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The article focuses on a study related to determiner the micronutrients' status and gonadotrophin profiles during sexual maturity in Indian prolific Black Bengal goats. Topics discussed include transrectal ultrasonographic examination after puberty, assay of blood sample for progesterone to detect luteal function and estimation of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

The article discusses a study which evaluated the three different methods for transfection and expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP) gene in Sahiwal cattle fibroblast cells, including lipofection, electoporation and nucleofection. It used a skin piece from ear pinna collected from an adult Sahiwal cow. The results of the study showed that the best option for transfection of gene was nucleofection.

The article discusses a study which determined the effect of GnRH (buserelin)-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release in the hypophyseal response of dairy buffaloes during early postpartum period. The results reveal that hypophyseal responsiveness to GnRH- induced LH release and reproduction in early postpartum period is suppressed in buffaloes with high luteal activity as compared to buffaloes with reduced luteal activity. The methods used in preparation, testing, and data analysis are also discussed.

The article reports a study which aimed to investigate the effect of teat message, concentrate intake and the release of oxytocin hormone during hand and machine milking in Murrah buffaloes. The role of teat message in let-down of the alveolar milk into the cisterns is explained along with the function of milking machines. The release of oxytocin during milking operations is discussed with emphasis on the pronounced and prolonged release of oxytocin and prolactin in hand-milking.

The article focuses on the influence of norprolac on the fertility of ovsynch regimen-treated buffalo heifers. An estrous synchronization treatment protocol, ovsynch involves three injections on 0 day, day 7 and day 9. In the authors' study at the National Dairy Research Institute, eleven repeat breeding Murrah buffalo were treated with ovsynch protocol and their blood samples was then collected. They found that buffaloes that underwent the process perform reproductively better.

The article discusses a study which assessed the leukocyte and cortisol profile in Sahiwal cows during periparturient period involving normal and obstructive parturitions. It was noted that during parturition, significant changes occurred in leukocyte counts that suppressed killing ability of the leukocytes, thereby predisposing the animals to post-partum infection.

The article discusses a study that monitored the ovarian follicular activity and the wave pattern of follicular development during estrous cycle of Sahiwal cows using ultrasonography. Findings show the predominance of 2-wave follicular activity while 27.3 percent of cows have 3-wave follicular activity. It discusses the inter-ovulatory intervals, length of days between emergence of waves and ovulatory follicles in the cows during estrous cycle.

The article discusses a study on the follicular development pattern in post-partum anestrous Sahiwal cows during ovsynch protocol. Results revealed a higher growth rate of largest follicle in responded cows than in non-responded cows. Observations showed a linear trend of follicular development of responded cows while non-responded cows showed polynomial follicular development. Similar trend in the growth of total number of follicle per day per animal in all groups were observed with gonadotrophin receptors in the granulosa cells of follicle.

The article discusses a study which assessed the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) functions in Sahiwal cows that were normally calved and affected with dystocia. PMNL plays a central role in early defence against most bacterial infections. It was noted that during parturition, significant changes occurred in leukocyte counts that suppressed killing ability of the leukocytes, thereby predisposing the animals to post-partum infection.

The article discusses a study which assessed the impact of hand milking on energy metabolites, hematology and plasma cortisol in Murrah buffaloes. The study found that milking buffalo causes significant increase in plasma cortisol. It also decreases glucose and non-sterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration without affecting red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb )values.