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ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study investigates the effect of dietary fiber on the prevention of depressive symptoms.MethodsIn a cohort of 88,826 Korean adults (57,284 men and 31,542 women), we longitudinally evaluated the risk of depressive symptoms according to quartiles of dietary fiber intake for 5.8 years of follow-up. A food frequency questionnaire was used in evaluating dietary fiber intake. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, in which CES-D ≥ 16 was defined as depressive symptoms. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depressive symptoms (adjusted HR [95% CI]). Subgroup analysis was performed for gender and BMI (≥25 or <25).ResultIn men, the risk of depressive symptoms significantly decreased with the increase of dietary fiber (quartile 1: reference, quartile 2: 0.93 [0.87–0.99], quartile 3: 0.91 [0.85–0.98] and quartile 4: 0.84 [0.77–0.92]). This association was more prominently observed in men with BMI ≥ 25 (quartile 1: reference, quartile 2: 0.95 [0.86–1.06], quartile 3: 0.88 [0.79–0.99] and quartile 4: 0.84 [0.73–0.97]). Women did not show a significant association between quartile groups of dietary fiber intake and the risk of depressive symptoms across subgroup analysis for BMI.ConclusionHigh intake of dietary fiber is potentially effective in reducing depressive symptoms in Korean men. The protective effect of dietary fiber on depressive symptoms may vary by gender and obesity.

Ginseng Berry Concentrate (GBC) enhances exercise capacity in mice, but the effects of its key component, ginsenoside Re (G-Re), on aging and mitochondrial function are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of G-Re on mitophagy and its potential to promote healthy aging.

Background: Proteinuria is considered as a predictor for cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, no study has examined the association between changes in proteinuria and the risk of diabetic microvascular complications. Methods: Study participants were 71,825 DM patients who received urine dipstick test for proteinuria both in 2003–2004 and 2006–2007. They were categorized into four groups according to changes in proteinuria over 3 years (negative: negative → negative, resolved: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → negative, incident: negative → proteinuria ≥ 1+, persistent: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → proteinuria ≥ 1+). Cox-proportional hazard model was used in assessing the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incidence of retinopathy, and neuropathy (adjusted HR [95% CI]). Result: In all of DM patients, risk for comprehensive incidence of retinopathy and neuropathy increased in all types of proteinuria changes. In type 1 DM, HR for retinopathy and neuropathy generally increased in order of negative (reference), resolved (2.175 [1.150–4.114] and 1.335 [0.909–1.961]), incident (2.088 [1.185–3.680] and 1.753 [1.275–2.409]), and persistent proteinuria (1.314 [0.418–4.134] and 2.098 [1.274–3.455]). This pattern of relationship was similarly observed in type 2 DM for retinopathy and neuropathy: negative (reference), resolved (1.490 [1.082–2.051] and 1.164 [0.988–1.371]), incident (1.570 [1.161–2.123] and 1.291 [1.112–1.500]), and persistent proteinuria (2.309 [1.407–3.788] and 1.272 [0.945–1.712]). Conclusion: Risk for diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy generally increased in order of negative, resolved, incident, and persistent proteinuria. Once manifested proteinuria was associated with the increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy even after remission of proteinuria.

The pyrazole ring structure is extensively spotted as a pharmacophore and fortify‐cation of the modern organic synthesis toolbox, which demands synthetic tactics to generate its derivatives. Especially, pyrazolo‐pyrimidinones are crucial part to synthesize phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) such as sildenafil and lodenafil. Herein, we report a simple and efficient route for Sildenafil and derivatives from easily available materials. We report the synthesis of pyrazolo‐pyrimidiones as sildenafil and its derivatives. Four types of compounds were synthesized with a simplified and efficient synthetic route. The use of readily available starting materials highlights the practicality of this method. In addition, this approach facilitates further exploration and applications in medicinal chemistry and drug development.

It is expected that antioxidants contribute to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there are no data on the protective effect of dietary antioxidant vitamins on CKD. The purpose of study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of dietary antioxidant vitamins in the general population.

Successful kilogram-scale preparation of the C27–C35 sulfide fragment of Eribulin was presented, which was elaborated with the C14–C26 fragment to produce a proprietary C14–C35 sulfide intermediate. The sulfide group was then oxidized to yield the known C14–C35 sulfone intermediate of Eribulin.

The term social license(SL) refers to the acceptance or approval by a community of a company's presence. It is generally assumed in the literature that effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions will lead to an SL. In this study we examine the CSR‐SL relationship at the local community level and establish boundary conditions on the effectiveness of local CSR in creating an SL. Using consent‐based micro‐social contract theory, we theorize that commitment to local CSR improves the level to which a local community grants an SL to a multinational corporation (MNC), but the impact is moderated by the global legitimacy of the parent company, the nature of institutions in the host country, and the degree of polarization within the focal community. Based on 3696 articles regarding 43 global mining MNCs operating in 523 local communities between 2008 and 2020, we use natural language processing and sentiment analysis to evaluate the degree to which a local community grants an SL. Our empirical evidence indicates that local CSR does positively influence the granting of an SL, but the effect is reduced when there is strong rule of law or high community polarization and increased when the focal firm has strong global legitimacy.

Sarcopenic obesity, defined as the coexistence of low muscle mass and high adiposity, is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, to what extent sarcopenia contributes to these risks independently or in conjunction with other cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of low muscle mass, central obesity (COB), metabolic abnormalities, and their combinations with CVD and mortality risk. This cross‐sectional analysis used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006 and 2011–2018. Participants aged >20 years and with reported whole‐body dual X‐ray absorptiometry data were included. Participants were divided into eight groups based on low muscle mass, metabolic abnormalities, and COB status. The mean age of participants was 55 years, and 50.4% of participants were male. Low muscle mass was observed in 2472 (14.6%) out of 16 839 participants. Among the eight groups, the metabolically unhealthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest hazard ratio (HR) for all‐cause mortality (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.56–2.56; P< 0.001), whereas the metabolically healthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest HR for CVD mortality (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.53–6.65; P= 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that low muscle mass directly increased the risk of both all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.35–1.79; P< 0.001) and CVD mortality (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.40–2.31; P< 0.001). Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed that low muscle mass significantly increased the risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality in participants without a prior CVD history and those with diabetes mellitus. Low muscle mass is an independent risk factor for all‐cause and CVD mortality, especially in individuals with metabolic abnormalities and COB.

Fire blight is one of the most devastating plant diseases, causing severe social and economic problems. Herein, we report a novel method based on label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with an Erwinia amylovora-specific bacteriophage that allows detecting efficiently fire blight bacteria E. amylovorafor the first time. To achieve the highest SERS signals for E. amylovora, we synthesized and compared plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) with different sizes, i.e., bimetallic gold core–silver shell nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) and monometallic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and utilized the coffee-ring effect for the self-assembly of PNPs and enrichment of fire blight bacteria. Furthermore, we investigated the changes in the SERS spectra of E. amylovoraafter incubation with an E. amylovora-specific bacteriophage, and we found considerable differences in the SERS signals as a function of the bacteriophage incubation time. The results indicate that our bacteriophage-based label-free SERS analysis can specifically detect E. amylovorawithout the need for peak assignment on the SERS spectra but simply by monitoring the changes in the SERS signals over time. Therefore, our facile method holds great potential for the label-free detection of pathogenic bacteria and the investigation of viral–bacterial interactions.

Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) with a hexagonal close-packed structure exhibits large anisotropy and asymmetry at room temperature. While several reasons have been put forth to explain such unique behavior, the deformation mechanism responsible for the observed anisotropy and asymmetric yielding and hardening is not clearly understood. In this study, to understand the deformation mechanism of CP Ti and investigate the origin of such unusual mechanical behavior, a micromechanical analysis was conducted using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and crystal plasticity finite element analyses. Representative volume elements of titanium sheets were generated using statistical data related to the microstructure, as analyzed using EBSD. Crystal plasticity model parameters corresponding to different deformation modes, including prismatic, basal, pyramidal slip, {101‾2}tensile twinning, and {112‾2}compressive twinning, were calibrated using the macroscopic behavior in various loading conditions. Finally, the roles of different deformation modes in dictating the anisotropic and asymmetric behavior of CP Ti are discussed.

Hydroquinone (HQ) clathrates prepared by a gas-phase synthesis between HQ host molecules and CO2gas at 4 MPa were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, solid-state 13C NMR, and scanning electron microscopy. The spectroscopic and morphological results show that pure α-form HQ (α-HQ) was transformed into β-form HQ (β-HQ) clathrate compounds. In particular, we can characterize the occupation behavior of CO2molecules trapped in the HQ clathrate cages via Raman and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The Raman bands at 1272 and 1378 cm–1for 12CO2and 1364 cm–1for 13CO2and the solid-state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR signals at 125 ppm show clear evidence of CO2molecules trapped in the HQ clathrate frameworks. The solid-state 13C CP/static NMR spectra show powder patterns with the value of chemical shift anisotropy −155 ppm, indicating axially symmetric characteristics of CO2guest molecules trapped in the cages of HQ clathrates. To investigate the structural stability and guest release of the CO2-loaded HQ clathrates, temperature-dependent XRD, Raman, and solid-state 13C CP/MAS and CP/static NMR experiments were conducted and compared. Abrupt changes observed near 380 K indicate the temperature-induced structural transition of β-HQ clathrate to α-HQ. In the range from 300 to 380 K, CO2molecules were steadily released from the cages of β-HQ clathrate, and then disappeared entirely above 380 K. From formation kinetics experiments, we confirmed that the reactivity of CO2to form β-HQ clathrates is faster than that of N2and CH4.

In this paper, we present the novel ultra large size OLED display with high image quality for premium TV using an advanced coplanar Oxide TFT backplane, MLA based OLED, small area gate driver in panel for narrow bezel, and pixel charging enhancement method with external compensation. Using these technologies, we improved the luminance efficiency about 20 %, and reduced the gate driver design area to 40%. The pixel charging ratio is more than 80% in all gray levels. Using the developed OLED display, we have successfully developed up to ultra large size 88‐inch 8K, 97‐inch 4K OLED TVs.

In this paper, we present novel ultra large size organic light emitting diode (OLED) display technologies with high image quality for premium televisions (TVs) using an advanced coplanar oxide thin film transistor (TFT) backplane, microlens array (MLA)‐based OLED, small size gate driver in panel for narrow bezel, and pixel charging enhancement method with external compensation. Using these technologies, we improved the luminance efficiency about 20% and reduced the integrated gate driver design area to 40%. We have achieved the life time of the gate driver in panel longer than 100,000 h in reliability test. The pixel charging ratio is more than 80% in all gray levels. Using the developed OLED display, we have successfully developed up to ultra large size 88‐in. 8K and 97‐in. 4K OLED TVs. We present novel ultra large size OLED display technologies with high image quality for premium TVs. Our latest work includes an advanced TFT backplane, MLA‐based OLED, small size gate driver in panel for narrow bezel, and pixel charging enhancement method. Using the developed OLED display, we have successfully developed up to ultra large size 97‐in. OLED TVs.

As the electron mobility of two-dimensional (2D) materials is dependent on an insulating substrate, the nonuniform surface charge and morphology of silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers degrade the electron mobility of 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate that an atomically thin single-crystal insulating layer of silicon oxynitride (SiON) can be grown epitaxially on a SiC wafer at a wafer scale and find that the electron mobility of graphene field-effect transistors on the SiON layer is 1.5 times higher than that of graphene field-effect transistors on typical SiO2films. Microscale and nanoscale void defects caused by heterostructure growth were eliminated for the wafer-scale growth of the single-crystal SiON layer. The single-crystal SiON layer can be grown on a SiC wafer with a single thermal process. This simple fabrication process, compatible with commercial semiconductor fabrication processes, makes the layer an excellent replacement for the SiO2/Si wafer.

Prevention of infection and propagation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a high priority in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here we describe S-nitrosylation of multiple proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for viral entry. This reaction prevents binding of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby inhibiting viral entry, infectivity and cytotoxicity. Aminoadamantane compounds also inhibit coronavirus ion channels formed by envelope (E) protein. Accordingly, we developed dual-mechanism aminoadamantane nitrate compounds that inhibit viral entry and, thus, the spread of infection by S-nitrosylating ACE2 via targeted delivery of the drug after E protein channel blockade. These non-toxic compounds are active in vitro and in vivo in the Syrian hamster COVID-19 model and, thus, provide a novel avenue to pursue therapy.

Colorectal cancer is a prevalent and prominent contributor to global cancer-related fatalities with challenges in drug resistance and metastasis. Recent research highlights the potential relationship between serotonin and cancer. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) mRNA expression in colorectal cancer cells was found to be notably elevated compared to that in normal colon cells. We therefore attempted to synthesize and evaluate HTR2A antagonists to find peripherally acting anticancer agents. Among them, 15fshowed good in vitro activity (IC50: 42.79 nM). 15frevealed good liver microsomal stability, without significant CYP inhibition and limited blood–brain barrier penetration. 15falso exerted selective cytotoxic effects against various colorectal cancer cells but not normal cells. 15finduced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via the activation of p53/p21/caspase 3 signaling. In vivo treatment with 15fled to a marked delay in tumor growth in a colorectal cancer model in a dose-dependent manner.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) in patients with bone marrow edema (BME) and assess the effect of factors on the subsequent results. Methods: A total of 138 patients who underwent medial open-wedge HTO using locking plate were included in this study. BME was observed in 108 patients using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical results were evaluated before HTO and postoperatively at 12 months. Moreover, we evaluated the factors affecting the clinical results. Results: The clinical scores were all significantly improved regardless of the presence of BME. There were no differences in improvement of clinical scores between patients with BME and without BME. Patients with BME showed higher postoperative Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) stiffness scores than patients without BME. Furthermore, patients with BME on both the femur and tibia showed lower Knee Society function scores than patients with BME on either the femur or the tibia. Patients with large BME lesions exhibited a lower Hospital for Special Surgery score and WOMAC pain scores, postoperatively. In patients with BME, patients with undercorrection showed significantly lower improvement in WOMAC pain scores compared with patients with acceptable correction. Conclusions: The clinical improvement after HTO in patients with varus and medial osteoarthritis was not different regardless of the presence or absence of BME. However, accurate alignment should be considered essential for achieving better clinical outcomes in patients with preoperative BME.

We report the synthesis of [6,7,5]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane system from 1,6‐enyne carbonyl. We also synthesized [6,7,6]‐tricyclic compound from 1,7‐enyne carbonyl through Au‐catalyzed cyclization. The synthesis of oxacyclic compounds using iodine or oxygen is environmentally friendly cyclization methods. Oxacyclic compounds are useful for synthesizing various diterpene alkaloids. We report the synthesis of [6,7,m]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxygen‐bridged skeleton. Six types of oxacyclic compounds were synthesized with two approaches using iodine or oxygen. In addition, oxacyclic compound was obtained from 1,7‐enyne carbonyl through Au‐catalyzed cyclization. The synthesis of oxacyclic compounds extends to the building block of diterpene alkaloids.

BACKGROUND:: Bone growth factors, particularly bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), are required for effective treatment of significant bone loss. Despite the extensive development of bone substitutes, much remains to be desired for wider application in clinical settings. The currently available bone substitutes cannot sustain prolonged BMP-2 release and are inconvenient to use. In this study, we developed a ready-to-use bone substitute by sequential conjugation of BMP to a three-dimensional (3D) poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) scaffold using novel molecular adhesive materials that reduced the operation time and sustained prolonged BMP release. METHODS:: A 3D PLLA scaffold was printed and BMP-2 was conjugated with alginate-catechol and collagen. PLLA scaffolds were conjugated with different concentrations of BMP-2 and evaluated for bone regeneration in vitroand in vivousing a mouse calvarial model. The BMP-2 release kinetics were analyzed using ELISA. Histological analysis and micro-CT image analysis were performed to evaluate new bone formation. RESULTS:: The 3D structure of the PLLA scaffold had a pore size of 400 µm and grid thickness of 187–230 µm. BMP-2 was released in an initial burst, followed by a sustained release for 14 days. Released BMP-2 maintained osteoinductivity in vitroand in vivo. Micro-computed tomography and histological findings demonstrate that the PLLA scaffold conjugated with 2 µg/ml of BMP-2 induced optimal bone regeneration. CONCLUSION:: The 3D-printed PLLA scaffold conjugated with BMP-2 enhanced bone regeneration, demonstrating its potential as a novel bone substitute.

Previous research has acknowledged that the interplay between organisational learning and leadership is vital. In this research, we combine organisational learning and leadership research within a dynamic capability (DC) framework to understand the nature of and interaction between them. Drawing on a single case study, this paper develops a conceptual framework of how learning mechanisms in organisational learning and different leadership styles influence the DCs. We find that the roles of leadership foster the development of organisational learning, environmental structures and underlying processes. To cultivate DC, designing different learning processes and systematic learning mechanisms to capture each aspect of DC, at individual and collective level, is essential. We also find that the transformational visionary leadership stimulates organisations to systematically address learning mechanisms and to construct an organisational learning environment.

Background:: Current therapies to effectively treat long-bone defects and extensive bone tissue loss remains limited. In this study, we created a new bone substitute by integrating advanced technologies such as structure patterning, controlled release of a bone growth factor and conjugation system for clinically effective bone regeneration. This novel bioactive bone substitute was evaluated for its safety and efficacy using a rabbit ulna model. Methods:: A three dimensional bone patterned cylindrical structure with 1.5 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter was printed using poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA) as a weight-bearing support and space-filling scaffold. And a bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was employed to enhance bone regeneration, and coated to a 3D PLLA using alginate catechol and collagen to prolong the release kinetics. This novel bone substitute (BS)was evaluated for its physico-chemical and biological properties in vitro, and histological analysis and radiographical analysis such as X-ray, CT and micro-CT image analysis were performed to evaluate new bone formation in vivo. Results:: The BS possesses an ideal shape and mechanically suitable proeperties for clinical use, with an easy-to-grab and break-resistant design at both ends, 80 ± 10 MPa of compression strength, and BMP2 release for two months. Histological analysis demonstrated the biocompability of BS with minimal inflammation and immune response, and X-ray, CT and micro-CT demonstrated effective new bone formation in rabbit ulna defect model. Conclusion:: The preclinical study of a novel bioactive bone substitute has shown its safe and effective properties in an animal model suggesting its clinical potential.

We report that conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) coated with polyethylene glycols (PEGs) exhibit photothermal and photodynamic capabilities according to molecular ordering in their assembly structures. CPN-PEGs were made using three different methods: a dispersion process of phase-separated film assemblies of a conjugated polymer and a phospholipid-conjugated PEG (CPN-I), a dispersion process of a conjugated polymer and a phospholipid followed by surface conjugation with PEGs (CPN-II), and a miniemulsification of the conjugated polymer and the phospholipid-conjugated PEG. Our findings revealed that the ordered molecular assembly structures in CPN-I and CPN-II increased intermolecular interactions and decreased the optical band gap, promoting nonradiative exciton relaxation via the energy-gap law’s internal conversion mechanism and rationalizing CPN-I’s shorter singlet exciton lifetime (13 ps). Meanwhile, CPN-III with a disordered structure generated more singlet oxygen than CPN-I and CPN-II, indicating increased triplet exciton generation upon the polaron recombination. Our findings present that the photothermal and photodynamic properties of CPNs are obviously dependent on the assembly structure order and that CPNs with an ordered assembly of conjugated backbones have a stronger photothermal effect, whereas those with a disordered structure have a better photodynamic effect.

Springs acting as suspension systems can damaged by external collisions, such as those with stones. Corrosion pitting occurs in the damaged areas, and cracks will initiate and fracture. However, the allowable corrosion pitting size can be increased by inducing residual stresses via shot peening. In this study, residual stresses are induced through shot peening (SP) and stress shot peening (SSP). Then, the harmless crack depth (ahml), the crack depths (a25, a50) that reduce the fatigue limit of non-SP smooth materials by 25% and 50%, and the crack depths (ahml) that can be detected using non-destructive inspection (NDI) are evaluated. The residual stress affects ahml: the larger the residual stress, the larger ahml will be. The aspect ratio also affects ahml. Because both SP and SSP exhibit ahml> (a25, a50), (a25, a50) can be rendered harmless. Hence, (a25, a50) can secure the safety and reliability of the steel via SP and SSP. Because both SP and SSP exhibit (aNDI1, aNDI2) > (a25, a50), the crack depths of and cannot be detected using NDI.