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the current dietary pattern is found increasingly unsafe, unstable, and unequal for a huge part of the populations. Disadvantaged populations were usually known by less healthy diets and were at a higher risk of disease in comparison with high socioeconomic groups. The current scoping review study aims at indicating the effective factors on inequality in the quality of diets. the academic databases, including Scopus, Web of science, PubMed, Scientific Information Database, Islamic World Science Citation Center, Google scholar search engine, World Health Organization, and the website of the European Union, until April 2021, were systematically reviewed. We used vote counting technique to identify the effective factors causing inequality in the quality of diets. The factors that have caused inequality in the quality of diets were divided into 3 categories of demographic, lifestyle, and socioeconomic. It was found that any increase in age, income, education, different ethnic groups, smoking, and occupational statues increased inequality in diet quality. Also, as a factor physical activity, could reduce inequality in diet quality. Moreover, type of residence in terms of access to food, dominant available food, and culture of the area could cause inequality in diet quality. According to the results of this study, the effective factors on inequality in the quality of diet are demographic and socioeconomic factors that cannot be manipulated by policy makers. Nevertheless, increasing the knowledge of individuals, improving their lifestyle, and providing subsidies to poorer individuals reduce inequality in the quality of the diets. • Current dietary pattern for a huge part of the populations is increasingly unsafe, unstable, and unequal. An unhealthy diet is unequally distributed among different economic groups. This is the first scoping review of inequality in quality diets. • The factors that affect inequality in the quality of diet are socioeconomic, lifestyle, and demographic ones. Demographic factors cannot be changed by policy maker. Lifestyle factors can be improved through effective policies, such as increasing the education and knowledge of households, designing nudges through behavioral economics, and providing subsidies to poorer individuals to reduce inequality in the quality of the diets. • The interconnected nature of the determinants of inequality in healthy eating requires an integrated response, which includes the whole government policy and action at the community level, as well as joint action at global, national, and local levels. Health promotion professionals can play an important role in supporting these decisions and policies and engaging the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor dietary habits are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease. However, the cost of foods associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease can be a significant barrier to healthy eating. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether food prices per serving differed across Kentucky counties based on health ranking and overall nutritional quality. Methods: Fifteen counties were randomly selected based on County Health Ranking. Overall Nutritional Quality Index and cost of 75 foods were assessed in all 15 counties in the same week. A generalized estimating equations model and post hoc analyses were used to assess differences in food cost by nutritional quality and health ranking. Results: Food prices were significantly less in the most healthy counties compared with the least healthy (Z = 3.8; P G .001 ; $0.08 per serving). Prices were also significantly higher in least healthy counties (tertile 3) compared with moderately healthy counties (tertile 2) (Z = 2.3; P = .024; $0.05 per serving). Conclusions: Disproportionately higher food costs are associated with poor health outcomes in Kentucky counties. Community-based interventions can potentially improve access to affordable healthy foods. Current supplemental nutritional policies do not address disparate food costs. Health professionals should advocate for policy changes that are reflective of these food cost disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cooking and nutrition qualities of grain are two of the most important aspects of rice quality. To understand the difference in cooking and nutrition qualities among the grains at different positions within a rice panicle, the distributions of gel consistency (GC), amylose content (AC) and crude protein content (CPC) of grains in a panicle in association with different nitrogen levels (0, 120 and 240 kg/ha) were investigated by using two rice varieties, Yangdao 6 (indica) and Wuyujing 3 (japonica). In general, the grains at the basal part of a panicle had lower GC and higher AC than those at the upper or middle part of a panicle. The 1st grain on the secondary branch with earlier flowering exhibited the highest GC, whereas the 2nd grain on the primary branch with later flowering showed the highest AC. For Yangdao 6, CPC in the grains on the primary branches was lower at the middle part of a panicle than at the upper or basal part of a panicle. For Wuyujing 3, there were no significant differences in CPCs in the grains among the upper, middle and basal parts of a panicle. GC in the grains was increased, whereas AC was reduced from zero nitrogen application (0N) to low amount of nitrogen application (LN), and the result was reversed from LN to medium amount of nitrogen application (MN). CPC was increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cardamine violifolia (Brassicaceae) is a novel selenium(Se) hyperaccumulation plant with rich nutrients, and serves as a good source of special vegetables in Enshi, China. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the application of selenate, selenite, and Se yeast (50–800 mg/L) on the growth, Se accumulation, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant response of C. violifolia. The results showed that the Se accumulation efficiency was selenate > selenite > Se yeast, the maximum Se concentration could achieve over 7000 mg/kg, and about 90% was organic Se. The major Se speciation found was mainly SeCys 2 and the proportion of various Se species were affected by the Se forms and concentrations. Besides, the plant growth, nutrition quality indexes, element uptakes, and antioxidant responses indicated that 200 mg/L selenate was optimum for C. violifolia to accumulate Se without much impacts, while to obtain more proportion of organic Se, 200 mg/L selenite might be a better choice. Image 1 • Root application with selenate, selenite and Se yeast on C. violifolia at different concentrations had different effects. • The total Se content of C. violifolia was ranked as selenate > selenite > Se yeast, the maximum could reach over 7000mg/kg. • The total organic Se could account for more than 90% and the major Se speciation detected was mainly SeCys 2. • High Se treatments (≥400mg/L) had great impacts on the growth, nutrition uptake, and antioxidant response of C. violifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]