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Effective activation of an antigen-specific immune response hinges upon the intracellular delivery of cancer antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), marking the initial stride in cancer vaccine development. Leveraging biomimetic topological morphology, we employed virus-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles (VMSNs) coloaded with antigens and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists to craft a potent cancer vaccine. Our VMSNs could be efficiently internalized by APCs to a greater extent than their nonviral structured counterparts, thereby promoting the activation of APCs by upregulating the TLR9 pathway and cross-presenting ovalbumin (OVA) epitopes. In in vivo animal study, VMSN-based nanovaccines triggered substantial CD4+and CD8+lymphocyte populations in both lymph nodes and spleen while inducing the effector memory of adaptive T cells. Consequently, VMSN-based nanovaccines suppressed tumor progression and increased the survival rate of B16-OVA-bearing mice in both prophylactic and therapeutic studies. The combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with the VMSN-based nanovaccine has synergistic effects in significantly preventing tumor progression under therapeutic conditions. These findings highlight the potential of viral structure-mimicking mesoporous silica nanoparticles as promising candidates for antigen-delivering nanocarriers in vaccine development.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic skin condition characterized by itching, redness, and inflammation, is closely associated with heightened levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin. ROS can contribute to the onset and progression of AD through oxidative stress, which leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell differentiation, and the exacerbation of skin symptoms. In this study, we aim to develop a therapeutic antioxidant hydrogel patch for the potential treatment of AD using lignin, a biomass waste material. Lignin contains polyphenol groups that enable it to scavenge ROS and exhibit antioxidant properties. The lignin hydrogel patches, possessing optimized mechanical properties through the control of the lignin and cross-linker ratio, demonstrated high ROS-scavenging capabilities. Furthermore, the lignin hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with the skin, exhibiting beneficial properties in protecting human keratinocytes under high oxidative conditions. When applied to an AD mouse model, the hydrogel patch effectively reduced epidermal thickness in inflamed regions, decreased mast cell infiltration, and regulated inflammatory cytokine levels. These findings collectively suggest that lignin serves as a therapeutic hydrogel patch for managing AD by modulating oxidative stress through its ROS-scavenging ability.

The scavenging ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) for reactive oxygen species has been intensively studied in the field of catalysis. However, the immunological impact of these particles has not yet been thoroughly investigated, despite intensive research indicating that modulation of the reactive oxygen species could potentially regulate cell fate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we examined the intrinsic capability of CeNPs to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells via their reactive oxygen species-scavenging effect when the autoantigenic peptides were simply mixed with CeNPs. CeNPs effectively reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in dendritic cells in vitro, leading to the suppression of costimulatory molecules as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation, even in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli. Subcutaneously administrated PEGylated CeNPs were predominantly taken up by antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes and to suppress cell maturation in vivo. The administration of a mixture of PEGylated CeNPs and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides, a well-identified autoantigen associated with antimyelin autoimmunity, resulted in the generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+regulatory T cells in mouse spleens. The induced peripheral regulatory T cells actively inhibited the infiltration of autoreactive T cells and antigen-presenting cells into the central nervous system, ultimately protecting animals from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when tested using a mouse model mimicking human multiple sclerosis. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of CeNPs for generating antigen-specific immune tolerance to prevent multiple sclerosis, opening an avenue to restore immune tolerance against specific antigens by simply mixing the well-identified autoantigens with the immunosuppressive CeNPs.

The benefit perception of aquatic ecosystems, knowledge, and emotion about climate change influence peoples’ support for marine protection. However, their interaction effects remain understudied. The current study explores the intricate interaction effect of the three factors on marine protection support. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 709 stakeholders from 42 countries. The statistical analysis shows that when stakeholders perceive ocean ecosystems to have little utility in mitigating climate change, climate change knowledge and concern are positively associated with marine protection support. Nevertheless, in the scenarios where stakeholders perceive the benefits of ocean ecosystems, the effect of climate change knowledge becomes conditional on the worry level. If stakeholders are concerned about climate change, those with a greater level of climate change knowledge will associate with a higher level of marine protection support. Otherwise, greater climate change knowledge will result in lower support. These findings highlight the importance of emotion in directing climate change knowledge’s effect on marine protection support. Linking people’s concerns to the consequences of climate change can help improve climate change communication effectiveness.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks myelin. Although systemic immunosuppressive agents have been used to treat MS, long-term treatment with these drugs causes undesirable side effects such as altered glucose metabolism, insomnia, and hypertension. Herein, we propose a tolerogenic therapeutic vaccine to treat MS based on lignin nanoparticles (LNP) with intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacity derived from their phenolic moieties. The LNP loaded with autoantigens of MS allowed for inducing tolerogenic DCs with low-level expression of costimulatory molecules while presenting antigenic peptides. Intravenous injection of an LNP-based tolerogenic vaccine into an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model led to durable antigen-specific immune tolerance via inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Autoreactive T helper type 1 cells, T helper type 17 cells, and inflammatory antigen presentation cells (APCs) were suppressed in the central nervous system (CNS), ameliorating ongoing MS in early and late disease states. Additionally, the incorporation of dexamethasone into an LNP-based tolerogenic nanovaccine could further improve the recovery of EAE mice in the severe chronic stage. As lignin is the most abundant biomass and waste byproduct in the pulping industry, a lignin-based tolerogenic vaccine could be a novel, cost-effective, high-value vaccine platform with potent therapeutic efficiency in treating autoimmune diseases.

For machine design, determining the machine’s technical specifications as the basis for design element computation and choosing an appropriate electric motor are among the most crucial tasks. Especially, considering the scarcity of studies about tropical wood materials, it is more important to determine the specific work by the experimental approach. The scope of the study includes the research of dependency of the cutting power on the working parameters such as feed per tooth Sz, the cutting depth h, and the tooltip’s radius r in the process of wood material machining. Employing the response surface method, the experiments following the Central Composite Face design (FCCCD) plan were undertaken with 4 replicates. The author used Minitab software to process experimental results, analyze the regression equation and variance (ANOVA). In addition, the cutting force components in wood milling is also determined, which is the basis for the design of machine elements of wood milling machines and CNC woodworking machines.

Catalytic nanoparticles with natural enzyme-mimicking properties, known as nanozymes, have emerged as excellent candidate materials for cancer immunotherapy. Owing to their enzymatic activities, artificial nanozymes not only serve as responsive carriers to load drugs and therapeutic molecules for cancer treatment, but also act as enzymes for modulating the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME) via the catalytic activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and oxidase. The immunosuppressive pro-tumor TME can be reversed to the immunoactive anti-tumor TME by utilizing both reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating and ROS-scavenging nanozymes, which enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we introduce representative ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging nanozymes and discuss how artificial nanozymes respond to the conditions of the TME. Based on the mutual interaction between nanozymes and TME, recent therapeutic pathways to provoke anti-cancer immune responses using nanozymes are discussed.

Employees' involvement in eco-friendly action for protecting environment is playing a crucial role for helping lodging properties better ecofriendly to environment and enhancing the productivity. Through two methods of qualitative and quantitative research, this research examined the relationship between perceived work performance with pro-environmental behaviours, perceived work performance with organisational identification and the relationship between organisational identification and pro-environmental behaviours in the context of luxury hotels in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The research results show that organisational identification has the strongest and positive impact on pro-environmental behaviours of employees. This means that a strong organisational identity makes them more likely to participate in pro-environmental behaviours. Thus, organisational identification is an important determinant of pro-environmental behaviours among staff, and it can be enhanced by improving their perception on job performance. In addition, perceived work performance can affect employees' pro-environmental behaviours through organisational identification.

The paper presents a study on the performance of cutter tip for wood milling process. The tests were performed with the tropical wood samples which were milled in the double sided wood planer, the measured micro-geometrical parameters encompassing the linear wear and tooltip radius. The study primarily contributes to developing a far better understanding of the physical nature of cutting tool wear in response with the growing concern of many researchers. Given this basis, it does not only assist the selection of reasonable cutting tool but also enable the detection of the patterns in the cutting tool wear process. In terms of tool wear and bluntness, there has been a number of researches taking account into the physical nature of cutting tools, - providing basis for selection of cutting tools apart from clarification of the current pattern of tool wear and bluntness. The load applied to the cutter during wood milling is the load that changes marks periodically. When starting to work after tool sharpening and finishing, the first stage changes the microscopic geometry - tool run-in process (rapid initial wear), followed by constant conditions of wear before a rapid wear which leads to failure at last. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of the cutting path to the tooltip radius and linear wear of the cutting edge. The paper employs method of least squares and variance analysis in application of the Minitab software to determine regression equations for relation of the tooltip radius and linear wear to the relative cutting length. The ultimate goal is to predict the life of cutting tool when milling tropical wood.

This paper discusses the experimental study and the mechanism of chip formation, sliding and cutting in processing wood milling surface. The main objective is to determine chip thickness upon the coefficient k and tool tip radius ρ. Technically, when analysing we use FCCCD's second-order response surfaces method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for determining the coefficient k upon the factors of milling cutter diameter D, the feeding per tooth Sz and tool tip radius ρ. According to the obtained experimental results, we determined the value domain of the machine's working factors so that the cutter tool tip can slide or cut the chip on the milled surface of tropical wood materials. From the coefficient k, we can determine the slide length Lsl which gives reason for the abrasion phenomenon of the front or rear sides of the cutter. The results allow us to choose the geometrical parameters ​​for milling cutter, apart from the working parameters for processing the surface of wood materials with the highest quality as possible.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines are a promising cancer immunotherapy approach. However, effective delivery of DNA to antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells (DCs)) for the induction of an adaptive immune response is limited. Conventional DNA delivery viaintramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous injection by hypodermal needles shows a low potency and immunogenicity. Here, we propose the enhanced cancer DNA vaccine by direct transfection to the high number of DCs recruited into the chemoattractant-loaded injectable mesoporous silica microrods (MSRs). Subcutaneous administration of the MSRs mixed with tumor-antigen coding DNA polyplexes resulted in DC recruitment in the macroporous space of the scaffold formed by the spontaneous assembly of high-aspect-ratio MSRs, thereby allowing for enhanced cellular uptake of antigen-coded DNA by host DCs. The MSR scaffolds delivering the DNA vaccine trigger a more robust DC activation, antigen-specific CD8+T cell response, and Th1 immune response compared to the bolus DNA vaccine. Additionally, the immunological memory can be induced with a single administration of the vaccine. The combination of the vaccination and antiprogrammed cell death-1 antibody significantly eliminates established lung metastasis. These results indicate that MSRs serve as a powerful platform for DNA vaccine delivery to DCs for effective cancer immunotherapy.

Owing to the limitations of conventional cancer therapies, cancer immunotherapy has emerged for the prevention of cancer recurrence. To provoke adaptive immune responses that are antigen-specific, it is important to develop an efficient antigen delivery system that can enhance the activation and maturation of the dendritic cells (DCs) in the human body. In this study, we synthesize hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles with extra-large mesopores (H-XL-MSNs) based on a single-step synthesis from core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a core composed of an assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles. The hollow void inside the mesoporous silica nanoparticles with large mesopores allows a high loading efficiency of various model proteins of different sizes. The H-XL-MSNs are coated with a poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) solution to provide an immune adjuvant and change the surface charge of the particles for loading and slow release of a model antigen. An in vitro study using a cancer vaccine based on the PEI-coated H-XL-MSNs with the loading of the model antigen showed an enhanced activation of the DCs. An in vivo study demonstrated that the resulting cancer vaccine increased the antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, enhanced the suppression of tumor growth, and improved the survival rate after challenging cancer to mice. These findings suggest that these hollow MSNs with extra-large pores can be used as excellent antigen carriers for immunotherapy.

While spray-drying has been widely utilized to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, the outcomes often exhibit suboptimal particle size distribution and large particle sizes, limiting their effectiveness. In this study, we introduce electrostatic spraying as an advanced technology tailored for poorly water-soluble drugs, enabling the fabrication of nanoparticles with fine and uniform particle size distribution. Regorafenib (1 g), as a model drug, copovidone (5 g), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1 g) were dissolved in 200 ml ethanol and subjected to conventional-spray-dryer and electrostatic spray dryer. The electrostatic spray-dried nanoparticles (ESDN) showed smaller particle sizes with better uniformity compared to conventional spray-dried nanoparticles (CSDN). ESDN demonstrated significantly enhanced solubility and rapid release in water. In vitro studies revealed that ESDN induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells to a greater extent, exhibiting superior cytotoxicity compared to CSDN. Furthermore, ESDN substantially improved oral bioavailability and antitumor efficacy compared to CSDN. These findings suggest that ESD shows potential in developing enhanced drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs, effectively addressing the limitations associated with CSD methods.

Efficient delivery of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs), potent antigen-presenting cells, and subsequent antigen presentation to initiate the production of activated cytotoxic T cells are vital parameters that determine the success of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report dextran-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-dextran) as an antigen delivery carrier for cancer immunotherapy. We synthesized dextran-functionalized rGO, where the dextran component facilitated good colloidal stability by exposing hydroxyl groups on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and also enhanced cellular uptake via interaction with carbohydrate receptors present on DCs. High surface area and intrinsic hydrophobic surface of rGO facilitated high loading of the model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA). We found that rGO-dextran efficiently delivered OVA to DCs and enhanced the antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). In addition, the release of inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and TNF-α, for DCs incubated with OVA-loaded rGO-dextran was remarkably higher than that for those incubated with soluble OVA. We also demonstrated that OVA-loaded rGO-dextran induced production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in vivo and significantly inhibited tumor growth. Therefore, the proposed rGO-dextran could be a potent candidate for cancer vaccine and other immunotherapy.

In recent decades, cleaner production has received increasing attention since it can contribute to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty reduction, sustainable consumption and production, and climate change mitigation. This study aims to use the Life Cycle Assessment-ReSOLVE method to find and quantify the main environmental impacts that happen along the production chain. It will also look at how each production stage contributes to these effects and then discuss ways to fix these problems using the circular economy approach and the ReSOLVE framework in the case study. Although this study used a mushroom-growing facility in the Central Highlands of Vietnam as a case study, the approach can be applied to other industries and countries worldwide. The LCA helped identify environmental hotspots, which were areas with significant environmental impact. The data on these hotspots were used to evaluate the ReSOLVE framework to determine appropriate circular practices for improving mushroom cultivation's environmental impacts. The results showed that electricity consumption and plastic baskets are the primary hotspots for environmental impacts, especially greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions while growing shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) were 2.38 kg CO2e/kg mushroom, of which energy use contributes to 72.87% of the emissions. The evaluation findings obtained from the ReSOLVE framework indicate that the facility is now implementing 17 out of 42 circular practices. The facility significantly prioritizes process optimization, implementing eight practices, and places a strong emphasis on regeneration, implementing five practices. According to the study's findings, practitioners should adopt this approach to support businesses in achieving sustainable development. Practitioners should tailor the circular practices in the ReSOLVE framework to the industry in which they evaluate and implement the suggested circular economy solutions to assess the effectiveness of using both the ReSOLVE framework and CE solutions. Moreover, this study only focused on a mushroom facility as a case study. Consequently, we want to enhance the methodology and extend this approach to other sectors in future research.

Therapeutic antibodies that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) show clinical benefits in treating nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Nonetheless, the therapeutic effects of systemically administered anti-VEGF antibodies are often hindered in NSCLCs because of their limited distribution in the lungs and their adverse effects on normal tissues. These challenges can be overcome by delivering therapeutic antibodies in their mRNA form to lung endothelial cells, a primary target of VEGF-mediated pulmonary angiogenesis, to suppress the NSCLCs. In this study, we synthesized derivatives of poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) and prepared nanoparticles to encapsulate the synthetic mRNA encoding bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody used in the clinic. Optimization of nanoparticle formulations resulted in a selective lung transfection after intravenous administration. Notably, the optimized PBAE nanoparticles were distributed in lung endothelial cells, resulting in the secretion of bevacizumab. We analyzed the protein corona on the lung- and spleen-targeting nanoparticles using proteomics and found distinctive features potentially contributing to their organ-selectivity. Lastly, bevacizumab mRNA delivered by the lung-targeting PBAE nanoparticles more significantly inhibited tumor proliferation and angiogenesis than recombinant bevacizumab protein in orthotopic NSCLC mouse models, supporting the therapeutic potential of bevacizumab mRNA therapy and its selective delivery through lung-targeting nanoparticles. Our proof-of-principle results highlight the clinical benefits of nanoparticle-mediated mRNA therapy in anticancer antibody treatment in preclinical models.

. An understanding of the dynamic characteristics of a CNC machine is a vital element in the control of the machine which has a direct effect on the machining precision. The ways in which energy is dissipated, such as friction and damping, have a significant effect on the dynamic behavior and spindle vibration of a CNC machine. The paper presents kinetic analysis of the CNC machine damper system, effect of the damper and the cutting parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the dynamic behavior and spindle vibration of a CNC machine. Experimental results have established a second-order regression equation that demonstrates the effect of three parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the vibration amplitude of the spindle. In addition, the comparison results show that the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine using the damper is smaller than the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine not using the damper.

This article examines the impacts of migration with and without remittances on crop productivity growth , crop diversification, and non-farm labor diversification of rural households in Vietnam. We use village fixed-effects regression models for a panel data set of about 2,000 rural households collected in 2007, 2008 and 2010 in three rural provinces. The findings demonstrate that rural households who receive remittances from their migrants reduce the share of their income from rice, increase their land productivity and become more specialized in non-farm labor allocation. However, migration without remittances decreases farm labor productivity growth and crop diversification of rural households.

The leishmaniases are diseases that affect millions of people across the world, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is fatal unless treated. Current standard of care for VL suffers from multiple issues and there is a limited pipeline of new candidate drugs. As such, there is a clear unmet medical need to identify new treatments. This paper describes the optimization of a phenotypic hit against Leishmania donovani, the major causative organism of VL. The key challenges were to balance solubility and metabolic stability while maintaining potency. Herein, strategies to address these shortcomings and enhance efficacy are discussed, culminating in the discovery of preclinical development candidate GSK3186899/DDD853651 (1) for VL.

A dual pH- and temperature-responsive physically crosslinked and injectable hydrogel system was developed for efficient and long-term delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads). Three different types of physically crosslinked hydrogels with different chemical compositions and properties were prepared. These hydrogels with good biocompatibility can be injected at pH 9.0 and room temperature and rapidly form a gel under body or tumor microenvironment conditions. Ads encapsulated in hydrogels were released gradually without burst release. Moreover, these physically crosslinked hydrogels provided a protective environment for Ads and maintained their bioactivity for a long period of time. Compared to naked Ads, Ads protected by these physically crosslinked hydrogels showed strong cytotoxicity to cancer cells even after 11 days. The Ad-loaded hydrogel system also exhibited enhanced and long-term antitumor therapeutic effects in human xenograft tumor models. Due to these outstanding properties, Ad-loaded injectable hydrogels might have potential for long-term cancer treatment.

This study examined whether hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) microscopy can detect differences in meibum lipid to protein composition of normal and evaporative dry eye subjects with meibomian gland dysfunction.

Understanding the impact of migration on rural household expenditures is important since household expenditure patterns can demonstrate whether remittances are used for consumption or for investment. This paper investigates the effects of rural–urban migration on consumption expenditure patterns of rural households of Vietnam. The econometric analysis of a 3-year panel data set of about 2000 households (about 6000 observations) shows that rural migrant households increase their overall expenditures. Migrant households without remittances spend more on food, health care and other non-food items, but less on education of their children, while migrant households with remittances spend more on housing and other non-food items. The results indicate that migration and remittances bring a good opportunity for rural industries and services such as construction and health care. However, migration and remittances do not influence rural education. To promote rural development in the long-run, we suggest that other financial sources should be established to enhance rural education for improving human capital.

AbstractSoybean is often damaged by hypoxia caused by waterlogging at the seedling stage. Hypoxia severely inhibits root development and retards plant growth. We aimed to clarify phenotypic variation in root development under hypoxia condition at the seedling stage using diverse soybean accessions. Root development in 162 accessions was evaluated in hydroponic culture. Substantial changes under hypoxia were investigated by means of WinRHIZO analysis before and after the treatment. We found significant phenotypic variation in hypoxia tolerance in root among the 162 accessions. A principal components analysis indicated an association between hypoxia tolerance and the country of origin. We found three new accessions which have a high ability to develop roots under hypoxia (Kokubu 7, Maetsue zairai 90B, and Yahagi). Root development in selected accessions was also evaluated in soil culture. Root development levels in hydroponic and soil culture were significantly correlated. These results will provide important information on waterlogging damage in regions where waterlogging occurs. The three accessions with hypoxia-tolerant roots might be useful for genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance of modern soybean varieties.

Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) capable of folding into well-defined structures and motifs that allow them bind to various target molecules with high specificity and affinity. The crucial ability of aptamers is interaction with a given target from small ions to molecular level that makes them useful in many applications for specific detection of various analytes. Nowadays aptamer is an effective tool not only for in vitro research in diagnostic methods, drug delivery and treatment therapy, but also for the development of nucleic-acid-based sensors in industrial waste management, pollution control and environmental toxicology. This mini review is focused on discussion and updating about the global researches in nucleic-acid-based sensors for environmental issues.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a main etiology causing severe enteric disease in piglets with clinical signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration resulting in loss of condition and death within a few days. Historically, PED is one of major causes of loss in swine and remains prevalent in some parts of the world. Even with increase in the available tests for PED diagnosis, which include histological diagnosis; virological diagnosis and serological diagnosis, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for this disease yet. In this mini review, the overview and current situation of PED is described with updated techniques, in an effort to comprehensively discuss and understand the disease characteristics.

The Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a significantly harmful illness in swine causing respiratory problems and reproductive failure in sows, gilts, and pneumonia in young pigs. PRRS is often diagnosed with available test methods to identify disease agent or to detect the immune response of virus. In spite of many extensive researches, there are still no specific treatments and many unknown relationships between this virus and other diseases in swine. Virus isolation and molecular techniques are possible to identify PRRS virus or its acid nucleic but the high genetic diversity of virus results to unwanted false-negative results. Although PRRS has spreads throughout the world, many researches still focus on updating the methods to quickly diagnose PRRSV and to generate an effective fast treatment. This review highlights the current global PRRS research trend, its detection and diagnosis.

This work investigates the application of ultrasonic vibration to steel joints formed by gas metal arc welding. Welding is done using a metal active gas welding source with welding current of 120–160 A, 0.8 mm diameter welding wire and 10 l min−1CO2flow. The distance from the torch to the ultrasonic horn is 120 mm. Ultrasonic vibration most affects the weld when ultrasonic vibration position is 120 mm from torch and increases the penetration when welding speed is 190 (275) mm/min for a 5 mm thick (10 mm thick) plate. Moreover, weld width increases when welding speed is 190 mm min−1for 10 mm thick plate. Although ultrasonic vibration does not affect the hardness of welding zones, it modifies the microstructure of the diffusion and welding-pool zones.

Low pile foundation is spacious used to process irrigation structure. In Vietnam it is effectively used to process irrigation structure in the north plains. However, when calculating load of the foundation works, it was mainly calculated to transmit to pile omitted load transmit to surrounding soil, in fact the load was transmitted to surrounding soil. So the lager number of piles were used to process foundation, it caused waste of piles and economics. Therefor calculating pile foundation, as calculated the interaction interaction between Soil, piles and irrigation structure will reduce the number of piles in the foundation, and when the irrigation structures were deformation tested by software and measured in actual condition, the results showed that the irrigation structures were guaranteed to work as the normal design criteria. Now in Vietnam some of pump stations and aqueducts are applied the interaction between Soil, piles and irrigation structure to process foundation.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the visual effect (VE) and residence time (RT) of artificial tears (ATs) in dry eye subjects.

Dry eye disease is a common condition that affects millions of people world wide. The common findings of dry eye disease are blurred vision and tear film instability. The purpose of this study was to determine if long-term use of artificial tears altered visual disturbances and tear film instability of dry eye patients.