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Artificial intelligence (AI) has been the subject of much discussion in terms of its applicability to law. This paper focuses on the use of AI in copyright arbitration and dispute resolution for three-dimensional (3D) printing (3DP). Its main argument is that laws relating to digital watermarking will push the utilisation of AI in such alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, be it arbitration or mediation, in a particular direction, i.e., one that favours more complex watermarking, and the use of AI in automatically resolving disputes, through ADR methods, i.e. arbitration and/or mediation. In order to make this argument, the article is structured as follows: first, it discusses the existing laws relating to digital watermarks, making the point that the more complex the watermark placed in content, the more likely it is to obtain protection. Next, it outlines the authors' empirical work to apply an existing AI system to copyright case law, to see how an AI system - which may fall under the purview of such protection - can read and understand cases and produce outcomes in disputes concerning 3DP. The conclusion of this research was that complex watermarks will lead to faster and more accurate resolutions. Following that, it considers the existing legal regime for dispute resolution, through ADR methods (i.e. arbitration and/or mediation), and makes the contention that AI systems can fit within the existing legal framework. However, the conclusion argues that certain issues merit closer attention. For example, there should be more explicit consideration in law of how watermarking can influence the direction of AI dispute resolution, through ADR methods, and that the role of the judge in such AI dispute resolution methods needs to be considered further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of COVID-19 has had a global impact not only human life but on business and contractual relationships. This article examines frustration in English, US and continental contract law where the circumstances have changed due to unnatural events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It also discusses the impact of COVID-19 on insurance, in particular business interruption, travel and general liability insurance. The likelihood of success of future claims, the scope of coverage, together with the meaning and interpretation of the term 'force majeure " and how this will relate to exclusions from insurance coverage are examined and analysed, as well as valuations methods, with a view to protect the policyholder as their business interruption policy is a contract of adhesion not having left them any room to negotiate. We also examine possible interpretations to be followed by courts in future claims, liability for catastrophic risks and methods of compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years on after the financial crisis, we are still experiencing globally financial instability which, even if not the same as before, affects the protection of the creditors as it has generated a sharp shift in public discourse and a wide regulatory interest. In the US federal bankruptcy system as well as in the laws of various jurisdictions in Europe, the debate continues on how to better address the needs of the present, on how to optimally design bankruptcy laws and on how to better shape the policies of the future. Resulting from the above are the various economic challenges facing both the US and the EU, especially in connection with creditors' protection. As governments worldwide tackle the issue of optimal restructure of corporate and insolvency law, we critically discuss the position in relation to the creditors' protection under the legal regimes of the US, Germany, Greece and Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comparatively discusses the EU and UK position in relation to IBIPs. We discuss the impact o f the IDD on IBIPs, compare the effect o f Mi FID 11 and IDD on IBIPs, analyse the ESMA s response on the draft regulatory technical standards and the FCA's IDD consultations before drawing conclusions on IBIPs and their function in an era where there is liberalisation o f the EU financial services sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CCS and shipping. • Insurance liability for CCS. • CCS in WTO. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been hailed as a solution to climate change with capacity not only to reduce atmospheric carbon di-oxide (CO 2) but also to achieve net-zero emission by the mid-21st century. CO 2 captured (either directly from the atmosphere or from large point sources), is compressed and transported to storage sites, either via pipelines or through shipping. Often, the CCS projects are deployed nationally where capture, transport and storage take place within the jurisdiction of one State. However, wide scale deployment of CCS projects is imperative for global matching of CO 2 sources to sinks. To that end, the outreach of CCS technology needs to go beyond the developed world. Studies have indicated that developing countries have vast storage resource potential. Internationalization of CCS projects where CO 2 is captured in one State and is then transported to another State for storage raises a number of challenges particularly in terms of trans-boundary transport and storage. This paper explores some of these challenges particularly in terms of international trade law, liability framework for shipping and storage and potential of insurance to act as a stop-gap arrangement until a regulatory regime is in place. It examines questions such as: whether CO 2 and CCS technologies are environmental goods and services under trade law; are there any regulatory frameworks in place to ensure liability against long-term health and safety as well environmental risks, and; what role can insurance industry play in promoting global deployment of CCS projects? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the procedural, damages and other substantive issues in international energy industry and investment-related arbitrations that has been growing rapidly since the mid-1990s. It states that arbitration is the most preferred method of dispute resolution for international investors who need simplified procedures. It cites the potential of discounted cash flow (DCF) as a method to compute damages in the industry even if the company lack a record of historic profitability.