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Respiratory disease is a significant barrier for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation, and a need remains for management options in both captive and free-ranging populations. We treated Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in six bighorn lambs and five bighorn yearlings at two captive research facilities with twice daily oral doxycycline for 8 wk or longer. Doses of 5 mg/kg twice daily mixed in formula for lambs and 10 mg/kg twice daily mixed in moistened pellets for older lambs and yearlings were tolerated well with minimal side effects. All animals in this case report remain Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae free over 2 yr later. Further evaluation is warranted to confirm efficacy of this therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bovine respiratory disease is the most costly disease facing the cattle industry. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial treatment has been presented as a significant contributing factor, often through summarized susceptibility testing data. We assessed the relationship between previous antimicrobial treatment and antimicrobial susceptibility results from isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni cultured from bovine respiratory cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1,251 bacterial isolates were included for analysis. More bacterial isolates from cattle that received antimicrobial treatment showed resistance compared to isolates from untreated cattle, and the percentage of resistant isolates increased as the number of antimicrobial treatments increased. Resistance to enrofloxacin, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was present in >75% of M. haemolytica isolates from cattle that had received 3 or more antimicrobial treatments; resistance to each of those 4 antimicrobials was present in ≤10% of M. haemolytica isolates from untreated cattle. Similar but less dramatic trends were apparent for isolates of P. multocida and H. somni. The percentage of multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates also increased with the number of treatments. Results of our study suggest that previous antimicrobial treatment may have a profound effect on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Summarized susceptibility results from diagnostic laboratories should not be used to make generalized statements regarding trends in antimicrobial resistance without providing context regarding antimicrobial treatment history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent approved for use in veterinary medicine to treat and control bovine respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida. Susceptible minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint (≤0.25 µg/mL) and disk diffusion interpretive criteria (≥22 mm) values for danofloxacin against M. haemolytica and P. multocida were first approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 2003. However, intermediate and resistant breakpoint values were not established because only susceptible wild-type populations were evident at the time of breakpoint approvals. Since then, nonsusceptible isolates of M. haemolytica and P. multocida have been identified. We report danofloxacin intermediate MIC breakpoint (0.5 µg/mL) and disk diffusion interpretive criteria (18–21 mm), as well as danofloxacin-resistant MIC breakpoint (≥1 µg/mL) and disk diffusion interpretive criteria (≤17 mm), based on scattergram plots of MIC values versus disk zone diameters and calculated error-bound rates using M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolates recovered from bovine respiratory disease in North America in 2004–2014. These newly established intermediate and resistant clinical breakpoint values have been endorsed by CLSI and can be used for interpreting results from antibacterial susceptibility testing of danofloxacin against M. haemolytica and P. multocida isolated from bovine respiratory disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the occurrence of Pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of captive Tasmanian devils or Sarcophilus harrisii. It examines the isolation of the bacteria from various carnivores as well as from human bite wounds inflicted by dogs and cats. It cites the coevolution of the pasteurellaceaen microflora and their hosts in Tasmanian devils.

The article presents information on a study related to the occurrence of Pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of marine animals using culture and subsequent geno- and phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analyses. It informs that most of the members of Pasteurellaceae live as potential pathogens on mucosal surfaces of birds and mammals, colonizing mainly the upper respiratory tract the lower reproductive tract, and possibly also parts of the intestinal tract. It further informs that the study found that Pasteurellaceae bacteria represent a part of the normal oral flora in pinnipeds.

Bovine isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, collected from 2000 to 2009, were tested for in vitro susceptibility to ceftiofur, penicillin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tetracycline, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin. Ceftiofur remained very active against all isolates. Penicillin retained good activity against P. multocida and H. somni isolates with no appreciable changes in susceptibility or minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions with time. While there was no obvious trend, the percent of M. haemolytica that were susceptible to penicillin ranged from 40.9% to 66.7%. Danofloxacin MIC50 and MIC90 values for M. haemolytica and P. multocida did not change beyond a single dilution over the 6 years it was included in the testing panel. The MIC90 for H. somni increased beyond 1 dilution. Enrofloxacin MIC50 values for the 3 pathogens also did not change over time, unlike the MIC90 values, which increased by at least 4-doubling dilutions. Ninety percent or more of M. haemolytica and H. somni isolates were susceptible to florfenicol, while susceptibility among P. multocida was 79% or greater. Less than 50% of the isolates tested as susceptible to tetracycline in many of the years. All 3 organisms showed declines in tilmicosin and tulathromycin MIC50 and MIC90 values over the years in which they were tested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a study which investigated the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. and Streptococcus canis clinical isolates from dogs in Korea. Topics discussed include the highest frequency of resistance for penicillin observed for Staphylococcus spp. and the highest resistance rate for tetracycline and chloramphenicol for Pasteurella and Streptococcus canis.

The article discusses the results of a study on the diagnosis of chronic infection caused by boat strike trauma in a free-ranging manatees with incidental polycystic kidneys in Florida using serum amyloid A (SAA) as a biomarker. According to the authors, watercraft-related trauma is the main cause of mortality in manatees while pyothorax and other secondary infections are caused by water inhalation. The added that SAA has a diagnostic sensitivity of 85 percent and specificity of 90 percent.

The article discusses a study which investigated Pasteurella multocida serogroup D isolated from pig and sheep for molecular identification and characterization. Results showed that Hpa I enzyme had better discriminatory power than Hha I. Distinct banding patterns between serotypes were generated by single primer based randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) using enzyme Hpa II led to a good number of large distinct bands.

The article discusses a study which evaluated the utility of recombinant Pasteurella multocida filamentous hemagglutinin (FHAB2) peptides as a subunit vaccine against fowl cholera (FC). FC refers to a contagious disease which affects all bird species. Western blot analysis confirmed that the expressed recombinant peptides were of the predicted masses. All control birds died of acute FC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the recovered bacterial growths were Pasteurella serotype A. In addition, no liver or spleen samples from the vaccinated survivors were culture positive. Findings also revealed that turkeys immunized with the FHAB2 peptides developed antibody titers against a large protein in whole cells.

The article presents a study which examined the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of chicken Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Pasteurella multocida isolates. There are great concerns on the emerging antimicrobial resistance among bacteria that may result in unpredictable antimicrobial susceptibility and failure of therapy. Using a microbroth dilution assay described by the Clinical laboratory Standards Institute, minimal inhibitory concentrations of 14 antimicrobial agents against each bacterial isolate were identified. It found that E. coli and Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ceftiofur and fluoroquinolones but were resistant to other antimicrobials tested, while P. multocida isolates remained sensitive to all the antimicrobial agents tested in a three-year analysis.

Abstract: The branching patterns of phylogenetic trees often disagree even when they have been constructed using different portions of the same data. This phylogenetic discord (incongruence) can be explained by real differences in evolutionary process or history, but also may be due simply to random chance or sampling error. Techniques for measuring and testing the significance of phylogenetic incongruence are used widely in systematic biology, and are necessary when considering genome-scale datasets composed of multiple genes that may or may not have different histories. They are also applicable wherever tree algorithms are used for ordering and interpreting data (e.g., DNA microarrays). Here, I review the different incongruence tests and use them to test the phylogenetic discord of a potentially mobile genetic element (the widespread colonization Island) in the γ-proteobacteria. I then consider how incongruence tests may be used as a starting point for phylogenetic analysis that accounts for horizontal transfer and duplication events as explanations for homoplasy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pasteurella multocida is primarily an opportunistic infection, most commonly of skin and soft tissue following animal bites particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised. While invasive disease with P. multocida has been documented in patients at high risk, such as those with organ transplants, malignancy, and cirrhosis, infections other than cellulitis associated with this pathogen are exceedingly rare in the immunocompetent population. We report a 70 year old Caucasian female with occurrence of a P. multocida pneumonia and resultant bacteremia in an immunocompetent host. Similar to prior case studies, the patient presented with a history of having significant exposure to animals at her residence. We undertook a review of the literature for reports of disseminated P. multocida in immunocompotent hosts in the absence of the typical presentation of cellulitis. Literature has suggested the possibility of nasal and oropharyngeal colonization of patients with frequent interactions with domestic animals, in whom periods of suppressed immune function may lead to activation of infection. P. multocida is commonly susceptible to most beta-lactams, including those utilized for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia. The utilization of macrolides should be avoided in these patients as susceptibilities are unpredictable, however fluoroquinolones maintain activity and may be an alternative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal aortic endograft infection is a serious complication after an endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative bacterium, is a commonly found organism in the mouth flora of many house pets. We report a case of an aortic endograft infection caused by P multocida after a rabbit bite. Successful treatment was performed by extra-anatomic revascularization followed by endograft removal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report a case of Pasteurella dagmatis wound infection in an immunocompromised HIV infected patient after bite by a marine carnivore in Caribbean Sea (Dominican Republic), presumably a muraenidae. Identification of the Pasteurella species from wound sampling was obtained twice by mass spectrometry and confirmed by 16S RNA sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]