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Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast formation and has a unique ability to resorb bone matrix. During osteoclast differentiation, the cytoskeleton reorganization results in the generation of actin belts and eventual bone resorption. Tetraspanins are involved in adhesion, migration and fusion in various cells. However, its function in osteoclast is still unclear. In this study, we identified Tm4sf19, a member of the tetraspanin family, as a regulator of osteoclast function. We investigate the effect of Tm4sf19 deficiency on osteoclast differentiation using bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from wild type (WT), Tm4sf19 knockout (KO) and Tm4sf19 LELΔ mice lacking the large extracellular loop (LEL). We analyzed bone mass of young and aged WT, KO and LELΔ mice by μCT analysis. The effects of Tm4sf19 LEL-Fc fusion protein were accessed in osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis animal model. We found that deficiency of Tm4sf19 inhibited osteoclast function and LEL of Tm4sf19 was responsible for its function in osteoclasts in vitro. KO and LELΔ mice exhibited higher trabecular bone mass compared to WT mice. We found that Tm4sf19 interacts with integrin αvβ3 through LEL, and that this binding is important for cytoskeletal rearrangements in osteoclast by regulating signaling downstream of integrin αvβ3. Treatment with LEL-Fc fusion protein inhibited osteoclast function in vitro and administration of LEL-Fc prevented bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model in vivo. We suggest that Tm4sf19 regulates osteoclast function and that LEL-Fc may be a promising drug to target bone destructive diseases caused by osteoclast hyper-differentiation. • Deficiency of Tm4sf19 inhibits osteoclast differentiation. • The large extracellular loop (LEL) of Tm4sf19 is responsible for its function in osteoclast. • Tm4sf19 KO and LELΔ mice exhibit higher bone mass compare to wild type. • Transcriptome analysis revealed that Tm4sf19 is associated with cellular cytoskeleton, especially the integrin αvβ3. • Tm4sf19 LEL-fc fusion protein inhibits osteoclast differentiation and prevents bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data-driven paradigm is widely used in ocean science and includes the statistical modeling of various phenomena in coastal marine environments and data assimilation in numerical models. One of the most important challenges in the data-driven paradigm is finding the model that best approximates the underlying mechanism of a phenomenon with measurement data. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach to modeling coastal marine environments using ocean observational data, and we apply it to the Saemangeum coast. There are two main advantages to the Bayesian method: domain knowledge can be encoded to prior probability, and Markov-chain Monte Carlo simulation can be used in model estimation and inference. We apply the method to estimate model parameters and predict coastal water quality and sea current for maintaining optimal coastal water quality. The threshold quantity of sea current is computed to ensure sustainable coastal development. One of the interesting results we have obtained is a flat plateau relationship between the sea current for water exchange and the level of improvement of coastal water quality. This means that coastal water quality is not always being improved, even if the amount of water exchange is increased. The computed results are in good agreement with oceanographic theory, while showing a valid difference compared to the results using the frequentist approach and probabilistic inference using the probabilistic graphical model. These results will be helpful in coastal water quality management, ultimately contributing to sustainable coastal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore recent progress in tourism demand research, we comprehensively survey current studies in the leading tourism and hospitality journals, asking six evaluative questions about the scientific merits of the studies and three explorative questions about emerging areas in the literature. The examination identifies potential flaws and their consequences in the field of tourism demand. A theoretical foundation is recommended for future tourism demand studies with a view to reduce bias in the empirical analysis of tourism demand. Several emerging areas of analysis in the field of tourism demand are recognized and discussed. Our study provides critical insights that will enable future tourism demand research to generate more reliable, impactful information than in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal development affects human life and economic activity. Given a necessity to develop coastal areas, there is a need for a method by which to understand and quantitatively assess and predict changes to coastal marine environments. In this paper, we propose a mathematical modeling for coastal marine environments using observational data. In particular, we establish probabilistic graphical model based on the data-driven statistical model for Saemangeum coast of Korea, where land reclamation work has been taking place. The derived model consists of latent and observation variables and their causal relationships. Ocean currents occurred by water exchange appear to be the key factor influencing the coastal marine environments in the artificial lake of Saemangeum coast. Hence, coastal water quality in the coastal management is the major concern by stakeholders. Using the proposed model we were able to compute the followings to demonstrate the usage of our proposed model: First, if the lake were to be entirely cut off from sea water exchange (which takes place through sluice gates in the sea dyke to the open sea), coastal water quality may deteriorated to approximately 37.5% of its current quality. Secondly, in order to maintain a minimum acceptable coastal water quality in the artificial lake, permitting its use in industrial supply and agriculture, currents of about 0.6 m/s are required for sea water exchange. This approach will assist in coastal management by supporting decision-making, policy planning, and the establishment of strategies for sustainable coastal development and conservation of coastal marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy set refers to the data set which does not have separate, distinct clusters, and they contain data elements whose membership degrees are between 0.0 and 1.0. Many fuzzy sets exist in the real world, and one of the important issues is to make a decision from the fuzzy sets using visual analytics tools by extracting information in the data set intuitively. To analyze the element data in fuzzy sets, the visualization of fuzzy sets needs to show an overview of the data with membership degree and the relationship among the sets. In this article, we suggest an interactive visualization technique of fuzzy set operations, called Disk Diagram, which offers distribution of fuzzy data and two scenarios to allow users to interpret inter-dependency among fuzzy sets. A Disk Diagram enables to depict complexity of fuzzy sets by showing the degree of resemblance between the sets with the layout of star coordinates. This article describes the use of a Disk Diagram with two different data sets such as fuzzy disease set and terror related words set. Lastly, we report the results of heuristic evaluation to show that our technique supports visual perception, usability, and knowledge discovery process in the areas of visual representation and interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically tests the role of news discourse in forecasting tourist arrivals by examining Hong Kong. It employs structural topic modeling to identify key topics and their meanings related to tourism demand. The impact of the extracted news topics on tourist arrivals is then examined to forecast tourism demand using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with the selected news topic variables method. This study confirms that including news data significantly improves forecasting performance. Our forecasting model using news topics also outperformed the others when the destination was experiencing social unrest at the local level. These findings contribute to tourism demand forecasting research by incorporating discourse analysis and can help tourism destinations address various externalities related to news media. • The study forecasts tourism demand to Hong Kong from Mainland China and US. • Key topics of news discourse are extracted and employed to predict tourism demand. • The structural topic model is applied to discover key topics in major newspapers. • Forecasting model with news topics outperforms for normal and crisis periods. • The study confirms the value of local news coverages in tourism demand forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing accessibility and mobility, tourism destinations are broadening their spatial boundaries and cultural contexts. This study took as an example the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, which consists of 11 cities, and explored how the new path creation of a regional tourism destination reshapes people's cognitive and affective images of the destination on a megalopolitan scale. Destination region image is neither a simple aggregation of the images of member cities nor dictated by the image of a single well-known destination. Both the physical and conceptual connections among multiple cities within the destination region are key nodes of the inclusive image of the region. Connectivity is not only embedded within institutional relations and discourses, but also represented through multi-functional tourism networks and regional culture. The study further explored the image heterogeneity of three proximity-based tourist clusters, divided in terms of cultural and geographical distance and previous travel experience. The research findings of this study can inform planning and marketing strategies for the path creation and development of metropolitan destination regions. • Three phases of path development in the Greater Bay Area are traced. • People's new cognitive system in response to regional path creation is identified. • The key node is connectivity in institutions, networks, and regional culture. • Image heterogeneity among proximity-based tourist clusters is identified. • Variances of destination region image have implications for destination innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is currently spreading across the world at an alarming rate, resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Amidst this crisis, tourism scholars are directing their attention to communities at tourist destinations, looking at their safety and well-being and the costs that they will bear due to the cessation of tourism activity. This article describes residents' perceptions of the risks posed by tourism activity, and estimates their willingness to pay to reduce public health risks based on hypothetical scenarios, using the triple-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. The social costs in three urban destinations are assessed and compared. Based on the findings, suggestions are made for appropriate post-pandemic recovery actions by local authorities and tourism organizations. • The study examines potential impacts of tourism amid COVID-19 pandemic. • Residents' willingness to pay for pandemic risk reduction is estimated. • The factors that influence residents' willingness to pay are identified. • The demand curves and social costs are estimated. • Recovery strategy should involve residents with different demographic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of intensified competition among destinations, tourism collaborations are used to enhance a region's attractiveness. Yet tourism collaboration in its pure form is rarely observed because destinations tend to be excludable and rivalrous. To better reflect this reality, the concept of coopetition has emerged. Coopetitive marketing, especially within the cross-border region at the macro level, is underdeveloped in tourism literature. This study assesses the prospect of developing a coopetitive brand of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), which spans geographical, political, ideological, and jurisdictional borders. Based on cross-sectional survey in six member cities in the GBA (N = 2135), this study investigates homogeneity and heterogeneity of the cities' existing destination images, and identifies the effects of identity salience (residents and short- versus long-haul tourists) and of borders (SARs versus Mainland). Theoretically, this study consolidates the concept of coopetition and cross-border marketing in the light of different stakeholders' perceptions. The findings underpin the uniqueness of the member cities with unity in a possible common brand. • Assessed affective, cognitive destination image and destination qualities for the Greater Bay Area. • Identifies heterogeneity and homogeneity in perceptions across the six cities. • Residents have more critical perceptions of their cities than intra-regional tourists. • Identifies the border effect between Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions. • The GBA brand should focus on economic dynamism, innovativeness, and inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of accommodation-sharing platforms has changed the ways in which people travel and experience tourist attractions. However, the impact of accommodation sharing on attractions remains under-researched. To fill this gap in the research, we use a mixed methods approach to examine the spillover effect in two key tourism service suppliers. Using difference-in-differences estimations with two-way fixed effects, we find a 15.4% increase in an attraction's online popularity after the entry of accommodation sharing. This positive spillover effect is reduced when the density of commercially operated properties is higher. The qualitative findings speak to the mechanism behind the estimated spillover effect, which involves three dimensions of variation in accommodation sharing and the salient use of mobile technology in modern travel. • Spillovers of peer-to-peer accommodation sharing on tourist attractions are identified. • A mixed method is used in the empirical analysis. • The entry of accommodation sharing enhances the online popularity of tourist attractions. • The spillover effect is moderated by the ownership of accommodation-sharing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue of selected papers from the Visualization and Data Analysis (VDA) conference in 2010. The VDA conference has grown rapidly since 1994 and attracts participants from around the world. The special issue includes five papers covering various topics in visualization and data analysis, such as dimensionality reduction, precision visual analysis, variable binned scatterplots, multi-phase network situational awareness, and visual operations for analyzing fuzzy data. The papers present new methods, techniques, and applications in these areas, and their contributions could impact future thinking in information visualization. [Extracted from the article]