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The formation of hybrid interface states plays a crucial role in spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into organic semiconductors. Here, we investigate the energy-level alignment and spin-polarized hybrid interface states between cobalt and rubrene using photoemission spectroscopy. We reveal that the presence of charge injection from cobalt to the rubrene molecular layer is determined by XPS and UPS measurements. We also find a spin-polarized interface state between cobalt and rubrene at 0.5 eV below the Fermi level, which can be attributed to chemical interaction between rubrene and Co(001). This hybridization state can induce spin polarization inversion at the rubrene/Co(001) interface as measured by spin-polarized UPS. The spin polarization inversion at the rubrene/Co(001) interface can be interpreted by a Zener exchange-type mechanism. On the basis of these observations, we obtain a deeper understanding of the electronic structure of the rubrene/Co(001) spinterface and show the importance for the quantitative description of rubrene/Co(001)-based organic spintronic devices.

Taking Au–Cu system as an example, three discoveries and two methods were presented. First, a new way for boosting sustainable progress of systematic metal materials science (SMMS) and alloy gene engineering (AGE) is to establish holographic alloy positioning design (HAPD) system, of which the base consists of measurement and calculation center, SMMS center, AGE center, HAPD information center and HAPD cybernation center; Second, the resonance activating-sychro alternating mechanism of atom movement may be divided into the located and oriented diffuse modes; Third, the equilibrium and subequilibrium holographic network phase diagrams are blueprints and operable platform for researchers to discover, design, manufacture and deploy advanced alloys, which are obtained respectively by the equilibrium lever numerical method and cross point numerical method of isothermal Gibbs energy curves. As clicking each network point, the holographic information of three structure levels for the designed alloy may be readily obtained: the phase constitution and fraction, phase arranging structure and properties of organization; the composition, alloy gene arranging structure and properties of each phase and the electronic structures and properties of alloy genes. It will create a new era for network designing advanced alloys.

Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today's researchers do not understand that the Gibbs energy function of an alloy phase should be derived from Gibbs energy partition function constructed of alloy gene sequence and their Gibbs energy sequence. Second, the six rules for establishing alloy gene Gibbs energy partition function have been discovered, and it has been specially proved that the probabilities of structure units occupied at the Gibbs energy levels in the degeneracy factor for calculating configuration entropy should be degenerated as ones of component atoms occupied at the lattice points. Third, the main characteristics unexpected by today's researchers are as follows. There exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region coexisting by the ordered and disordered phases. The composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from those of the critical point of the Au3Cu compound; At 0 K, the composition of the lowest point on the composition-dependent Gibbs energy curve is notably deviated from that of the Au3Cu compounds. The theoretical limit composition range of long range ordered Au3Cu-type alloys is determined by the first jumping order degree.

Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing experimental phenomena of alloy phase transitions during extremely slow variation in temperature by equilibrium thinking mode and then taking erroneous knowledge of experimental phenomena as selected information for establishing Gibbs energy function and so-called equilibrium phase diagram. Second, the equilibrium holographic network phase diagrams of AuCu3-type sublattice system 5 be used to describe systematic correlativity of the composition—temperature-dependent alloy gene arranging structures and complete thermodynamic properties, and to be a standard for studying experimental subequilibrium order-disorder transition. Third, the equilibrium transition of each alloy is a homogeneous single-phase rather than a heterogeneous two-phase, and there exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region of the ordered and disordered phases; the composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from the ones of the critical point of the AuCu3compound.

Taking experimental path on disordering AuCuIA8AuA4Cucomposed of A8Auand A4Custem alloy genes as an example, three discoveries and a method were presented. The ability of AuCuI (A8AuA4Cu) to keep structure stabilization against changing temperature is attributed to the fact that the A8Auand A4Cupotential well depths greatly surpass their vibration energies, which leads to the subequilibrium of experimental path. A new atom movement mechanism of AuCuI(A8AuA4Cu) to change structure for suiting variation in temperature is the resonance activating-synchro alternating of alloy genes, which leads to heterogeneous and successive subequilibrium transitions. There exists jumping order degree, which leads to the existence of jumping Tj-temperature and an unexpected so-called “retro-effect” about jumping temperature retrograde shift to lower temperatures upon the increasing heating rate. A set of subequilibrium holographic network path charts were obtained by the experimental mixed enthalpy path method.