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In the quest to fathom unknown horizons and to know what is beyond our home planet Earth, mankind has been trying since long, to reach into the vacuum of deeper space and beyond. Nations all over the world are working vigorously on manned space missions, in the hope of making humankind a multiplanetary species. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has also been moving forward in similar lines and has elaborate plans to send humans to space. Before sending humans, a Half Humanoid which is being designed, developed and manufactured by ISRO is planned to make the first space travel from the Indian soil. As part of it, an anthropomorphic humanoid skull was designed and manufactured to be used in the Half Humanoid model. The method selected for the manufacturing of the skull was Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) via the DMLS process (Direct Metal Laser Sintering). As the AM route is capable of manufacturing complex features, further mass reduction of the skull was achieved with the help of artificially intelligent incorporation of lattice structures into the design. The strength and stiffness requirements along with the lattice parameters were given as constraints during the design optimisation. An elaborate coupon study was conducted to understand the right philosophy of incorporating lattices structures to replace solid material from the structure. Insights from this study were used to select appropriate material volume on the structure where lattices would be inducted. The skull design that is incorporated with lattice structure was metal additive manufactured.

Objective: Local Liquid drug (LLD) delivery devices have recently emerged as a novel approach to treat peripheral arterial disease. This systemic review aims to identify and evaluate the clinical utility of the most commonly used delivery devices.Methods: A systemic review was performed using the Medical Subjects Heading terms of “drug delivery,” “liquid,” “local,” and “cardiovascular disease” in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus.Results: Four commonly used delivery devices were identified, including (1) the Bullfrog Micro-Infusion Device, (2) the ClearWay RX Catheter, (3) the Occlusion Perfusion Catheter, and (4) the Targeted Adjustable Pharmaceutical Administration. All have shown to successfully deliver liquid therapeutic into the target lesion and have exhibited favorable safety and efficacy profiles in preclinical and clinical trials. The LLD devices have the ability to treat very long or multiple lesions with a single device, providing a more economical option. The safety profile in LLD clinical studies is also favorable in view of recent concerns regarding adverse events with crystalline-paclitaxel–coated devices.Conclusion: There is clear clinical evidence to support the concept of local liquid delivery to treat occlusive arterial disease.Clinical Impact The ‘leave nothing behind’ strategy has been at the forefront of the most recent innovations in the field of interventional cardiology and vascular interventions. Although drug coated balloons have overcome limitations associated with plain old balloon angioplasty and peripheral stents, recent safety concerns and cost considerations have impacted their usage. In this review, various liquid drug delivery devices are presented, showcasing their capabilities and success in both preclinical and clinical settings. These innovative liquid delivery devices, capable of targeted delivery and their ability to be re-used for multiple treatment sites, may provide solutions for current unmet clinical needs.

We assessed the quality of life, sleep, depression, anxiety, and stress in people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (PRE) and newly diagnosed epilepsy (NDE). We also assessed the influence of sleep, depression, anxiety, and stress on the quality of life (QOL) and the complex association between these factors. We recruited 80 PRE and 70 NDE people attending the epilepsy clinic. We assessed QOL, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and mood using the quality of life in epilepsy‐31 inventory (QOLIE‐31), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and depression anxiety stress scale (DASS‐21). We compared the results between the two groups of epilepsy populations. We performed univariate and multivariate linear regression to determine the factors affecting the QOLIE‐31 total score. We applied Spearman's rank correlation to find the interrelationship between variables influencing QOL. We found significantly lower QOLIE‐31 total scores (p= .001) in PRE compared to NDE. The PSQI and ESS did not differ significantly between the PRE and NDE groups. Anxiety (p= .002) and stress (p= .003) scores were significantly higher in PRE than in NDE. QOLIE‐31 total scores showed a negative correlation with PSQI as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress scores in both groups. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed depression as a major factor influencing the QOLIE‐31 total score in PRE (p= .001) and NDE (p= .003). We found significant complex associations between PSQI, depression, anxiety, stress, and QOLIE total scores in both groups. The QOL is poorer for people with PRE than for those with NDE. Depression is a major determinant of QOL in PWE. These factors need to be considered to improve the QOL in epilepsy.

This study assesses the present situation of the deinstitutionalisation and alternative care arrangements in exile settlements concerning various cultural and socio-structural factors. It explores how elements of social structure and culture operate to transform the residential care institutions to community-based alternative care arrangements for 10,000 young Tibetans uprooted from Tibet and presently settled in India. Their day-to-day problems of repatriation and resettlement in an unfamiliar demography with distinct ethnic values are pushing them to the margins. The dependence of these children on their exile government, the host community and the uncertainty of going back to their country makes them depressed, dependent and vulnerable to trauma and negligence. The study uses cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory and qualitative methods. Primary data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Open-ended questions were used for interviews in order to gain in-depth information from the respondents. Twenty-five informants were selected on a purposive basis to facilitate a focus on information-rich cases that illuminate the research questions. The selection criteria of informants apply to their professional experience of deinstitutionalisation in Tibetan settlements, professionals having experience of heading care institutions, officials of the Central Tibetan Administration, people from non-government organisations, development agencies and government officials who were a part of the interventions. Respondents from both state and non-state agencies were selected for the study to avoid bias.

Background: Diagnostic errors in neurological diagnosis are a source of preventable harm. Software tools like Differential Diagnosis (DDx) apps in neurology that hold the potential to mitigate this harm are conspicuously lacking.Materials and Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional observational study was designed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a Neurology DDx App (Neurology Dx) with neurology residents by using vascular neurology clinical vignettes. The study was conducted at 7 leading neurology institutes in India. Study participants comprised of 100 neurology residents from the participating institutes.Measurements: Detecting diagnostic accuracy of residents and App measured as a proportion of correctly identified high likely gold standard DDx was prespecified as the main outcome. Proportions of correctly identified first high likely, first 3 high likely, first 5 high likely, and combined moderate plus high likely gold standard differentials by residents and App were secondary outcomes.Results: 1,000 vignettes were attempted by residents. Frequency of gold standard, high likely differentials correctly identified by residents was 27% compared to 72% by App (absolute difference 45%, 95% CI 35.7-52.8). When high and moderate likely differentials were combined, residents scored 17% compared to 57% by App (absolute difference 40%, 95% CI 33.8-50.0). Residents correctly identified first high likely gold standard differential as their first high likely differential in 34% compared to 18% by App (absolute difference 16%, 95% CI 1.2-25.4).Conclusion: App with predefined knowledge base can complement clinical reasoning of neurology residents. Portability and functionality of such Apps may further strengthen this symbiosis between humans and algorithms (CTRI/2017/06/008838).

In this study, we present a robust approach that concurrently manages crystal growth and defect passivation within the perovskite layer through the introduction of a small molecule additive─allantoin. The precise regulation of crystal growth in the presence of allantoin yields perovskite films characterized by enhanced morphology, larger grain size, and improved grain orientation. Notably, the carbonyl and amino groups present in allantoin passivate under-coordinated Pb2+and I–defects, respectively, through molecular interactions. Trap density in the perovskite layer is measured, and it is 0.39 × 1016cm–3for the allantoin-incorporated device and 0.83 × 1016cm–3for the pristine device. This reduction in defects leads to reduced trap-assisted nonradiative recombination, as confirmed by the photoluminescence, transient photo voltage, and impedance measurements. As a result, when these allantoin-incorporated perovskite films are implemented as the active layer in solar cells, a noteworthy efficiency enhancement to 20.63% is attained, surpassing the 18.04% of their pristine counterparts. Furthermore, devices with allantoin exhibit remarkable operational stability, maintaining 80% of their efficiency even after 500 h of continuous illumination, whereas the pristine device degraded to 65% of its initial efficiency in 400 h. Also, allantoin-incorporated devices exhibited exceptional stability against high humidity and elevated temperatures.

Ion migration in perovskite solar cells is usually analyzed and understood in terms of the charge neutrality condition. However, recent reports indicate the possibility of ionic imbalance in the active layer due to external ion migration and/or chemical reactions, with several puzzling experimental trends not easily amenable to conventional analysis. In this context, here, we critically examine the prevalent assumption of ionic charge neutrality in perovskite solar cells. Our results indicate that ionic imbalance results in an asymmetry in the device electrostatics, which contributes to interesting experimental observations like double diode characteristics, S kink, anomalous open circuit voltage (VOC) improvement, etc. Coupled with device architecture and incident spectrum-induced asymmetries, our simulations indicate that ionic imbalance has nontrivial impact on other key characteristics like hysteresis, temperature coefficients, and aging-induced material/lifetime degradation in NIP vs PIN devices.

Optical pump–probe techniques such as absorption spectroscopy and microwave conductivity are widely used to characterize the carrier dynamics in perovskites for optoelectronic applications. In contrast to the prevalent assumption of exponentials, here we predict the possibility of trap emission-limited logarithmic and power-law transients. These predictions are validated by detailed numerical simulations and well supported by several experimental reports from recent literature. Interestingly, these findings indicate the need to revisit the existing schemes that rely on simplified rate equations and exponential decays to estimate the recombination parameters from pump–probe spectroscopy. Accordingly, we suggest appropriate methodologies to back extract parameters related to trap distribution from such nonexponential transients. Indeed, the insights shared in this article could fundamentally impact the usage and interpretation of transient spectroscopy for emerging materials for optoelectronic applications.

Acupuncture is one of the most-utilized forms of integrative medicine therapy across the globe, owing to this modality's wide range of therapeutic benefits. The history of acupuncture use in India is 3000 years old; however, the first documented use of acupuncture in India emerged in 1959. Presently, acupuncture is included as an independent therapy in the yoga and naturopathy (Y&N) category, an indigenous system of medicine under the purview of the Ministry of Ayurveda, Y&N, Unani(Perso-Arabic Medicine), Sidha(Indian Medicine),and homeopathy (AYUSH), and Sowa-Rigpa(Tibetan Medicine),of the government of India. Acupuncture has been taught to Y&N medical graduates through state-run medical universities at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels since 1989 and 2014, respectively. In addition, there are many short-term courses on acupuncture offered by nonmedical universities and academies. Y&N physicians are licensed to practice acupuncture in many states of India; however it is practiced by physicians of other medical systems as well as by nonlicensed practitioners. This is largely due to the nonuniform and flawed regulatory framework of acupuncture practice in India. The government of India, through a task force, is exploring the possibility of recognizing acupuncture as an independent system of medicine and regulating its practice. While the status of acupuncture and its use among integrative medicine physicians has definitely grown in the past 5 decades, the challenges—rooting out quackery, ensuring rigorous training, empowering existing practitioners, maintaining global standards, defining the scope of practice, etc.—warrant an unbiased and firm approach to safeguard acupuncture's scientific and academic rigor.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating disease most commonly seen in middle-aged women and that has unique challenge in its management. A 30 year old woman diagnosed with RA for 4 years presented with severe morning stiffness, pain, occasional numbness and tingling in her hands, wrists, as well as elbows with gait aberration. She also presented with ulnar deviation and swan neck deformity and reported an inability to perform her daily chores. She was not on any medication when she was admitted in an alternative health care setting where she was intervened with a specified protocol of yoga & naturopathy based lifestyle intervention (YNBL) which included yoga therapy, hydrotherapy, manipulative therapies, physiotherapy, western acupuncture, therapeutic fasting and dietary modifications for 3 months. The patient was followed-up for a period of 3 months from discharge. The data reveals significant improvement in the RA related Quality of Life scores (28−4), Visual analog score for pain (8−2), weight (30–35 kg), hemoglobin (9–9.8 gm/dl), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (80–28 mm/hr), RA factor (81.5–65 IU/mL), Anti- Citrullinated Protein Antibody (410–198 EU/mL). YNBL protocol was well tolerated by the patient and has shown significant reduction in inflammation, improvement in quality of life as well reversal of structural deformity. The results are encouraging to conduct large scale randomized control trials to explore the possibility of utilizing YNBL in the management of RA.

MoOX has emerged as an effective hole-selective layer for Si based heterojunction solar cells on account of its high workfunction. The hole selectivity of MoOX is fundamentally different from other carrier selective films as it does not have an electron blocking energy barrier in form of conduction band offset with Si. Accordingly, much is unknown about the hole-selective nature of Si/MoOX junction with many unresolved puzzles. Here, through a combination of detailed modeling and experiments, we provide a coherent, calibrated, and comprehensive model to describe unique hole selective features of Si/MoOX junctions. The model accurately predicts the dark characteristics (ideality factor and reverse saturation current) and the open-circuit voltage of Si/MoOX based heterojunction solar cells reported in the literature. In addition, the same model anticipates the trends for solar cells with a-Si as interlayer passivation. As such this work establishes the limits of achievable VOC and its functional dependence on MoOX material parameters and, hence, could be of broad interest to enable further performance optimization of solar cells with large workfunction carrier selective layers such as V2O5 and WO3.

Dharamshala is home to the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Its small-town journalism landscape is unique due to specific forms of community journalism practice adopted by Indian and Tibetan journalists. The Tibetan press there faces a paradox: simultaneously “local and community specific” for Tibetans-in-exile, “refugee voices” for the international community, and “foreign journalism” for Indians. This framing study identified interpretive packages in news coverage of conflict and integration between Dharamshala communities, by examining stories from community news outlets. Indian Hindi journalists enact a “community booster” role by actively framing issues of conflict in favor of the community, while Tibetan journalists’ approach was comparatively more balanced.

p-type Cu2O thin films doped with trivalent cation boron are demonstrated for the first time as an efficient hole-selective layer for c-Si heterojunction solar cells. Cu2O and Cu2O:B films were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering, and the optical and electrical properties of the doped and undoped films were investigated. Boron doping enhanced the carrier concentration and the electrical conductivity of the Cu2O film. The band alignment of the Cu2O:B/Si heterojunction was investigated using XPS and UPS measurements. The Cu2O:B/Si interface has a valance band offset of 0.08 eV, which facilitates hole transport, and a conduction band offset of 1.35 eV, which blocks the electrons. A thin SiOxtunnel oxide interlayer was also explored as the passivation layer. The initial trials of incorporating this Cu2O:B layer as a hole transporting layer in a single heterojunction solar cell with the structure, ITO/Cu2O:B/n-Si/Ag, and a cell area of 1 cm2yielded an open-circuit voltage of 370 mV, a short-circuit current density of 36.5 mA/cm2, and an efficiency of 5.4%. This p-type material could find potential applications in various optoelectronic applications like organic solar cells, TFTs, and LEDs.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are one of the leading causes of disability and decreased well-being globally. This study investigates the role of a 10-day holistic, person-centric yoga & naturopathy based lifestyle intervention model (HOPE-YN) in improving musculoskeletal health, vitality, strength, flexibility, pain, and treatment satisfaction among MSD patients.

Insomnia is associated with long-term morbidity for the patient’s health and well-being. This study was intended to determine if raw onion juice therapy, an anecdotal home-remedy, is effective in improving sleep, reducing fatigue, and improving quality of life (QoL) when used along with yoga and naturopathy-based lifestyle interventions (YNBL).

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy resulting from compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel (CT). We assessed the role of high‐resolution ultrasound (US) in monitoring patients with CTS treated with corticosteroid injection. We performed high‐resolution US evaluations of the wrists of patients with CTS before and after treatment with local corticosteroid. Thirty‐nine and 17 wrists were included for analysis at the end of 1 and 3 months, respectively. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) and anteroposterior diameter (APD) of the median nerve at the CT and clinical and electrophysiologic data were recorded. We assessed whether changes in US measurements before and after the treatment correlated with clinical and electrophysiologic parameters. The Boston symptom severity scale (p< .01), Boston functional status scale (p< .01), median nerve motor latency (p= .017), median nerve sensory velocity (p= .003), and difference in motor latencies (p= 0.03) and difference in sensory latencies (p= .03) between median and ulnar nerves showed significant changes over 1 or/and 3 months compared to baseline values. Changes in the CSA and APD correlated with changes in some clinical and electrophysiologic parameters. However, measurements of the CSA and APD at 1 or 3 months were not significantly different from baseline values. High‐resolution US parameters such as the APD and CSA of the median nerve at the CT inlet were not useful to monitor patients with CTS treated with corticosteroid injections.

The media ecosystem of the post-truth era is shaped by several unprecedented elements—the pitfalls of the personalized/networked media, the cherry picking tendencies of news producers in an attention economy, the propagandist power-elite, and the gullible support of the semi-literate media audience. These post-truth realities also call for new approaches in journalism education to address phenomena like fake news. In this backdrop, this study examines the existing issues in Indian journalism training based on a thematic analysis of focus group discussions with graduate students of journalism at an Indian university about their perception of fake news. It recommends pedagogical approaches to focus on improving journalistic agency in students to deal with fake news situations.

Carrier selective (CS) Silicon solar cells are increasingly explored as a low-cost alternative to PN junction Silicon solar cells. While the recent trends on power conversion efficiency are encouraging, the temperature coefficient and hence the power output under elevated temperatures are not well explored for such solar cells. Here, we address this issue through detailed numerical simulations to explore the influence of interface and material parameters on the temperature coefficient. Our results indicate that irrespective of the interface quality, the temperature coefficient of CS solar cells improves with an increase in band discontinuities. Interestingly, contrary to the trends related to efficiency, our results indicate that the temperature coefficient of CS solar cells is more critically affected by the interface quality of the minority carrier extraction layer than the majority carrier extraction layer. These insights have important implications toward the choice of optimal material and processing conditions for Si-based CS solar cells

Capacitance–voltage measurements along with the Mott–Schottky (MS) analysis are widely used for characterization of material and device parameters. Using a simple analytical model, supported by detailed numerical simulations, here, we predict that the capacitance of thin film devices scales as V–2(Vis the applied potential), instead of the often used V–0.5dependence of MS analysis, with significant implications toward extraction of parameters like doping density and built-in voltage. Surprisingly, we find that the predicted trends are already hidden in multiple instances of the existing literature. As such, our results constitute a fundamental contribution to semiconductor device physics and are directly applicable and immediately relevant to a broad range of carrier-selective optoelectronic devices like organic solar cells, perovskite-based solar cells and light-emitting diodes, thin film a-Si devices, etc.

New‐onset refractory focal epilepsy poses significant challenges to the clinician in the absence of specific diagnostic biomarkers. Differential diagnoses based on imaging may be expanded by a veritable spectrum of peri‐ictal imaging findings that may mask the underlying substrate. We report a 13‐year‐old girl who presented with refractory focal seizures of left parieto‐occipital origin with cytotoxic gyral oedema noted over the same region on imaging. Despite an initial negative autoantibody profile, the patient was treated with immunosuppression, followed by serial relapses requiring immune‐modulation. Over the next year, her syndrome persisted as focal left posterior cortex epilepsy that necessitated occipital lobectomy, following a relapsing‐remitting radiological profile, consistent with peri‐ictal MRI changes. Histopathology was inconclusive for any definitive substrate. After a period of quiescence, she developed focal motor seizures of right hemispheric origin with progressive encephalopathy, at which point a repeat cerebrospinal fluid anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antibody profile returned positive. The patient was managed with steroids and rituximab with a good clinical outcome. We hypothesise that persistent or relapsing‐remitting focal gyral oedema in unexplained refractory focal epilepsy mandates consideration of focal encephalitis secondary to autoimmunity, and late appearance of intrathecal auto‐antibody synthesis correlates with evolution into a more diffuse disease.

With excellent efficiencies being reported from multiple laboratories across the world, device stability and the degradation mechanisms have emerged as the key aspects that could determine the future prospects of perovskite solar cells. However, the related experimental efforts remain scattered due to the lack of any unifying theoretical framework. In this context, here we provide a comprehensive analysis of ion migration effects in perovskite solar cells. Specifically, we show that (a) the effect of ionic charges is almost indistinguishable from that of dopant ions, (b) ion migration could lead to simultaneous improvement in Vocand degradation in Jscan observation which is beyond the realm of mere parametric variation in carrier mobility and lifetime, (c) champion devices are more resilient toward the ill effects of ion migration; (d) we propose characterization schemes to determine both magnitude and polarity of ionic species, and finally, (e) we illustrate that ion migration could be differentiated from ion redistribution based on the distinct trends in performance degradation. Our results, supported by detailed numerical simulations and direct comparison with experimental data, are of broad interest and provide a much needed predictive capability toward the research on performance degradation mechanisms in perovskite solar cells.

The current debate on fake-news is heavily focused on American and British post-truth politics and the tactical use of ‘alternative facts’. However, the concerns about the impact of fake news on journalism are not restricted to European and American contexts only. This commentary attempts to examine journalism practice and training in India in the post-truth era. Unlike the issues projected in the American debate on the need to reengage and empathize with the non-elite audience and the rise of a fact-checking culture, the apprehensions appear to be slightly different in other countries. In India, tackling the post-truth era challenges is also about addressing obstructive institutional forces like inactive regulatory bodies and out-dated curricula in University-based journalism programmes. The commentary argues that Indian journalism educators should focus on formulating a dynamic curriculum framework that integrates collaborative verification practices with an emphasis on reengaging with the audience to address the enigmatic post-truth politics in the country.

Exciton generation, dissociation, free carrier transport, and charge extraction play an important role in the short-circuit current (Jsc) and power conversion efficiency of an organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell (SC). Here we study the impact of band offset at the interfacial layer and the morphology of active layer on the extraction of free carriers. The effects are evaluated on an inverted BHJ SC using zinc oxide (ZnO) as a buffer layer, prepared via two different methods: ZnO nanoparticle dispersed in mixed solvents (ZnO A) and sol–gel method (ZnO B). The device with ZnO A buffer layer improves the charge extraction and Jsc. The improvement is due to the better band offset and morphology of the blend near the ZnO A/active layer interface. Further, the numerical analysis of current–voltage characteristics illustrates that the morphology at the ZnO A/active layer interface has a more dominant role in improving the performance of the organic photovoltaic than the band offset.

According to the competitive and rapidly changing world of biotechnology, innovation speed is considered to be one of the fundamental organisational issues facing managers. Defining and implementing the appropriate strategy depends on several factors, which may differ from one industry to another. This study was designed to investigate the selected antecedents of innovation speed specifically for agro-biotechnological products in Malaysia. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed among the managers and 142 questionnaires were selected to be used for the purpose of data analysis. Data management and analysis were performed using structural equation modelling-partial least squares. The statistical results showed the significant relationship between managerial skill, market-related knowledge and experience, and innovation speed. The findings of this research did not support the relationship between extension and innovation speed. This study has also provided a practical guideline for Malaysian agro-biotechnological managers who aim to increase the innovation speed of a new agro-biotechnological product.

Palmoplantar psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that contributes to significant functional disability. Apart from the chronic inflammatory reactions in the skin, psoriasis patients are more likely to develop chronic systemic disorders, which impose significant physical, mental, and economic burdens. This warrants a holistic, patient-centered approach that can address the prevailing multimorbidity in psoriasis patients. Yoga and Naturopathy-based Lifestyle Interventions (YNBL) are known for their whole-person approach and are reported to be beneficial in the management of autoimmune disorders. We report a case of a 63-year-old male treated with YNBL for palmoplantar psoriasis along with diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, low back pain, and insomnia. The patient underwent YNBL in an inpatient setting for 10 days each with a gap of 7 months, along with follow-up advises. The prognosis was measured through the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, along with other biochemical markers like fasting blood sugar, random blood sugar, vitamins D and B12, and subjective visual analog scores for vitality and other symptoms. He achieved complete remission of psoriasis by the end of 8 months, and the results were sustained even during the follow-up. The results are encouraging for using the YNBL protocol in the management of palmoplantar psoriasis; however, these findings need to be validated using clinical trial designs.