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Ceratophysella macrocantha Stach, 1946 is redescribed on the basis of a syntype specimen from the Austrian Alps which is here designated as the lectotype. This species has the chaetotaxy of the type B and an empodium with a long filament. It is closely related to nine species/forms, two of which, C. attenuata Gisin, 1960 nec Cassagnau, 1959 from the Swiss Alps and C. recta Cassagnau, 1959 from the Pyrenees, are most similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2D representative volume element (RVE) for softening quasi-brittle materials like concrete is determined. Two alternative methods are presented to determine a size of RVE in concrete subjected to uniaxial tension by taking into account strain localization. Concrete is described as a heterogeneous three-phase material composed of aggregate, cement matrix and bond. The plane strain FE calculations of strain localization at meso-scale are carried out with an isotropic damage model with non-local softening [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the findings of a study of samples of victims of the crimes of affray and battery in Poland. The author remarks that the precondition of criminal responsibility for the basic type of this offence is exposing a human being to immediate danger of loss of life, of a serious bodily injury, or of a serious impairment of health. Following legal doctrine and judicial decisions, the legal notions of affray and battery differ from each other. It is commonly acknowledged that affray occurs when a brawl occurs between at least three persons, and is coupled with violation of personal inviolability, such that each participant is both the attacked and the attacker.