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This study aimed to explore the impact of age and adapt five design on elementary students' reading of e-books. This study was a two-way experimental design where the first factor was learner age (4th and 5th grade) and the second factor was e-book adaptive design (adaptive, non-adaptive visual, non-adaptive verbal). The e-books used in this study targeted six major classes of nutrients as content. This study was guided by the following question: Is there any interaction between age and e-book adaptive design on learning achievement (recall and transfer) and learning motivation (attention, relevance and confidence)? A sample of one hundred 4th and 5th graders participated in the study, and participants were randomly assigned into one of three groups. They were asked to do a pre-test first, and then they read their assigned e-books for twenty minutes. After they finished reading, they were given a post-test. The results showed significant interactions between age and the e-book adaptive design. For the 4th graders, the adaptive e-book group worked best in recall, transfer and attention scores. For the 5th graders, there was no significant difference among these three e-book designs. This revealed that the adaptive design is more critical for younger children. This study hoped to broaden theories on multimedia learning for young learners and serve as a reference for elementary school teachers and e-book designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although dietary restriction (DR) is common in modern society, research about hepatic metabolism and the hepatotoxicity induced by DR has been conducted less intensively than that induced by fasting. In the present study, we fed male Wistar rats at five levels of food intake for one day, including conventional feeding (60 kcal), three of DR (45, 30, and 15 kcal), and fasting (0 kcal), and observed the metabolic changes of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) and the hepatotoxicity of chloroform (CHCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The CYP2E1 content was significantly increased in 15 kcal-food and fasting groups. The hepatic glutathione (GSH) content, which protects the liver from hepatotoxic agents, was depleted in 15 kcal-food and fasting groups. After the challenge by CHCl3 and CCl4, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, marker enzymes for liver damage, were elevated remarkably at all food groups. Moreover, their activities increased significantly in DR groups, in comparison to the corresponding 60 kcal-food group. After the challenge, the hepatic GSH content was also depleted significantly in 15 kcal-food and fasting groups. CHCl3 was cleared by hepatic metabolism about 8-10 times faster than that of CCl4. Similarly, the areas under the blood concentration-time curve of CCl4 was as much as twice that of the corresponding CHCl3. In conclusion, when food was restricted to less than half of conventional amount, hepatic metabolism was affected and the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 or CHCl3 was augmented by, at least in part, CYP2E1 induction and GSH depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]