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The viscosities of cottonseed oil (CSO) and cottonseed biodiesel (CSB) were measured at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from (293 to 373) K and (303 to 348) K, respectively. The Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) and Mauro (MYEGA) equations were selected to represent the temperature dependence of the experimental data, giving deviations within the experimental uncertainties. These equations allowed estimating the glass transition temperatures, which were compared with available values from literature. For viscosity prediction, the group contribution method proposed by Ceriani was compared with the fragment approach given by Zong for CSO. For CSB the Grunberg–Nissan equation coupled with Ceriani and Yuan models was applied, and the influence of the interaction parameter (Gij) is highlighted.

Over recent years we have witnessed an increase in the resistance of microorganisms to the available antimicrobials and a decrease in the number of new antimicrobials. Fosfomycin is a safe and cheap broad-spectrum antibiotic which has shown very promising results in combination therapy, mainly against gram-negative microorganisms. Little is known, however, about its clinical efficacy against gram-positive microorganisms.

The cottonseed oil (CSO) extraction and processing areas including biodiesel (CSB) production created the need for density availability over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. In this work, densities of CSO and CSB were measured. The measurement of CSO density under pressure has never been reported in the literature. To address this limitation, this work reports new experimental data of densities of CSO measured at temperatures from 278 to 358 K and pressures from atmospheric up to 30 MPa using a vibrating tube densimeter. The measured densities of CSO were correlated with the Goharshadi–Morsali–Abbaspour equation of state (GMA EoS) with an absolute average relative deviation of 0.02%. The coefficients of GMA EoS for CSO and CSB were used to calculate the thermal expansivity and isothermal compressibility which influence power and fuel injection and they are rarely presented for vegetable oils and biodiesel, especially at high pressures. The group contribution method GCVOL, Halvorsen model, and Zong fragment-based approach were used to evaluate the predictive abilities of CSO density data. Good predictions of oil densities were achieved with Halvorsen model for which absolute deviations are in the range of uncertainty of the measurements.

Airborne viruses and their relation to dust storms, as a possible route for dispersion, have not been widely investigated. There are, however, studies that have described the airborne dispersal of pathogenic viruses and their potential impact on public and agronomical health. Atmospheric samples were collected in an urban area of Tenerife during 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 and screened for the presence of enteric viruses using PCR and sequencing. The potential relationship of viral data with African dust storms and other climatic variables (viz., the seasonality, origin of the air mass and PM levels) was analyzed. Enteroviruses and Rotaviruses were detected in 15.4% (20/130) and 36.9% (48/130) of the samples, respectively. No significant statistical relationships were observed with African dust storms or the origin of the air masses, although higher percentages of positives were obtained for dust storm days. Enterovirus detection was significantly linked to warmer seasons, and PM2.5levels showed an inverse correlation with a rotaviral presence. This is the first multi-year report to describe the presence of Enterovirus and Rotavirus genetic sequences in air samples collected in an outdoor urban environment. The data illustrates the need for source region sampling to determine links and the influence of the weather and climatic and regional wind patterns on long-range atmospheric dispersion of viruses in future research efforts.

En los últimos años se ha incrementado el uso de medidas cepstrales para la evaluación acústica de la voz. Uno de los parámetros más investigados es la prominencia del pico cepstral suavizado (CPPs). Los objetivos de este trabajo son conocer la utilidad de esta medida acústica en la evaluación objetiva de las alteraciones de la voz en español y determinar qué tipo de muestra de voz (vocales sostenidas o habla conectada) es la más sensible para evaluar la severidad de la disfonía.

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the Acoustic Voice Quality Index 03.01 (AVQIv3) and the Acoustic Breathiness Index (ABI) in the Spanish language.Method: Concatenated voice samples of continuous speech (cs) and sustained vowel (sv) from 136 subjects with dysphonia and 47 vocally healthy subjects were perceptually judged for overall voice quality and breathiness severity. First, to reach a higher level of ecological validity, the proportions of cs and sv were equalized regarding the time length of 3 seconds sv part and voiced cs part, respectively. Second, concurrent validity and diagnostic accuracy were verified.Results: A moderate reliability of overall voice quality and breathiness severity from 5 experts was used. It was found that 33 syllables as standardization of the cs part, which represents 3 seconds of voiced cs, allows the equalization of both speech tasks. A strong correlation was revealed between AVQIv3 and overall voice quality and ABI and perceived breathiness severity. Additionally, the best diagnostic outcome was identified at a threshold of 2.28 and 3.40 for AVQIv3 and ABI, respectively.Conclusions: The AVQIv3 and ABI showed in the Spanish language valid and robust results to quantify abnormal voice qualities regarding overall voice quality and breathiness severity.

AbstractThe tufted capuchin, Cebus apellais a New World Monkey (NWM) species widely used in biomedicine. Its genetic variability has been assessed through various genetic tools. The present study offers a cytogenetic characterization of two captive colonies of Paraguayan specimens, in order to increase the current information on the role of cytogenetic polymorphisms in management of captive capuchins, specially useful for those employed as biomedical models. G-banding confirms all individual as Cebus apella paraguayanus(CAPp). C-banding shows heterochromatic polymorphisms already published for this species, and a paracentric inversion of the interstitial heterochromatin of pair 12, with members of this pair remaining of equal size in all the sample. A retrospective study of C-band polymorphisms in captive CAPp individuals shows a great number of heteromorphisms, considering not only presence/absence of a particular band, but also size and amount of heterochromatin. Therefore, two types of heterochromatic heteromorphisms have been observed (distributional, with a paracentric inversion but no apparent loss of heterochromatin, and quantitative, with a drastic reduction of one homologue’s band, therefore on its total size) suggesting complex chromatin rearrangements for Paraguayan populations, and supporting the idea that Cebusis, among the NWM, perhaps the best model to analyze heterochromatin behavior.

We investigated the effects of salinity stress-relief on the growth and mineral composition (leaf and root) of one-year-old seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Sour orange (Citrus aurantium [L]). Salinization reduced plant dry weight more in Sour orange than in Cleopatra mandarin plants, although there was no correlation between Cl and Na concentration in leaves and shoot fresh weight reduction. We observed that regulation of Na+ and Cl– uptake and transport from root to shoot appear to involve different mechanisms which break down during a long period of salinization. Salinity induced a decrease in K+, Ca2+ and total N in Cleopatra mandarin leaves and an increase in K+ in Sour orange leaves. Growth of both cultivars was not recovered totally in the relief period, since relative growth rates of recovered plants were lower than for control plants after 60 days of relief.

Conjugated nitroalkenes can be reduced into enamides by a combination of iron powder, a carboxylic acid, and the corresponding anhydride.

Extract: We have studied a 9-year-old boy with agammaglobulinemia treated for the past 6 years with exogenous γ-globulin who was noted to have an immunoglobulin (Ig) M level of 35 mg/100 ml and circulating B cells as determined by immunofluorescence. Of the circulating lymphocytes, 41% had α-immunoglobulin heavy chains, 3% γ chains, and 3% μ chains. Synthesis of γ heavy chain classes showing wide heterogeneity and α and μ chains of restricted mobility was demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Because of the patient's poor clinical response to exogenous γ-globulin administration and the paradoxic presence of circulating B cells, with the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro, we elected to begin a course of therapy with transfer factor. After the initial four doses of transfer factor (2 × 108lymphocytes/dose) his serum IgG rose from 50 to 130 mg/100 ml, the same level which he had previously attained during continuous exogenous γ-globulin therapy. His serum IgG has remained at this level for the past 12 months with trimonthly booster doses of transfer factor. The patient has not required any additional γ-globulin therapy and he has remained clinically asymptomatic.Speculation: Our studies in a patient with agammaglobulinemia have shown that transfer factor therapy may affect immunoglobulin synthesis. The concurrent discontinuation of exogenous γ-globulin administration makes it difficult to attribute the changes to only one or another aspect of therapy. We await further reports of the effects of transfer factor in the therapy of patients with B cell disorders.

A field experiment was conducted for five years to study the response of 6-year old lemon trees cv. Verna on three different rootstock (sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and macrophylla) to uniform applications of four irrigation waters having Cl- concentrations of 4 (control), 11, 26.5 and 42.5 mol m-3, respectively.

We have studied a 9-year-old boy with agammaglobulinemia treated for the past 6 years with exogenous γ-globulin who was noted to have an immunoglobulin (Ig) M level of 35 mg/100 ml and circulating B cells as determined by immunofluorescence. Of the circulating lymphocytes, 41 had α-immunoglobulin heavy chains, 3 γ chains, and 3 μ chains. Synthesis of γ heavy chain classes showing wide heterogeneity and α and μ chains of restricted mobility was demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Because of the patient's poor clinical response to exogenous γ-globulin administration and the paradoxic presence of circulating B cells, with the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro, we elected to begin a course of therapy with transfer factor. After the initial four doses of transfer factor (2 × 108lymphocytes/dose) his serum IgG rose from 50 to 130 mg/100 ml, the same level which he had previously attained during continuous exogenous γ-globulin therapy. His serum IgG has remained at this level for the past 12 months with trimonthly booster doses of transfer factor. The patient has not required any additional γ-globulin therapy and he has remained clinically asymptomatic.

The present study was undertaken to study natural killer (NK) cell activity in patients with colorectal cancer at peripheral and local levels. Mononuclear cells were isolated from uninvolved colorectal mucosa, tumor tissue and peripheral blood, and tested against the colon carcinoma cell line CaCo-2 and the erythroleukemia cell line K-562. Peripheral blood NK cell activity from the patients showed similar levels compared with healthy controls, whereas, mononuclear cells of tumor tissue were found to have a significantly decreased NK cell activity compared to the normal intestinal mucosa (P<0.01). No relation was found between the NK cell activity and the advancement of the disease according to the Duke's stage. Interferon-? (IFN-?) stimulated the NK cell activity of the mononuclear cells from blood, mucosa and tumor. However, the increase of NK cell activity after IFN-? stimulation was lower in the tumor compared to the mucosa (P<0.02). The lectin, phytohaemagglutinin, increased the cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from blood, mucosa and tumor to a similar level. These results suggest that patients with colorectal tumors exhibit a normal NK cell activity in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa; however, a diminished NK cell activity exists at the tumor level. Although mononuclear cells isolated from the tumor have a normal response to lectin stimulation they show hyporesponsiveness to IFN-? stimulation with regard to their NK cell activity.

Effects of salinity on growth, ion content, water relationships, and chlorophyll and proline levels were measured on one-year-old 'Verna' and 'Fino' lemon (Citrus limon [L] Burm. F.) scions budded to either Sour orange (C. aurantium L.) or macrophylla (C. macrophylla Wester) rootstock. Trees were grown in nutrient solutions containing 2 (control), 40, or 80 mol m-3 NaCl for 75 days.Growth of all combinations was reduced by salinity, but this effect was greater for both scions budded on macrophylla. Leaf chloride and sodium concentrations were lower in both scions budded on Sour orange. Leaf salt concentration was scion dependent. Leaves of 'Fino' lemon had higher levels of both chloride and sodium than did leaves of 'Verna' lemon, regardless of the rootstock considered.Despite an accumulation of chloride and sodium in the leaves of salinized trees, leaf water potential and leaf water content increased above the control level. However, stomatal conductance declined in all rootstock/scion combinations.Chlorophyll contents were markedly reduced by salt treatment; greater reductions were seen in 'Fino' lemon than in 'Verna' lemon on both rootstocks. Chlorophyll reductions were highly correlated with both chloride and sodium concentrations in the leaves. Free proline increased with salinity in leaves of both scions budded on Sour orange, but was unaffected on macrophylla.Differences in the parameters determined in response to salinity were attributed to the different capacity of each specific rootstock/scion combination to import chloride and sodium into leaves.

No Abstract Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.com or from the author.

No Abstract Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.com or from the author.

Abstract Histoplasma infections in Europe are rare, and acute disseminated histoplasmosis has been observed only in immunocompromised persons. An unusual case of autochthonous disseminated histoplasmosis in a 22-year-old Spanish man who had been treated with azathioprine and prednisone for 4 weeks before admission is reported. The development of an acute form of the disease may represent an endogenous reactivation of a latent infection as a complication of immunosuppression resulting from the use of these drugs. This case illustrates the potential risk of this opportunistic fungal infection in patients receiving azathioprine therapy, an association that has been rarely described before.

Various acyl radicals can be generated from the corresponding acyl triphenylmethyldiazo derivatives, produced by in situ oxidation of hydrazide precursors with phenylseleninic acid.

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In a study of the relation between HLA and lepromatous leprosy, HLA haplotype segregation was analyzed in 28 families with multiple cases of different types of leprosy. The inheritance of HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, and HLA-MTI, which had previously been shown to be associated with susceptibility to leprosy or with a leprosy type, was analyzed separately. Segregation occurred in a significantly nonrandom fashion in both polar tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy. This finding indicated HLA-encoded control of a predisposition to both of these forms of the disease. In both cases the segregation observed among healthy siblings was random. Thus, susceptibility to leprosy per se is probably not controlled by HLA-linked genes. HLA-DR3 was inherited preferentially by children with polar tuberculoid leprosy rather than lepromatous disease (P = .02), and HLA-MTI was inherited preferentially by children with lepromatous leprosy (P = .04). The results confirmed the association of these genetic markers with leprosy type.