyse how political ideals formulated around work, gender equality and income redistribution, encounter the constructions of Swedishness, gender and heterosexuality in these women's stories. When living abroad, the women were provided for by their husbands. Yet, their positions as "trailing spouses" had had severe impact on their opportunities for reintegration into the labour market as well as for their future - or current - pensions. The article discusses the political and sociological consequences of women's economic dependence, primarily in terms of welfare state distribution and pensions by asking: In what ways are returning migrant women situated in-between a global labour market and the Swedish welfare system in relation to migration, gender and gender equality? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Open Data (LOD) principles are known for a decade now and there are thousands of LOD datasets of variable quality and importance. They often come from academic research projects, which show how LOD can be published, how it can be useful, etc. However, these projects last only for a few years and when they end, the datasets often cease to be maintained. What is needed is to convince the owner of the original data, e.g. an organization in public administration, to keep on publishing LOD on their own even when the project ends. Therefore, it is noteworthy and admirable, when this happens. In this paper we describe how the Czech Social Security Administration (CSSA) publishes official pension statistics as LOD as part of their day-to-day operation, which was jump-started by an applied research project. The data is modeled using the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) vocabulary and the RDF Data Cube Vocabulary (DCV). It is published as RDF data dumps, as a SPARQL endpoint and using IRI dereferencing for semantic web technologies power users. For journalists and other users without knowledge of these technologies, the data is also published as CSV files and visualizations generated from the LOD. We show how the data is reused in applications and how it contributes to statistical indicators in combination with other LOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Deferred compensation constitutes a significant portion of inside debt. Unlike pension plans, deferred compensation can be vested before retirement. If entrenched CEOs take advantage of this attribute of deferred compensation and withdraw it when the firm is in financial distress, the beneficial roles of deferred compensation as a tool for aligning the CEO's interests with those of debtholders are undermined. Moreover, there would be a need to reexamine existing empirical studies in this area which obtain the amount of inside debt by simply adding the monetary value of pension and deferred compensation. This study examines whether deferred compensation can serve as inside debt in real world practices. Using a large sample of S&P 1,500 firms, I find that entrenched CEOs tend to restrict the decision of deferred compensation withdrawal in order to protect debtholders’ value when a firm's distress risk is significant. Therefore, deferred compensation serves as an important alignment role with debtholders in spite of the existence of withdrawal flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With IAS19R, Employee Benefits , the IASB simplified the accounting for defined-benefit pension plans by eliminating the use of an expected pension asset return assumption and by eliminating several of the income smoothing techniques included in the previous standard. To provide prospective evidence useful to the FASB's ongoing attempts to simplify and improve accounting standards, this study applies the revised pension accounting rules under IAS19R to a sample of U.S. firms with defined-benefit pension plans. Overall, there is no significant change in total pension expense from applying IAS19R versus current U.S. GAAP for a sample of S&P 500 firms over 2010–2012. This is due to the effects of eliminating the expected pension asset return and the “corridor” approach to smoothing unrealized gains or losses essentially offsetting each other. However, it is shown that IAS19R would significantly increase pension expense for subsamples of firms with high expected pension asset return assumptions, firms with low levels of amortized net pension losses or gains, and firms with better-funded pension plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Starting from 2008, Romania has a pension system that is based on three pillars: redistributive type pension scheme (Pay As You Go) - Pillar I, mandatory private pension funds - Pillar II and facultative pensions - Pillar III. This system is inspired by a model tested in dozens of countries and recommended by the World Bank. Since we are dealing with a system that hasn't reached the maturity, found in the accumulation phase and for which the outputs are not significant, it is interesting to analyze the indicators and observed the trends. Even if each pillar plays an important role, I'll give importance only to the mandatory private pension funds in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses a very topical issue that is the phenomena and factors influencing the risk of poverty for people aged over 65 years. Thus, for a time horizon of fifteen years that we consider representative, we determined the correlation of seven variables that influence the risk of poverty for a number of twenty-eight Member States of the European Union. We believe that in this way we can assess the impact of aging of the population on the pension systems and we will identify the necessary measures to support the sustainability and capability of the pension systems to provide future adequate replacement income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I have analysed two components of our social protection system in our country: the expenses of social protection and the anticipated old age pension. The main goal of the study is the analysis of the correlation that exists between the expenses with social protection and the anticipated old age pension, while the secondary goal of the study consists of the identification of the way in which the pension increases to an increase of the expenses with social protection by one unit. In order to analyse this correlation, I will use a linear unifactorial regression model which consists of two variables, the expenses with social protection and the anticipated old age pension, and as duration, I will consider a period of ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current financial and economic crisis has serious implications for the underlying ageing challenge. It has demonstrated weaknesses in the design and long-term sustainability of numerous pension schemes. While many EU countries have undertaken measures to adapt to these challenges it is important to ensure that the effects of the crisis and austerity plans do not adversely affect women. Initially this article outlines women's employment and pension situation before considering the implications of the crisis on their pension prospects. Finally, it highlights the need for in-depth discussions about pension systems in the EU which place women at the centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents and examines two expense registers which detail how much French noblewoman Marie-Angélique-Bernard Rasoir, baronne de Noyelles, spent on her children's education and careers from October 1759 to June 1771. The content of both registers is presented, which lists her children according to gender and birth, her personal expenses, and several cooking recipes. It comments on her spelling, math skills, and her detailed entries. Topics of discussion include her upbringing, her eleven children including seven girls and four boys, and the types of expenses including education, career, and gambling debt.

This paper inventories the problems and the adopted solutions within the pension system in Romania. It also presents the main indicators of this system in transition period. Early retirement schemes adopted throughout the first decade of transition the number of pensioners increased considerably. This number reached 80% between 1990 and 2003. Early retirement policy elaborated to solve growing unemployment resulted in reducing the average age of retirement. Consequently, the number of contributors for each pensioner declined from 3.43 in 1990 to only 0.79 in 2003, while the percentage of GDP used for pension expense in the same period fell from 7.2% to 6 5%. To cover a growing deficit of pension funds, the government increased contributions by 49.5% in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-demographic and economic processes that characterize the last period (aging population, reducing the working population, mainly macroeconomic problems of countries in transition, and so on) and will increase in the coming decades transform the problem of social protection for the elderly and special management problem better pension systems a fundamental challenge for both developed countries and those in transition. We can say that for Romania the problem is aggravadet by the alarming delay reform of wrong decisions, lack of vision and coherent strategy in the field. In this context, in addition to the major problems of all former communist countries that have experienced economic decline and a reduction in the number of employees (those who support pension contributions) Romania faces and incompleteness pension system that summarizes the pillar, voluntary and privately managed occupational components are still in draft form and require years to implement and the appearance of effects. Also, phenomena encountered in other transition countries (and even in Western developed countries in recent decades) and early retirements and lower average real retirement age or Pillar I support budget funds were more apparent to us and led an excessive increase in the number of retirees and fewer alarming average real retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pensions represent the restitution modality of contributions paid during the subscription period, as a quota of the replacement income, determined on the basis of the calculation method specific to each country, algorithm and formula established by law, depending on national and universal principles and criteria. According to the branches of social security, pensions can be: age limit, anticipate (partially anticipate); invalidity and descendant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universal pensions schema has mandatory character and is guaranteed by the state. State is an administrator of the socialsecurity systems and sometimes as finance provider. In case of financial dis-equilibrium situations of the social insurance balance, the state grants loans to finance the deficit. As social security is a fundamental right of man, state has the responsibility to correlate benefits and ensure an adequate level of pensions. The correlation of benefits is in the first row linked to the insurable incomes. From the study of social security system it can be outlined that at global level, more methods were shaped to correlate benefits depending on the correlation of benefits with certain factors. Benefits inside the universal social security program are distributed through specific methods at the level of each country, that adops a certain calculation formula [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Trends & Economic Policy is the property of Institute of Economics, Zagreb and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows the dynamic effects of the reform of the Spanish social security pension system on the pensions received by one of the most vulnerable groups of the population, namely, widows. We undertake a duration analysis to account for the effects of reform over time. We study the effects on the widows' overall financial welfare in terms of the evolution of their risk of poverty. We show that the combined effects of the measures to be implemented will have a positive impact; that is to say, the risk of poverty diminishes with respect to the current financial situation of the widows. However, the risk of poverty increases as the pensioners get older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the liability of the pension committee and their investment decision with reference to social responsible investment (SRI) and the pension plan law of Québec. It discusses the civil claims against the pension committee and also discusses the different types of SRI. Information on the strategies of SRI with emphasis to the environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors is also presented.

This paper focuses on the pensions system in Albania. The economic, political, and social changes that occurred in the nineties put the whole country's economic development under pressure and especially the pension system. This paper analyzes how the challenges brought by both the demographic transition and the economic transition were faced. It discusses the different reforms undertaken up to now and their impact on the pension system sustainability, equity, and the fiscal burden to the state. The parametric reforms of 2002 had a positive effect on the financial situation of the pension scheme. Yet further reforming of the current scheme is necessary to address ongoing concerns. The high rate of unemployment and the informal labor market reduce the amount of contributions. The \"aging\" population, which increases the fiscal burden, continues to challenge the pension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the indicators characterizing the accommodatioA capacity to obtain an overview on the technical- material basis of agro-tourism, alongside statisti~al indicators presenting the dimension of the touristic circulation in the Romanian rural area. In agro-touristic boarding houses, places offered to tourists increased in year 2009, as compared to 1999, 20.04 times, and the accommodation capacity increased 9.82 times. In respect to the touristic capacity, the specific tendency of increase of the accommodation indexes dislocated, the agro-touristic boarding houses representing accommodation units that net usage index registers increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores recent debates about citizenship, social security rights and social provisions in Romania. It also discusses the concept of social exclusion which is used to determine the condition of those who have fallen outside the social insurance system. Romanian social security system is founded on the principle of solidarity which holds that all citizens face a series of social risks (unemployment, illness, ageing, death), that make them dependent on one another. The emergence of these social ills and the socio-economic conditions led to a major crisis of social security and citizenship in Romania: a crisis of coverage, of legitimacy and of participation. Recent policy debates suggest that the difficulties faced by the Romanian welfare state are encouraging moves towards the British model of tax-based (rather than insurance-based) financing of social provisions. Discussing this issue with economists and politicians, new reform measures had in view by the legislator are evidently regarded as equivalent to Hans Christian Andersen's "Emperor's new clothes". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]