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Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) is widely used in various commercial applications, including food packaging, fabrics, and fire-fighting foams. This toxic and carcinogenic compound could be present in water and food products, which could be fatal to living beings. Zeolite-based materials are promising PFOS sorbents due to their high anion exchange capacity and specific surface area. In this study, a natural Clinoptilolite-type zeolite was modified with Hexadecyl Trimetilammonium Bromide (HDTMA) for PFOS remediation in aqueous solutions. The modification introduced an inversion of Clinoptilolite's natural surface net charge, i.e., from negative to positive, making it effective in capturing PFOS. At pH 7, the modified material (Clinop_HDTMA) showed ~ 96–98% removal of PFOS at a low concentration range of 0.5–1 mg L−1. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic data followed the Freundlich and pseudo second-order model, respectively, which suggested the involvement of physicochemical forces in the adsorption process. Thus, this study demonstrates a viable and cost-effective solution to remove PFOS ions from wastewater.Highlights: Fabrication of an adsorbent material based on natural zeolite Zeolite-based materials as promising PFOS sorbents Materials with high anion exchange capacity and specific surface area Modification with HDTMA confirmed by ATR-IR, XPS and Zeta potential measurements Low cost of starting material and high removal efficiency of PFOS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is known as a persistent organic pollutant. A significant correlation between PFOS and liver ferroptosis has been unveiled, but the precise mechanism needs to be elucidated. In prior research, we found that PFOS treatment provoked mitochondrial iron overload. In this study, we observed a gradual increase in lysosomal iron in L-O2 cells after exposure to PFOS for 0.5–24 h. In PFOS-exposed L-O2 cells, suppressing autophagy relieved the lysosomal iron overload. Inhibiting transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1), a calcium efflux channel on the lysosomal membrane, led to a further rise in lysosomal iron levels and decreased mitochondrial iron overload during PFOS treatment. Suppressing VDAC1, a subtype of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDACs) on the outer mitochondrial membrane, had no impact on PFOS-triggered mitochondrial iron overload, whereas restraining VDAC2/3 relieved this condition. Although silencing VDAC2 relieved PFOS-induced mitochondrial iron overload, it had no effect on PFOS-triggered lysosomal iron overload. Silencing VDAC3 alleviated PFOS-mediated mitochondrial iron overload and led to an additional increase in lysosomal iron. Therefore, we regarded VDAC3 as the specific VDACs subtype that mediated the lysosomes-mitochondria iron transfer. Additionally, in the presence of PFOS, an enhanced association between TRPML1 and VDAC3 was found in mice liver tissue and L-O2 cells. Our research unveils a novel regulatory mechanism of autophagy on the iron homeostasis and the effect of TRPML1-VDAC3 interaction on lysosomes-mitochondria iron transfer, giving an explanation of PFOS-induced ferroptosis and shedding some light on the role of classic calcium channels in iron transmission. [Display omitted] • Autophagy induces lysosomal iron overload under PFOS exposure. • TRPML1 mediates PFOS-provoked iron transfer between lysosomes and mitochondria. • VDAC3, not VDAC1/2, mediates PFOS-induced lysosomes-mitochondria iron transfer. • TRPML1 interacts with VDAC3 under PFOS exposure. • Lysosomes-mitochondria iron transmission mediates the ferroptosis elicited by PFOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological evidence showed that serum high perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) levels are associated with multiple eye related diseases, but the potential underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Zebrafish and photoreceptor cell (661w) models were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of PFOS induced eye development defects. Our results showed a novel molecular mechanism of PFOS-induced inflammation response-mediated photoreceptor cell death associated with eye development defects. Inhibition of Caspase-8 activation significantly decreased photoreceptor cell death in PFOS exposure. Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates activation of Caspase-8 promote activation of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to elicit maturation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) via Caspase-1 activation, facilitating photoreceptor cell inflammation damage in PFOS exposure. In addition, we also made a novel finding that Caspase-3 activation was increased via Caspase-8 activation and directly intensified cell death. Our results show the important role of Caspase-8 activation in PFOS induced eye development defects and highlight Caspase-8 mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammation triggers activation of Caspase-1 and promote the maturation of IL-1β in retinal inflammatory injury. [Display omitted] • PFOS induces eye developmental disorders in zebrafish. • Immunofluorescence displayed PFOS-induced zebrafish retina photoreceptor cell loss. • PFOS induces photoreceptor cell death by activation of Casp-8. • We results suggest Casp 8/NLRP3/Casp 1 axis in PFOS-mediated eye development disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Single and mixture toxicity of NPs and PFOS was elucidated on Perna viridis. • Elevated ROS levels were induced by single PFOS and mixture PFOS-NPs exposures. • In gills, PFOS-NPs mixture depressed the expression levels of all studied genes. • PFOS-NPs induced more structural damages to gill & gonad than single exposures. • Integrated index showed that the internal organs were more affected by co-exposure. Nanoplastics (NPs, <1000 nm) may adsorb organic pollutants in the aquatic environment, thereby, influencing their bioavailability to organisms. This study aims to investigate the individual and combined toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and virgin yellow-green fluorescent polystyrene NPs (200 nm) at sub-lethal doses on the marine mussel Perna viridis. Our results demonstrated that both PFOS single and PFOS-NP co-exposure at 1000 μg/L significantly increased PFOS distribution in the gills, gonads, and visceral mass (p < 0.05), compared to the control. Further, PFOS single and PFOS-NP co-exposures at 100 and 1000 μg/L significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in mussel tissues that consequently altered the responses of antioxidant entities including MDA, CAT, SOD, GR, and GST. The transcriptional profiling of oxidative stress-related genes (cyp4, hsp22, hsp60, gst-omega, and gst-pi) , showed significantly downregulated expressions at the lowest level of co-exposure (PFOS 10 μg/L) in all tissues, especially in gills, compared to the control group. Overall, the enhanced integrated biomarker response (EIBR) revealed PFOS-NP co-exposure at 1000 μg/L, as the most stressful circumstance to induce mixture toxicity, at which more structural damage to the gills and gonads were observed than single PFOS/NPs exposure. In summary, the co-exposure significantly enhanced the PFOS bioaccumulation and ROS levels in mussel tissues, resulting in altered antioxidant and genetic responses, suggesting that NPs could affect the distribution of PFOS between P. viridis and seawater. Hence, further studies should be conducted to unveil the interactive toxic effects of NPs and PFOS on marine organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) can induce immunotoxicity effect via binding with proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a common four chain monomer protein in serum, and plays an important role in long-term body fluid immunity. Whether PFCs can bind with IgG and further induce immunotoxicity is not clear. Herein, fluorescence quenching assay was used to verify the PFCs-IgG binding interactions. The occurrence of fluorescence quenching phenomenon suggested that PFCs could bind to IgG. Linear fitting curves demonstrated that the binding constants (K A) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were 2.51 × 106 L/mol and 1.58 × 105 L/mol, respectively. UV–vis spectral analysis results showed that the PFCs-IgG interactions mainly proceeded via the intercalation binding mode. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed that PFCs preferentially bound to the C=O/N-H of IgG structure. Circular dichroism results revealed that PFCs-IgG binding induced the decrease of α-helix. Moreover, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force dominated PFCs-IgG binding interactions. This binding process was a stable process, and its stability depended on the number of hydrogen bonds formation. This study reveals the mechanism of interaction between PFCs and IgG at the molecular level, providing a theoretical basis for the immunotoxic mechanism of PFCs. [Display omitted] • PFOA and PFOS can bind to IgG, and the binding strength is: PFOA > PFOS. • PFCs preferentially bound to the C=O/N-H of IgG via intercalation binding mode. • Hydrogen bond and van der Waals force dominated PFCs-IgG binding interactions. • The binding interaction led to the α-helix decrease of IgG, and altered its secondary structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in livers of finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ; n = 167) collected in Korean waters from 2002 to 2015 to investigate their occurrence, bioaccumulation feature, temporal trends, and ecotoxicological implications. Perfulorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) were the predominant PFASs found in the porpoises. The concentration of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (F–53B), an alternative to PFOS, was comparable to that of PFTrDA. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), a precursor of PFOS, was also detected in all the porpoises examined. All PFASs, including F–53B, accumulated to higher concentrations in immature porpoises compared with mature specimens, implying substantial maternal transfer and limited metabolizing capacity for PFASs. A significant correlation was observed between PFOS and F–53B concentrations, indicating similar bioaccumulation processes. Based on prenatal exposure and toxicity, F–53B is an emerging contaminant in marine ecosystems. Significantly increasing trends were observed in the concentrations of sulfonates, carboxylates, and F–53B between 2002/2003 and 2010, whereas the FOSA concentration significantly decreased. During 2010–2015, decreasing trends were observed in the concentrations of FOSA and sulfonates, whereas concentrations of carboxylate and F–53B increased without statistical significance, likely due to a gap for the implementation of regulatory actions between sulfonates and carboxylates. Although PFOS and PFOA were found to pose little health risk to porpoises, the combined toxicological effects of other contaminants should be considered to protect populations and to mitigate PFAS contamination in marine ecosystems. [Display omitted] • Legacy and emerging PFASs were measured in finless porpoises collected in 2002–2015. • PFOS, PFUnDA, and PFTrDA were predominantly detected in all porpoises. • F–53B, a PFOS alternative, was suggested as an emerging contaminant. • Higher PFAS concentrations in immature porpoises suggest substantial maternal transfer. • Time trends were different for carboxylates and sulfonates due to a time gap for regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analysed in a high number of terrestrial samples of soil, earthworm, bird eggs and liver from red fox and brown rat in an urban area in Norway from 2013 to 2020. PFOS and the long chain PFCAs were the most dominating compounds in all samples, proving their ubiquitous distribution. Other less studied compounds such as 6:2 FTS were first and foremost detected in earthworm. 8:2 FTS was found in many samples of fieldfare egg, sparrowhawk egg and earthworm, where the eggs had highest concentrations. Highest concentrations for both 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS were detected at present and former industry areas. FOSA was detected in many samples of the species with highest concentrations in red fox liver and brown rat liver of 3.3 and 5.5 ng/g ww. PFAS concentrations from the urban area were significantly higher than from background areas indicating that some of the species can be suitable as markers for PFAS emissions in an urban environment. Fieldfare eggs had surprisingly high concentrations of PFOS and PFCA concentrations from areas known to be or have been influenced by industry. Biota-soil-accumulation factor and magnification calculations indicate accumulation and magnification potential for several PFAS. Earthworm and fieldfare egg had average concentrations above the Canadian and European thresholds in diet for avian wildlife and predators. For earthworms, 18 % of the samples exceeded the European threshold (33 ng/g ww) of PFOS in prey for predators, and for fieldfare eggs, 35 % of the samples were above the same threshold. None of the soil samples exceeded a proposed PNEC of PFOS for soil living organisms of 373 ng/g dw. [Display omitted] • PFAS were detected in 357 samples of soil and terrestrial species. • Fieldfare and sparrowhawk eggs had the highest PFAS concentrations. • PFOS concentrations from the urban area were higher than background areas. • Several urban point sources identified for PFAS. • Potential bioaccumulation and magnification for several PFAS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homegrown food serves as an important human exposure source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), yet little is known about their spatiotemporal distribution within and among private gardens. This knowledge is essential for more accurate site-specific risk assessment, identification of new sources and evaluating the effectiveness of regulations. The present study evaluated spatiotemporal changes of legacy and emerging PFAS in surface soil from vegetable gardens (N = 78) and chicken enclosures (N = 102), as well as in homegrown eggs (N = 134) of private gardens, across the Province of Antwerp (Belgium). Hereby, the potential influence of the wind orientation and distance towards a major fluorochemical plant was examined. The ∑short-chain PFAS and precursor concentrations were higher in vegetable garden soil (8.68 ng/g dry weight (dw)) compared to chicken enclosure soil (4.43 ng/g dw) and homegrown eggs (0.77 ng/g wet weight (ww)), while long-chain sulfonates and C 11−14 carboxylates showed the opposite trend. Short-term (2018/2019–2022) changes were mostly absent in vegetable garden soil, while changes in chicken enclosure soils oriented S-SW nearby (<4 km) the fluorochemical plant were characterized by a local, high-concentration plume. Moreover, soil from chicken enclosures oriented SE and remotely from the plant site was characterized by a widespread, diffuse but relatively low-concentration plume. Long-term data (2010–2022) suggest that phaseout and regulatory measures have been effective, as PFOS concentrations nearby the fluorochemical plant in soil and eggs have declined from 25.8 to 2.86 ng/g dw and from 528 to 39.4 ng/g ww, respectively. However, PFOS and PFOA concentrations have remained largely stable within this timeframe in gardens remotely from the plant site, warranting further rapid regulation and remediation measures. Future monitoring efforts are needed to allow long-term comparison for multiple PFAS and better distinction from potential confounding variables, such as variable emission outputs and variability in wind patterns. [Display omitted] • Detectable levels of at least five PFAS in every soil sample from private gardens. • Higher precursor and short-chain PFAS levels in vegetable garden soil. • Higher long-chain PFAS levels in chicken enclosure soil and homegrown eggs. • Short-term changes related with industrial emissions and atmospheric degradation. • Since 2010, PFOS and PFOA concentrations in soil and eggs declined nearby industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils is a global concern as these emerging contaminants are highly resistant to degradation and cause adverse effects on human and environmental health at very low concentrations. Sequestering PFAS in soils using carbon-based materials is a low-cost and effective strategy to minimize pollutant bioavailability and exposure, and may offer potential long-term remediation of PFAS in the environment. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of current insights on sequestration of PFAS in soil using carbon-based sorbents. Hydrophobic effects originating from fluorinated carbon (C–F) backbone "tail" and electrostatic interactions deriving from functional groups on the molecules' "head" are the two driving forces governing PFAS sorption. Consequently, varying C–F chain lengths and polar functional groups significantly alter PFAS availability and leachability. Furthermore, matrix parameters such as soil organic matter, inorganic minerals, and pH significantly impact PFAS sequestration by sorbent amendments. Materials such as activated carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, and their composites are the primary C-based materials used for PFAS adsorption. Importantly, modifying the carbon structural and surface chemistry is essential for increasing the active sorption sites and for strengthening interactions with PFAS. This review evaluates current literature, identifies knowledge gaps in current remediation technologies and addresses future strategies on the sequestration of PFAS in contaminated soil using sustainable novel C-based sorbents. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions govern PFAS sorption under complex matrices. • Activated C, biochar, C nanotubes, and their composites are comprehensively discussed. • Modifying C structural and surface chemistry greatly strengthen PFAS sequestration. • Long-term PFAS sequestration is critical for an accurate exposure and risk assessment. • Challenges beyond science and engineering can impact efforts to PFAS sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a neurotoxic widespread organic contaminant which affects several brain functions including memory, motor coordination and social activity. PFOS has the ability to traverse the placenta and the blood brain barrier (BBB) and cause weight gain in female mice. It's also known that obesity and consumption of a high fat diet have negative effects on the brain, impairs cognition and increases the risk for the development of dementia. The combination effect of developmental exposure to PFOS and the intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) has not been explored. This study investigates the effect of PFOS and /or HFD on weight gain, behavior and transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of adult brain mice. We found that female mice exposed to PFOS alone showed an increase in weight, while HFD expectedly increased body weight. The combination of HFD and PFOS exacerbated generalized behavior such as time spent in the center and rearing, while PFOS alone impacted the distance travelled. These results suggest that PFOS exposure may promote hyperactivity. The combination of PFOS and HFD alter social behavior such as rearing and withdrawal. Although HFD interfered with memory retrieval, biomarkers of dementia did not change except for total Tau and phosphorylated Tau. Tau was impacted by either or both PFOS exposure and HFD. Consistent with behavioral observations, global cerebral transcriptomic analysis showed that PFOS exposure affects calcium signaling, MAPK pathways, ion transmembrane transport, and developmental processes. The combination of HFD with PFOS enhances the effect of PFOS in the brain and affects pathways related to ER stress, axon guidance and extension, and neural migration. Proteomic analysis showed that HFD enhances the impact of PFOS on inflammatory pathways, regulation of cell migration and proliferation, and MAPK signaling pathways. Overall, these data show that PFOS combined with HFD may reprogram the genome and modulate neuromotor development and may promote symptoms linked to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Future work will be needed to confirm these connections. [Display omitted] • Developmental PFOS exposure results in behavioral changes in mice and weight gain only in female mice later in life. • PFOS with or without HFD increased Tau protein expression and phosphorylation. • The transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showed that the combination of HFD with PFOS enhances the effect of PFOS in the brain. • Neuropeptide signaling, axon guidance, cell differentiation and proinflammatory pathways are altered by HFD combined with PFOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), represented by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are a major kind of new persistent organic pollutant, and also one of the common pollutants in water environment. At present, there is a lack of an overall and systematic evaluation of the PFOS toxicity on the entire food chain in rivers. In this paper, Daphnia magna Straus is selected as the representative of zooplankton, chlorella vulgaris is selected as the representative of phytoplankton, and zebrafish and carp are selected as the representatives of fish. The static microecological experimental method is used to have a systematic study of the acute toxicity of PFOS on zooplankton, phytoplankton and fish. Results show that PFOS has an obvious toxic effect on zooplankton, phytoplankton and fish. At certain concentration, PFOS can inhibit the growth of phytoplankton, and exert a lethal effect on zooplankton and fish. The toxic effect is in positive correlation with the concentration of PFOS. PFOS has an obvious toxic effect on fish, and also on the food of fish such as phytoplankton and zooplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant associated with increasing health concerns and environmental hazards. Toxicological analyses of PFOS exposure are hampered by large interspecies variations and limited studies on the mechanistic details of PFOS-induced toxicity. We investigated the effects of PFOS exposure on Xenopus laevis embryos based on the reported developmental effects in zebrafish. X. laevis was selected to further our understanding of interspecies variation in response to PFOS, and we built upon previous studies by including transcriptomics and an assessment of ciliogenic effects. Midblastula-stage X. laevis embryos were exposed to PFOS using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus (FETAX). Results showed teratogenic effects of PFOS in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The morphological abnormalities of skeleton deformities, a small head, and a miscoiled gut were associated with changes in gene expression evidenced by whole-mount in situ hybridization and transcriptomics. The transcriptomic profile of PFOS-exposed embryos indicated the perturbation in the expression of genes associated with cell death, and downregulation in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis. Moreover, we observed the effects of PFOS exposure on cilia development as a reduction in the number of multiciliated cells and changes in the directionality and velocity of the cilia-driven flow. Collectively, these data broaden the molecular understanding of PFOS-induced developmental effects, whereby ciliary dysfunction and disrupted ATP synthesis are implicated as the probable modes of action of embryotoxicity. Furthermore, our findings present a new challenge to understand the links between PFOS-induced developmental toxicity and vital biological processes. [Display omitted] • PFOS caused ciliary disruptions, and affected the cilia induced fluid flow. • Transcriptomics with morphometrics was more decisive in deciphering PFOS toxicity. • PFOS induced perturbation of gene expression, cell death, and reduced ATP level. • More strict and tighter regulations on the environmental exposure to PFOS are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a well-known class of pollutants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify with a vast majority being highly persistent. This study aims to determine the biomagnification rates of PFAS in sexually mature striped dolphins and to assess temporal trends on PFAS concentrations over the past three decades (1990–2021) in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Thirteen and 17 of the 19 targeted PFAS were detected in the samples of the dolphins' digestive content and liver, respectively, at concentrations ranging between 43 and 1609 ng/g wet weight, and 254 and 7010 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The most abundant compounds in both types of samples were linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (n-PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), which were present in all samples, followed by perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Long-chain PFAS (i.e., PFCAs C ≥ 7 and PFSAs C ≥ 6) biomagnified to a greater extent than short-chain PFAS, suggesting a potential effect on the health of striped dolphins. Environmental Quality Standards concentrations set in 2014 by the European Union were exceeded in half of the samples of digestive content, suggesting that polluted prey may pose potential health risks for striped dolphins. Concentrations of most long-chain PFAS increased from 1990 to 2004–2009, then stabilized during 2014–2021, possibly following country regulations and industrial initiatives. The current study highlights the persistent presence of banned PFAS and may contribute to future ecological risk assessments and the design of management strategies to mitigate PFAS pollution in marine ecosystems. [Display omitted] • Long-chain PFAS biomagnify in the liver of striped dolphins. • EQS concentrations were exceeded in half of the samples of digestive content. • PFAS may pose health risks for striped dolphins. • Concentrations of most PFAS increased from 1990 to 2004–2009. • PFAS concentrations remained constant from 2004 to 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources, biogeochemical controls and sinks of perfluoroalkyl substances, such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), in polar coastal regions are largely unknown. These were evaluated by measuring a large multi-compartment dataset of PFAAs concentrations at coastal Livingston and Deception Islands (maritime Antarctica) during three austral summers. PFAAs were abundant in atmospheric-derived samples (aerosols, rain, snow), consistent with the importance of atmospheric deposition as an input of PFAAs to Antarctica. Such PFAAs deposition was unequivocally demonstrated by the occurrence of PFAAs in small Antarctic lakes. Several lines of evidence supported the relevant amplification of PFAAs concentrations in surface waters driven by snow scavenging of sea-spray aerosol-bound PFAAs followed by snow-melting. For example, vertical profiles showed higher PFAAs concentrations at lower-salinity surface seawaters, and PFAAs concentrations in snow were significantly higher than in seawater. The higher levels of PFAAs at Deception Island than at Livingston Island are consistent with the semi-enclosed nature of the bay. Concentrations of PFOS decreased from 2014 to 2018, consistent with observations in other oceans. The sink of PFAAs due to the biological pump, transfer to the food web, and losses due to sea-spray aerosols alone are unlikely to have driven the decrease in PFOS concentrations. An exploratory assessment of the potential sinks of PFAAs suggests that microbial degradation of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates should be a research priority for the evaluation of PFAAs persistence in the coming decade. [Display omitted] • Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the maritime Antarctica. • PFAS are enriched in snow and rain consistent with the importance of wet deposition. • The pattern of dissolved PFAS is consistent with important inputs from snow melting. • PFSA have decreased during recent years consistent with significant sinks. A large dataset of perfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in maritime Antarctica showed the relevance of amplification of concentrations by snow and rain deposition, as well other biogeochemical controls on their occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of 22 major perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in tissues of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and their major prey species, the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), from the Scoresby Sound region of East Greenland. In polar bear liver the mean Σ 4 PFSA (perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid) concentration (C 4 , C 6 , C 8 and C 10) was 2611 ± 202 ng/g wet weight (ww; 99% perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) and two orders of magnitude higher than the 20 ± 3 ng/g ww (89% PFOS) concentration in fat. The mean Σ 4 PFSAs in seal liver was 111 ± 5 ng/g ww (98% PFOS) and three orders of magnitude higher relative to the 0.05 ± 0.01 ng/g ww concentration in blubber (100% perfluorohexane sulfonate). Perfluoro-1-octane sulfonamide (FOSA) was quantifiable in bear (mean 10 ± 1.4 ng/g ww) and seal (mean 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/g ww) liver but not in fat or blubber. The mean Σ 13 PFCAs (C 4 –C 18 ; perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) in bear liver (924 ± 71 ng/g ww) was much greater than in seal liver (74 ± 6 ng/g ww). In bear fat and seal blubber, the mean Σ 13 PFCAs were 15 ± 1.9 and 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/g ww, respectively. Longer chain C 11 to C 14 PFCAs dominated in bear fat and seal blubber (60–80% of Σ 13 PFCA), whereas shorter-chain C 9 to C 11 PFCAs dominated in the liver (85–90% of Σ 13 PFCA). Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were orders of magnitude greater for PFHxS and C 9 to C 13 PFCAs when based on bear liver to seal blubber rather than bear liver to seal liver, and PFCA (C 9 to C 13) BMFs decreased with increasing chain length. Seal blubber to bear liver BMFs better reflects the dietary exposure relationship of PFAS between bears and seals. Image 1 • Major PFASs were compared in liver and fat tissues of polar bears and ringed seals. • Polar bears had greater PFAS contamination than ringed seals. • The PFOS to precursor FOSA ratio was significantly greater in bears than in seals. • PFCA tissue concentration increased whereas biomagnification factors (BMFs) decreased with increased with PFCA chain length. • Comparing PFAS BMFs based in bear liver to seal blubber better reflects the dietary relationship. Ringed seal to polar bear bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PFCAs, PFSAs (PFOS) and precursors are much greater when based on dietary relationship of seal blubber to bear liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of pollutants with nanomaterials has attracted attention due to the extensive application of nanomaterials. In this study, the adsorption behavior of PFOS on nano-alumina with different shapes was investigated. First, the adsorption isotherms and kinetics of PFOS on alumina nanoparticles (NPs) and nanowires (NWs) were measured to calculate thermodynamic parameters. The effects of solution chemistry (e.g., pH, ionic strength, and the presence of humic acid) on adsorption were further studied. The different aggregation behavior of alumina NPs and NWs were the critical factor for PFOS adsorption, as demonstrated through dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments. This study is the first to investigate the aggregation effects on PFOS adsorption on nanomaterials and the results should be useful in identifying the important roles of shape and aggregation of nanomaterials on the fate of organic pollutants in the environment. Image 1 • The aggregate effect was proposed to be critical for pollutant adsorption on nanomaterials. • The increase of pH, ionic strength, and humic acid concentration all decrease adsorption. • Electrostatic interaction also play important role in the adsorption process. The aggregation of nanomaterials is critical for PFOS adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The immobilization of organic contaminants in sediment-water systems is of growing concern. Using biochar as sorbent amendment to reduce the mobility of pollutants in the sediment-water interface is becoming increasingly popular as a low-cost and environmentally friendly option. In this study, we mixed sediment from the Weishan Lake with biochar (0%, 2%, and 5% (w/w)) derived from corn straw to investigate the adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2). Biochar addition significantly improved the adsorption rates and capacities of EE2 and PFOS on sediments by the factors 1.7–3.5; the organic carbon concentration in the sediment was the main factor influencing this process. The sorption of EE2 and PFOS to sediment was near-linear (Freundlich exponent 1/n of 0.799–0.805), but non-linear for biochar (0.430–0.476) and sediment+biochar (0.370–0.421). The mobility of PFOS in the water-sediment system after biochar addition was significantly reduced, with a considerable increase (about three times) in the sediment-water distribution coefficient K d. Compared to EE2, PFOS is anionic compound and contains hydrophobic C–F chains and hydrophilic S–O groups, making it more susceptible pH influences and resulting in interactions with–OH, –C=O, Si–O–Si, –O–Si, and –Al–O–Al groups via hydrogen bonding, ligand exchange, and surface complexation. We suggest that biochar amendment at ～5% is a viable approach to immobilize EE2 and PFOS at the sediment-water interface. Highlights • Biochar addition improved the adsorption performance of EE2 and PFOS onto sediment. • The mobility of PFOS was significantly reduced after the addition of 5% biochar. • Organic carbon is the key factor affecting EE2 and PFOS adsorption on sediment. • At neutral pH, PFOS was easily mobilized in the water-sediment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCDD/Fs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are among the most important and hazardous pollutants of soil. Food producing animals such as chicken, beef, sheep and goats can take up soil while grazing or living outdoors (free-range) and this can result in contamination. In recent decades, large quantities of brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) have been produced and released into the environment and this has resulted in widespread contamination of soils and other environmental matrices. These POPs also bioaccumulate and can contaminate food of animal origin resulting in indirect exposure of humans. Recent assessments of chicken and beef have shown that surprisingly low concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in soil can result in exceedances of regulatory limits in food. Soil contamination limits have been established in a number of countries for PCDD/Fs but it has been shown that the contamination levels which result in regulatory limits in food (the maximum levels in the European Union) being exceeded, are below all the existing soil regulatory limits. 'Safe' soil levels are exceeded in many areas around emission sources of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. On the other hand, PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB levels in soil in rural areas, without a contamination source, are normally safe for food producing animals housed outdoors resulting in healthy food (e.g. meat, eggs, milk). For the majority of POPs (e.g. PBDEs, PFOS, PFOA, SCCP) no regulatory limits in soils exist. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop appropriate and protective soil standards minimising human exposure from food producing animals housed outdoors. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to eliminate POPs pollution sources for soils and to control, secure and remediate contaminated sites and reservoirs, in order to reduce exposure and guarantee food safety. Image 1 • PCDD/F below regulatory limits in soil can exceed regulatory limits in chicken/egg. • 'Safe' soil levels for PCDD/Fs and PCBs are often exceeded around emission sources. • No regulatory limits in soils exist for the majority of new listed POPs. • Protective POPs soil standards for food producing animals are needed. • There is an urgent need to control POPs pollution sources for soils and food safety. POPs contaminated sites are relevant pollutants in soils with human exposure risk. Science based soil standards for POPs are needed to protect human exposure from food producing animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination. Highlights • PFAS were investigated in West Indian manatees found in Florida and Puerto Rico • Seven PFAS were detected in the plasma of West Indian manatees. • PFOS and PFNA were detected in every manatee (n = 69). • In this study, higher levels of PFAS were found in manatees from Brevard County, FL. • Manatees represent a new model for studying PFAS exposure in herbivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are widespread and persistent chemicals in the environment, and limited data about their effects on puberty development are available. In order to explore the effects of neonatal and juvenile PFOA/PFOS exposure on puberty maturation, female rats were injected with PFOA or PFOS at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg/day during postnatal day (PND) 1–5 or 26–30. The day of vaginal opening (VO) and first estrus were significantly advanced in 10 mg/kg PFOA, 1 and 10 mg/kg PFOS groups after neonatal and juvenile exposure. Besides, neonatal PFOA/PFOS exposure increased body weight and anogenital distance (AGD) in a non-dose-dependent manner. Estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels were also increased with more frequent occurrences of irregular estrous cycles in 0.1 and 1 mg/kg PFOA/PFOS exposure groups. Although no altered ovarian morphology was observed, follicles numbers were reduced in neonatal groups. Kiss1 , Kiss1r and ERα mRNA expressions were downregulated after two periods' exposure in the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. PFOA/PFOS exposure also suppressed kisspeptin fiber intensities, especially at the high dose. In conclusion, neonatal and juvenile are critical exposure periods, during which puberty maturation may be vulnerable to environmental exposure of PFOA/PFOS, and kisspeptin system plays a key role during these processes. Highlights • Neonatal and juvenile exposure to PFOA/PFOS affect puberty in female rats. • PFOA/PFOS exposure increase body weight, AGD, VO and first estrus. • Exposure to PFOA/PFOS affect kisspeptin system in hypothalamic AVPV and ARC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the toxicological mechanism by which perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induces liver injury via ferroptosis. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with LD50 = 55 M PFOS. Their cytotoxicity was detected by CCK-8 and LDH assays, while JC-1 staining was used to identify their mitochondrial membrane potential. GSH-Px, MDA, and SOD levels were determined using kits, and Fe2 + levels were determined using the FerroOrange probe and iron ion assay kit. The DCFH-DA probe was used to examine ROS levels, while Western blot was used to examine protein expressions. After treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor YL939 and the ROS inhibitor BABTA, the ability of PFOS to induce ferroptosis was observed. In animal experiments, we examined the liver function and the degree of hepatic ferroptosis of mice treated with PFOS as well as their histopathological changes. PFOS could induce hepatocyte ferroptosis, while YL939 and BABTA treatment could inhibit PFOS-induced ferroptosis. PFOS could induce liver injury and increase ferroptosis levels in tissue, while treatment with YL939 and BABTA could inhibit liver injury. PFOS can induce ferroptosis in hepatocytes and cause liver injury in mice, which is its toxicological mechanism. • PFOS can induce ferroptosis in hepatocytes. • PFOS can cause liver injury in mice, which is its toxicological mechanism. • PFOS can trigger hepatocyte injury through ROS-mediated ferroptosis, thereby causing liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a manmade legacy compound belonging to the group of persistent per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS). While many adverse health effects of PFOS have been identified, knowledge about its effect on the intestinal microbiota is scarce. The microbial community inhabiting the gut of mammals plays an important role in health, for instance by affecting the uptake, excretion, and bioavailability of some xenobiotic toxicants. Here, we investigated (i) the effect of vancomycin-mediated microbiota modulation on the uptake of PFOS in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, and (ii) the effects of PFOS exposure on the rat microbiota composition. Four groups of twelve rats were exposed daily for 7 days with either 3 mg/kg PFOS plus 8 mg/kg vancomycin, only PFOS, only vancomycin, or a corn oil control. Vancomycin-induced modulation of the gut microbiota composition did not affect uptake of branched and linear PFOS over a period of 7 days, measured in serum samples. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of faecal and intestinal samples revealed that vancomycin treatment lowered microbial alpha-diversity, while PFOS increased the microbial diversity in vancomycin-treated as well as in non-antibiotic treated animals, possibly because an observed decrease in the Enterobacteriaceae abundance allows other microbial species to propagate. Colonic short-chain fatty acids were significantly lower in vancomycin-treated animals but remained unaffected by PFOS. Our results suggest that PFOS exposure may disturb the intestinal microbiota, but that antibiotic-induced modulation of the intestinal ecosystem does not affect systemic uptake of PFOS in rats. [Display omitted] • First study assessing the effect of the intestinal bacterial community on uptake of PFOS. • Changing the gut microbiome does not affect the systemic levels of PFOS in rats. • PFOS has minor effects on specific bacterial taxa in the rat gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is not readily degradable in the natural environment, and PFOS is widely used in industry. Globally, PFOS exposure occurs in the environment. PFOS is persistent and non-biodegradable. The general public can come into contact with PFOS by inhaling PFOS-contaminated dust and air, drinking contaminated water, eating contaminated food. Thus, PFOS induces potential health damage globally. In this study, the effect of PFOS on aging of the liver was investigated. In an in vitro cellular model, a series of biochemical experiments were conducted via cell proliferation assays, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and laser confocal microscopy. It was found that PFOS led to hepatocyte senescence via Sa-β-gal staining and detection of senescence markers (p16, p21 and p53). In addition, PFOS also led to oxidative stress and inflammation. Mechanistic studies have shown that PFOS can lead to elevated mitochondrial ROS in hepatocytes through calcium overload. ROS cause alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, subsequently inducing mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) opening, which in turn releases mt-DNA from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, thus activating NLRP3, which causes the senescence of hepatocytes. Based on this, we further analyzed the effect of PFOS on liver aging in vivo and found that PFOS caused the aging of liver tissues. On this basis, we preliminarily investigated the effect of β-carotene on the aging damage caused by PFOS and found that it could alleviate the liver aging caused by PFOS. In summary, the current study shows that PFOS causes aging damage to the liver, and this study provides a more in-depth understanding of the toxicity characteristics of PFOS. • PFOS causes liver aging, inflammation and oxidative stress. • PFOS induces hepatocytes aging and oxidative stress. • PFOS leads to liver aging through the mt-DNA-mediated NLRP3 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial patterns in perfluoroalkyl substances were quantified for exploited fish and crustaceans across two contrasting Australian estuaries (Port Stephens and Hunter River). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in 77% of composites from Port Stephens and 100% of composites from Hunter River. Most species from Port Stephens showed a clear trend with distance to source. In contrast, only a subset of species showed this trend in the Hunter River, potentially due to species movement patterns and differing hydrology. Spatial modelling showed that PFOS concentrations were expected to exceed the relevant trigger value up to ~13,500 m from the main point source for Port Stephens and ~9000 m for the Hunter River. These results represent the first major investigation of bioaccumulation of PFASs in exploited species in Australian estuaries, and highlight various factors that can contribute to spatial patterns in bioaccumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) completed nationwide screening of six perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. drinking water from 2013 to 2015 under the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3). UCMR3 efforts yielded a dataset of 36,139 samples containing analytical results from >5000 public water systems (PWSs). This study used UCMR3 data to investigate three aspects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water: the occurrence of PFAS and co-contaminant mixtures, trends in PFAS detections relative to PWS characteristics and potential release types, and temporal trends in PFAS occurrence. This was achieved through bivariate and multivariate analyses including categorical analysis, concentration ratios, and hierarchical cluster analysis. Approximately 50% of samples with PFAS detections contained ≥2 PFASs, and 72% of detections occurred in groundwater. Large PWSs (>10,000 customers) were 5.6 times more likely than small PWSs (≤10,000 customers) to exhibit PFAS detections; however, when detected, median total PFAS concentrations were higher in small PWSs (0.12 μg/L) than in large (0.053 μg/L). Bivariate and multivariate analyses of PFAS composition suggested PWSs reflect impacts due to firefighting foam use and WWTP effluent as compared to other source types for which data were available. Mann-Kendall analysis of quarterly total PFAS detection rates indicated an increasing trend over time (p = 0.03). UCMR3 data provide a foundation for tiered design of targeted sampling and analysis plans to address remaining knowledge gaps in the sources, composition, and concentrations of PFASs in U.S. drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information is scarce on historical trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the coastal environment. In this study, four sediment cores were collected from semi-enclosed bays of Korea to investigate the pollution history, contamination profiles, and environmental burden of PFASs. The total PFAS concentrations in sediment cores ranged from 6.61 to 821 pg/g dry weight. The highest concentrations of PFASs were found in surface or sub-surface sediments, indicating on-going contamination by PFASs. Historical trends in PFASs showed a clear increase since the 1980s, which was consistent with the global PFAS consumption pattern. Concentrations of PFASs were dependent on the organic carbon content in sediment cores. PFOS and longer-chain PFASs were predominant in all of the sediment cores. In particular, a large proportion of longer-chain PFASs was observed in the upper layers of the sediment cores from industrialized coastal regions. Inventories and fluxes estimated for PFASs were similar to those for PCDD/Fs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While ( N -ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol)-based phosphates (SAmPAPs) have been proposed as a group of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) precursors, investigation of their occurrence and fate has been limited to SAmPAP diester. In this study, SAmPAP diester and triester were simultaneously determined in freshwater sediment from Taihu Lake using a newly developed UPLC-MS/MS method, and their biotransformation to PFOS in lake sediment was investigated. SAmPAP diester and triester were detected in sediments with a detection frequency of 56% and 88%, and their mean concentrations were 0.24 ± 0.11 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.12 ± 0.03 ng/g dw, respectively. The SAmPAP diester/triester ratio in sediment was 1.1 ± 4.2, much lower than that (6.7) observed in the technical product, and the positive correlation was found between the concentrations of SAmPAP diester and PFOS in sediments (r 2 = 0.45, p = 0.01), suggesting that SAmPAP diester would be biotransformed to PFOS in the lake sediment. The microbial degradation test in the lake sediments further clarified that SAmPAP diester was biodegraded to PFOS, but SAmPAP triester was highly recalcitrant to microbial degradation. This study suggests that the occurrence of SAmPAP diester in freshwater lake sediments may be an important precursor of PFOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the discovery of potential chronic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination of Tilligerry Creek, Port Stephens (New South Wales Australia), sampling was undertaken to confirm the presence, extent and levels of contamination in commercial oyster crops of Sydney Rock Oyster ( Saccostrea glomerata ) and Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) grown within the estuary. Among a range of PFAS tested, only perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected. Concentrations of PFOS in oyster tissues for S. glomerata ranged from 1.6 μg kg − 1 ww (wet weight) to below the limit of reporting of 0.3 μg kg − 1 ww, with concentrations generally decreasing toward the lower reaches of the estuary. The sample of C. gigas tested had a PFOS concentration of 0.71 μg kg − 1 ww that was consistent with concentrations observed in nearby S. glomerata . For harvest size (50–60 g) S. glomerata , both holding contaminated oysters in a depuration system, and relocation to a non-contaminated area, saw significant reductions in the tissue PFOS concentrations. For oysters held in a depuration system, PFOS depurated at a rate of 0.008 h − 1 (0.004–0.019 h − 1 ; 90% CI), which corresponded with a depuration half-life of 87 h (35–155 h; 90%). A more conservative model (fitted to data that assumed concentrations < LOR were equal 0.5·LOR) predicted a depuration half-life of 131 h. PFOS concentrations had fallen to below detectable limits within 162 h. Similar decreases were observed in relocated oysters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates PFAS contamination and determines the major drainage sources to a temperate microtidal estuary, the Swan Canning Estuary, in Perth Western Australia. We describe how variability in these sources influences PFAS concentrations within this urban estuary. Surface water samples were collected from 20 estuary sites and 32 catchment sites in June and December from 2016 to 2018. Modelled catchment discharge was used to estimate PFAS load over the study period. Three major catchment sources of elevated PFAS were identified with contamination likely resulting from historical AFFF use on a commercial airport and defence base. Estuary PFAS concentration and composition varied significantly with season and spatially with the two different estuary arms responding differently to winter and summer conditions. This study has found that the influence of multiple PFAS sources on an estuary depend on the historical usage timeframe, groundwater interactions and surface water discharge. • Legacy AFFF use in an urban estuary catchment continues to impact estuary PFAS concentrations. • PFOS and PFHxS make the greatest contribution to PFAS concentrations in the Swan Canning Estuary. • Two sub-catchments input more PFAS into the estuary than the combined load from the remaining 29. • PFAS response in the major estuary arms differed due to catchment sources and hydrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoralkyl acids (PFAS) have been regarded as global pollutants for at least twenty years, with potentially negative physiological effects on multiple vertebrate species including humans. Here we analyze the effects of the administration of environmentally-relevant levels of PFAS on caged canaries (Serinus canaria) by using a combination of physiological, immunological, and transcriptomic analyses. This constitutes a completely new approach to understand the toxicity pathway of PFAS in birds. While we observed no effects on physiological and immunological parameters (e.g, body weight, fat index, cell-mediated immunity), the transcriptome of the pectoral fatty tissue showed changes compatible with the known effects of PFAS as obesogens in other vertebrates, particularly in mammals. First, transcripts related to the immunological response were affected (mainly enriched), including several key signaling pathways. Second, we found a repression of genes related to the peroxisome response and fatty acid metabolism. We interpret these results as indicative of the potential hazard of environmental concentrations of PFAS on the fat metabolism and the immunological system of birds, while exemplifying the ability of transcriptomic analyses of detecting early physiological responses to toxicants. As the potentially affected functions are essential for the survival of the animals during, for example, migration, our results underline the need for tight control of the exposure of natural populations of birds to these substances. [Display omitted] • We studied PFOS and PFOA effects combing transcriptomics and traditional biomarkers. • We propose a new, non-destructive matrix and test it in an unstudied biological order. • Fatty tissue transcriptome showed changes compatible with obesogenic effects. • Effects on genes related to fat metabolism and immunological system of birds. • Transcriptomics give an early warning of a potential hazard for birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010 an oil terminal next to nature reservation Saliña Goto (Bonaire) caught fire. Firefighting resulted in elevated per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in the salt lake. Within months flamingo abundance in Goto dropped to near complete absence. After statistical analysis, rainfall was deemed an unlikely cause for this decline. Toxicological effects on abundance of prey are likely the main cause for the flamingo absence. This reduced PFAS exposure via food and thus risk towards flamingos during the first years after the fires. Although the sediment is still polluted with persistent PFAS, flamingos returned, and started to feed on organisms with PFAS levels that exceed safety thresholds, placing the birds and other wildlife at risk. Monitoring bird populations is advised to assess potential toxic effects on birds and their offspring. This case suggests that applying persistent chemicals to reduce incident impacts may be more harmful than the incident itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption behavior of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on biochar produced from corn straw at varying pyrolytic temperatures ( i.e ., 250, 400, 550, and 700   °C, BC250–700, respectively) was investigated. High pyrolytic temperatures (>400   °C) resulted in the increase of some fine-pore structures, larger surface area (SA) and higher aromaticity of biochar. The adsorption kinetics of PFOS fitted well to a pseudo-second order model while the adsorption isotherms followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model ( R 2 > 0.949). The adsorption capacity increased with the pyrolytic temperature with the highest adsorption capacity ( i.e ., 169.30 mg/g) being obtained on BC 700. The adsorption of PFOS on the biochar samples was mainly governed by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The hydrophobicity enhancement of biochar pyrolyzed at high temperatures is one of the important factors contributing to PFOS adsorption. The capacity of biochar for adsorbing PFOS decreased with the increase of solution pH. The adsorption of PFOS on the biochar samples is a spontaneous and endothermic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) levels in the eggs of three primarily invertivorous bird species sampled in 2006 near a fluoro-chemical plant: the great tit (Parus major ), the northern lapwing ( Vanellus vanellus ) and the Mediterranean gull ( Larus melanocephalus) . Our study reported some of the highest PFOS levels ever measured in wildlife to date (i.e. up to 46182 ng/g ww in lapwing eggs). A pronounced decrease in PFOS concentration in the Northern lapwing eggs with distance from the fluoro-chemical plant was found. A similar relationship was found for the great tit, with eggs being collected close to the fluoro-chemical plant having significantly higher PFOS levels than eggs collected 1700 m further away. When comparing the PFOS levels in eggs for the three species, collected between 1700 and 5500 m no significant differences were observed. In addition, when comparing PFOS levels in eggs between Northern lapwing and great tits closer to the plant (900–1700 m) no significant differences were found neither. Despite the high levels found in great tit eggs, plasmatic biochemical biomarker responses did not appear to be affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, many river sediments are seriously contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) known to accumulate in aquatic food. In the Netherlands, toxicological risks of human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds led to a ban on eel fishing in the Rhine-Meuse delta. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in serum POP levels in consumers of eel from high-polluted areas and consumers of eel from low-polluted areas or aquaculture. In total 80 Dutch men were included, aged 40–70 years, with a habitual eel consumption of at least one portion (150 g) per month. Total levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds were measured in serum of all participants with the DR CALUX bioassay, validated with GC-MS. For a subgroup of 38 participants extensive POP measurements were performed. We revealed that consumption of eel from polluted rivers resulted in 2.5 and up to 10 times increased levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) respectively compared to controls. The highest PCB levels were detected for PCB 153, with a median level of 896 ng/g lipid and a maximum level of 5000 ng/g lipid in the high-exposed group. Furthermore, hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs: sum of 4-OH-CB107, 4-OH-CB146, 4′-OH-CB172, and 4-OH-CB187) were 8 times higher in men who consumed eel from polluted areas, and detected at levels (median 4.5 ng/g ww) reported to cause adverse health effects. Also, the majority of the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were significantly higher in consumers of eel from pullulated areas. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal that (past) consumption of eel from polluted rivers resulted in high body burdens of dioxins, PCBs, OH-PCBs and PFASs. We confirmed the predictions made in a former risk assessment, and the high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds as well as the OH-PCBs are of health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which have been found in high concentrations in maternal serum, have the potential to impair glucose metabolism in pregnant women. However, the effects of PFAS exposure on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remain inconsistent. In the current investigation, a case-control study involving 135 patients with GDM and 69 controls was conducted in Hangzhou, China. We determined the concentrations of 17 PFAS in maternal serum from each participant and elucidated the associations between those concentrations and the risk of GDM. Among the 17 PFAS, perfluorooctanesulfonate (median 7.53 and 7.44 ng/mL) was the predominant PFAS in both cases and controls, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; median 5.22 and 5.03 ng/mL) and 6:2 chlorinated perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA; median 2.58 and 2.42 ng/mL). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the maternal serum continuous levels of PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were significantly associated with the GDM risk, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 3.51), 1.47 (1.17, 3.29), 1.33 (1.72, 3.48), and 1.34 (1.17, 2.53), respectively. In the adjusted model, the ORs of GDM for increasing tertiles of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA significantly increased. The adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 3.38 (2.16, 6.89), 2.61 (1.26, 5.40), 3.46 (1.64, 6.30), and 3.50 (1.62, 6.91) at the highest concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA, respectively. These results suggest that higher PFAS exposure, reflected in serum PFAS concentrations, was associated with GDM incidence in pregnant women. [Display omitted] • Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in Chinese maternal serum was investigated. • PFOS, PFOA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were the major PFASs in Chinese maternal serum. • Levels of PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS were associated with increased GDM risk. • We found positive association between 6:2 Cl-PFESA levels and the risk of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PFOS exposure decrease T4, T3, rT3 and T1Ac in adult male rats. • PFOS reduces thyroid hormone concentrations without activating the HPT-axis. • PFOS alters gene expression in hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and liver. • PFOS dysregulates axon function and vesicle transport genes in hypothalamus. • Compromised gut microbiome had no significant effect on PFOS-induced DEGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), as an important class of new persistent organic pollutants, are widely distributed in the environment. Yet the effects of different types and concentrations of PFCs on soil microbial community in urban forest ecosystems are remain uncertain. Here, two typical PFCs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), were selected to carry out a pot experiment in greenhouse with singly and joint treatment at different concentrations, to examine their effects on composition and diversity of soil microorganisms and availability of soil macronutrients by using high-throughput Illumina sequencing approach. The results showed both PFOA and PFOS application significantly increased soil NO 3 --N and NH 4 +-N content, but did not alter total phosphorus content, compared to the control check (CK) treatments. Total potassium content was reduced in PFOA treatments but increased in PFOS and PFOA×PFOS treatments. The most dominant bacterial phylum was Chloroflexi in low and medium PFCs concentrations and the CK treatments, but it was switched to Acidobacteria in high concentrations. No obvious change was detected for the composition of the dominant fungi community in PFCs treatments compared to the CK treatments. With the increase of PFCs concentrations, soil bacterial richness decreased but its diversity increased, whereas the richness and diversity of fungal community usually decreased. Redundancy analyses revealed that soil fungal community was more sensitive to PFCs pollutants than soil bacterial communities. Further data analysis revealed by structural equation model (SEM) that the PFCs exposed for 60 days indirectly affects the diversity and richness of soil bacteria and fungi by directly affecting NO 3 --N and NH 4 +-N content. The results suggested the concentration of PFCs pollutants played a primary role in determining the composition, richness and diversity of forest soil microbial communities. [Display omitted] • In the urban forest soil, fungal community was more sensitive to PFCs than bacteria. • PFCs' concentrations rather than types played a primary role in determining the composition, richness and diversity of the soil microbial communities. • Structural equation model (SEM) indicated that PFCs exposure indirectly affect the diversity and richness of soil microorganisms by affecting NO 3 --N and NH 4 +-N in urban forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) are ubiquitous in various environmental and human samples. They have been reported to have hepatotoxicity effects, but the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis to investigate the altered profiles in metabolite and protein levels in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) exposed to 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS at human exposure relevant concentrations. Our results showed that 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited higher perturbation effects on cell viability, metabolome and proteome than PFOS. Integration of metabolomics and proteomics revealed that the alteration of glycerophospholipid metabolism was the critical pathway of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS-induced lipid metabolism disorder in primary human hepatocytes. Interestingly, 6:2 Cl-PFESA-induced cellular metabolic process disorder was associated with the cellular membrane-bounded signaling pathway, while PFOS was associated with the intracellular transport process. Moreover, the disruption effects of 6:2 Cl-PFESA were also involved in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Overall, this study provided comprehensive insights into the hepatic lipid toxicity mechanisms of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS in human primary hepatocytes. [Display omitted] • Comparison of the metabolite and protein profiles of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS in primary human hepatocytes. • 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS significantly altered glycerophospholipid metabolism processes in PHH cells with distinct mechanism. • 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited higher perturbation effects on cellular membrane function than PFOS in PHH cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide application as an alternative for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. However, the aquatic toxicity of PFBS is still poorly understood. The present work studied the aquatic toxicity of PFBS using freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) as indicator, and the toxicity of PFOS was also examined for comparison. The results showed that PFBS exhibited much lower toxicity to S. obliquus than PFOS. The EC 50 value was higher than 1800 mg L−1 after 7 days of exposure to PFBS. By contrast, a much lower EC 50 value of 136.69 mg L−1 was obtained for PFOS. Photosynthetic efficiency analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence also verified that PFOS induced a higher toxic effect on the algae than PFBS. The malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase results indicate that PFOS exposure led to the accumulation of ROS, which caused oxidative damage to the algae, thereby resulting in the inhibition in the growth and photosynthesis of the algae. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicates that the significant down-regulation of key genes related to photosynthesis induced by PFOS was the fundamental mechanism for the inhibition in photosynthetic efficiency and biomass growth of S. obliquus. [Display omitted] • The aquatic toxicity of PFBS and PFOS was compared using algae S. obliquus. • PFBS exhibited much lower toxicity to S. obliquus than PFOS. • PFOS significantly inhibited the algae growth and photosynthetic efficiency. • PFOS exposure accumulated ROS and caused oxidative damage to S. obliquus. • PFOS significantly down-regulated the expression of genes related to photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia, defined as a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, is a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality. Observational studies have shown that the exposure of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), is emerging as a significant environmental factor associated with preeclampsia risk. However, epidemiologic evidence is of correlative in nature, and unable to establish a causal relationship. Here, we established an animal model of PFOS-induced preeclampsia to explore the molecular mechanism of PFOS in placental trophoblast. In the mouse model, PFOS exposure by gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg/d from embryonic day 7.5–16.5 was sufficient to induce preeclampsia-like symptoms such as hypertension, proteinuria, and renal glomerular endotheliosis, accompanied with placental abnormal stromal collagen deposition. In-vitro experiments of JEG-3 cells, PFOS exposure impaired trophoblast motility including the compromised abilities of migration, invasion and vascularization. Mechanistically, these pathological effects on cells resulted from SLC25A5-mediated mitochondrial damages, characterized by excessive ROS generation, decreased ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and accompanied by the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways. This pioneering study provided biological plausibility to the causality verified by the animal model and the in vitro experiments, which indicates that PFOS exposure may cause preeclampsia during pregnancy via impairing trophoblast mitochondria. • Animal models and in vitro experiments shed light on the causality between PFAS and preeclampsia. • PFOS exposure by gavage was sufficient to induce preeclampsia-like phenotypes in pregnant mice. • PFOS exposure induced mitochondrial damages accompanied by the activation of p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) is a ubiquitous contaminant in the aquatic environment and our earlier studies demonstrated that chronic PFOS exposures lead to a female-biased sex ratio and decreased sperm quality in male zebrafish. The underlying mechanism for these reproductive effects is unknown. In the present study, 8 h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish were exposed to PFOS at 250 μg/L for 5 months, and the levels of sex hormones, expression of sex determination related genes, and histological and ultrastructural changes of gonads were fully characterized. During the sex differentiation period, we observed elevated estradiol (E2) and decreased testosterone (T) levels in whole tissue homogenates from PFOS exposed juveniles. In fully mature adult male fish, serum E2 levels were slightly increased, however, the estrogen receptor alpha ( esr1 ) was significantly elevated in PFOS treated male gonads. Histological and electron microscopic examinations revealed structural changes in the gonads of PFOS exposed male and female adult zebrafish. In summary, chronic PFOS exposure disrupts sex hormone level and related gene expression and impairs gonadal development, which may contribute to the previously reported PFOS reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are being increasingly detected in a range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, often resulting from the use of legacy fire-fighting foams. This study conducted an initial investigation of the concentrations of PFASs in the commercially and recreationally exploited species Dusky Flathead, Mud Crab, School Prawn, Sea Mullet, Yellowfin Bream, Eastern King Prawn and Sand Whiting, across two contaminated estuaries. All samples contained perfluoro- n -octane sulfonate (PFOS) except four Yellowfin Bream samples (two from each estuary). Perfluoro- n -octanoic acid (PFOA) was detected only in School Prawn samples from Fullerton Cove, while perfluoro- n -hexane sulfonate (PFHxS) was detected in prawn muscle and in fish liver samples from both estuaries. This study presents one of the first surveys of PFAS in a range of edible saltwater fish and crustaceans in Australia, and these baseline levels of contamination will prove useful for informing future surveys of these emerging contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging class of environmentally persistent organic pollutants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); have been universally found in the environment. Wastewater and untreated effluents are likely the major causes for the accumulation of PFCs in surface water. There are very few reports on the contamination of PFCs in the developing countries, particularly in India. This study reports the quantitative analysis of PFOA and PFOS in Noyyal, Cauvery, and also lakes in and around Chennai, using Ultra-Fast liquid chromatograph. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS ranged from 4 to 93 ng/L and 3 to 29 ng/L, respectively. The concentration of PFOS was below detectable limit in Cauvery River. A reliable concentration of PFOA was recorded at all sites of River Cauvery (5 ng/L). The present study could be useful for the assessment of future monitoring programs of PFOA and PFOS in the surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) and shrimps ( Pandalus borealis ) are regular foodstuffs for communities in northern Norway and important species for the coastal fishing industry. This is the first study to present a comprehensive overview of the contaminant status of these species, with emphasis on unregulated perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS). The contaminant concentrations were low and within tolerable levels for human dietary exposure. Median Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were 4.9 and 2.5 ng/g ww for halibut and unpeeled shrimps, respectively. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) – the most abundant PFASs – were 0.9 and 2.7 ng/g ww in halibut and shrimp, respectively. The halibut fillets were dominated by PCBs, which contributed to 50% of the total POPs load, followed by ΣDDTs; 26% and PFASs (18%), whereas shrimps were dominated by PFASs (74%). ΣPBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) contributed to 1–4% of the total POP load. Local sources are not contributing significantly to the contaminant burden in these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to investigate the mechanism of perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced low body weight of fetus by analysis of glucocorticoid metabolizing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and gene expression profiling of the placenta after in utero PFOS exposure.Study Design: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were gavaged with 0, 5, and 20 mg/kg body weight PFOS daily from gestational day 12-18. On gestational day 18, pregnant dams were euthanized, placentas, and fetuses were collected.Main Outcome Measures: Body weights of fetuses and placentas were measured, the corticosterone levels in fetal serum, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 as well as the placental gene profiling were analyzed.Results: 20 mg/kg PFOS significantly reduced fetal body weight and placental weight. Both 5 and 20 mg/kg PFOS increased fetal serum corticosterone levels. PFOS potently inhibited placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity. Of 21,910 genes, 45 genes were significantly downregulated ≥2 fold by 20 mg/kg PFOS, including extracellular matrix (Slpi and Pi16), growth factors and hormones (Trh and Pdf), ion transporters (Aqp1, S100a4, and Abp1), signal transducers (Kap and Ampd3), and structural constituents (A2m and Des).Conclusions: PFOS exposure may alter placental development and function, causing intrauterine growth restriction via inhibiting placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel approaches for estimating the emissions of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to surface waters are explored. The Danube River catchment is used to investigate emissions contributing to riverine loads of PFOS and PFOA and to verify the accuracy of estimates using a catchment-scale dynamic fugacity-based chemical transport and fate model (STREAM-EU; Spatially and Temporally Resolved Exposure Assessment Model for European basins). Model accuracy evaluation performed by comparing STREAM-EU predicted concentrations and monitoring data for the Danube and its tributaries shows that the best estimates for PFOS and PFOA emissions in the Danube region are obtained by considering the combined contributions of human population, wealth (based on local gross domestic product (GDP)) and wastewater treatment. Human population alone cannot explain the levels of PFOS and PFOA found in the Danube catchment waters. Introducing wealth distribution information in the form of local GDPs improves emission estimates markedly, likely by better representing emissions resulting from consumer trends, industrial and commercial sources. For compounds such as PFOS and PFOA, whose main sink and transport media is the aquatic compartment, a major source to freshwater are wastewater treatment plants. Introducing wastewater treatment information in the emission estimations also further improves emission estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) at firefighting training sites (FFTS) has been linked to PFAS contamination of drinking water. This study investigated PFAS transport and distribution in an urban groundwater aquifer used for drinking water production that has been affected by PFAS-containing AFFF. Soil, sediment, surface water and drinking water were sampled. In soil (n = 12) at a FFTS with high perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) content (87% of ∑PFAS), the ∑PFAS concentration (n = 26) ranged from below detection limit to 560 ng g−1 dry weight. In groundwater (n = 28), the ∑PFAS concentration near a military airbase FFTS reached 1000 ng L−1. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified the military FFTS as the main source of PFAS contamination in drinking water wellfields >10 km down-gradient. Groundwater samples taken close to the military FFTS site showed no ∑PFAS concentration change between 2013 and 2021, while a location further down-gradient showed a transitory 99.6% decrease. Correlation analysis on PFAS composition profile indicated that this decrease was likely caused by dilution from an adjacent conflating aquifer. ∑PFAS concentration reached 15 ng L−1 (PFOS 47% and PFHxS 41% of ∑PFAS) in surface river water (n = 6) and ranged between 1 ng L−1 and 8 ng L−1 (PFHxS 73% and PFBS 17% of ∑PFAS) in drinking water (n = 4). Drinking water had lower PFAS concentrations than the wellfields due to PFAS removal at the water treatment plant. This demonstrates the importance of monitoring PFAS concentrations throughout a groundwater aquifer, to better understand variations in transport from contamination sources and resulting impacts on PFAS concentrations in drinking water extraction areas. [Display omitted] • PFAS-contamination of drinking water aquifer impacted by a firefighting training site. • PFAS fingerprint analysis can be used to trace PFAS sources. • Long-distance transport of PFAS in a drinking water aquifer. • Mitigation measures at the firefighting training sites are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infant exposure to per/polyfluoroalkyl compounds is associated with immune disruption. We examined associations between neonatal concentrations of perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype profiles in a prospective cohort of infants. We measured Ig isotypes, including IgA, IgE, IgM and the IgG subclasses IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , and IgG 4, and PFOA and PFOS in newborn dried bloodspots from N = 3175 infants in the Upstate KIDS Study (2008–2010). We examined the association between newborn Ig isotype levels and individual PFOS and PFOA concentrations using mixed effects regression models with a random intercept to account for twins among study participants. We assessed the joint effect PFOA and PFOS with quantile-based g-computation on all singletons and one randomly selected twin (N = 2901), with Ig categorized as above or below median value. Models were adjusted for infant sex, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, parity, age and infertility treatment. In adjusted models, PFOA was inversely associated with IgE (coefficient = −0.12 per unit increase in PFOA, 95% CI: −0.065, −0.17), whereas IgG 2 , IgM, and IgA were positively associated with PFOA (coefficient for IgG 2 = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.27; coefficient for IgM = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.15; and coefficient for IgA = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.18). There was no relation between PFOS and Ig isotypes. Analysis of the joint effect of PFOA and PFOS showed an OR of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.36) for IgA and OR of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.24) for IgG 2 levels above the median for every quartile increase. PFOA levels were significantly associated with elevated IgA, IgM, IgG 2 , and reduced levels of IgE in single-pollutant models. A small but significant joint effect of PFOA and PFOS was observed. Our results suggest that early exposure to PFOA and PFOS may disrupt neonatal immunoglobulin levels. [Display omitted] • Early exposure to PFOA and PFOS may disrupt neonatal immunoglobulin profiles. • PFOA was significantly associated with elevated IgA, IgM, IgG 2 and lower IgE levels. • Analysis yielded a significant joint effect consistent with single-pollutant models. • Effects of PFAS exposure on immunity are measurable even in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]