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We consider an algorithm for construction of thick prismatic mesh layers which works as follows. A triangular surface mesh is specified as input. Then, thin initial layer of highly compressed hyperelastic material glued to the surface is constructed using robust algorithm for computation of discrete normals. This pre-stressed material expands, possibly with self-penetration and extrusion to exterior of computational domain. Special preconditioned relaxation procedure is proposed based on the solution of stationary springback problem. It is shown that preconditioner can handle very stiff problems related to construction of very thick one-cell-wide layers for rather fine surface meshes. Once an offset prismatic mesh is constructed self-intersections are then eliminated using iterative prism cutting procedure. Next, variational advancing front procedure is applied for refinement and precise orthogonalization of prismatic layer near boundaries. It is guaranteed that the resulting mesh is free from inverted prisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method of estimating area leakages in virtual areas of a water network to prioritize leak surveys for the areas. It estimates the leakage within the areas by minimizing the difference between the measured and the hydraulic-model-estimated pressure and flow rates. Leakage is distributed around junctions with risk models based on asset information around junctions such as pipe length. The accuracy was evaluated by a simulation study, where the impact of head measurement error was considered by a Monte-Carlo-type method. The mean absolute error of area leakage was less than 2 percent of the system flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]