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The Jahrum aquifer is situated in South-Central Iran, within an arid climate. The water table and minimum hydraulic storage (MHS) of Jahrum aquifer have been significantly reduced in recent decades due to groundwater over-exploitation. The MHS is defined as “volume of water in excess of recycle water, stored in most aquifers to provide enough pressure-head to push water toward the discharging zones”. The daily precipitation and temperature of Canadian’s Coupled Global Climate Model 3.1 is downscaled at the Jahrum climatic station using LARS-WG for the 2015–2095 period and scenarios B1, A1B and A2. Under three scenarios, the precipitation will decrease and temperature will increase. The annual water balance of the Jahrum aquifer is calculated for the baseline period (1998–2010), as well as for several management alternatives, including reducing cultivated area, or and applying water stress or no stress during the dry periods under the three scenarios. The cultivated area or exploitation, and consequently, total irrigation water requirement is reduced in a way to compensate 50 and 100% volume of the MHS. The MHS recovery depends on the percentage of cultivated area reduction and water stress. In all scenarios and alternatives, the current cultivated area should be reduced, depending on the case, within a range of 61–84% to recover the MHS, completely. The MHS recovery period varies from 45 to 75 years in the three scenarios. It is recommended that the MHS recovery method be used for any aquifer exposed to over-exploitation and climate change.

Sulphur mustard (SM; (2, 2'-dichloroethylsulfide)) was used for the first time in 1917, during the World War I. SM mainly induces DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This compound injures the respiratory system, eyes, skin and the endocrine, gastrointestinal, and hematopoietic systems. However, due to the high lipophilicity of the SM and the lipophilic nature of the tear film, and also due to the direct contact of the eyes with the environment, the eyes are the most vulnerable part of the body to SM. SM causes several proteomic alterations in the eye. It increases the production and activity of inflammatory proteins, reduces the concentration of antioxidant proteins and activates the proteins involved in the onset of apoptosis. In this study, we reviewed SM-related proteomic alterations and the association of the found proteins with other eye disorders and diseases. Furthermore, using pathway enrichment analysis, we found the most central biological processes involved in the emergence of complications caused by SM. Our results revealed that deficient cellular homeostasis, especially in terms of iron-dependent regulations, as well as pathological changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, is the most central biological process involved in eye injuries caused by SM.

Background: Mustard gas or sulfur mustard (dichloro-3-thiapentane-1,5) is a chemical compound consisting of chlorine and sulfur which was used as a chemical weapon in the First World War and during the war between Iran and Iraq. Mustard gas is a lipophilic compound that is highly poisonous and can quickly penetrate into body tissues. Eye is one of the body organs that is quite vulnerable to this compound. The present study was conducted to review the effectiveness of various treatments for ocular injuries caused by sulfur mustard. Methods: In this review, therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs such as dexamethasone, diclofenac, betamethasone and their combination, as well as surgical interventions based on stem cells and different methods of keratoplasty [e.g. penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), lamellar keratoplasty (LKP), and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK)] were assessed. Results: As the results indicated, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are more successful compared with single therapeutic measures. It has been reported that utilization of anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, dexamethasone and betamethasone can control the initial symptoms. In addition, keratolimbal allograft stem cell transplantation methods along with LKP and PKP keratoplasty methods can lead to considerable therapeutic success. Conclusion: Considering the involvement of multiple abnormalities in the pathogenesis of sulfur mustard-induced chronic ocular complications, combinatorial therapeutic approaches appear to be more efficacious.

We study the sensitivity of aquifer‐scale estimates of transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) to the variance and correlation length scale of aquifer heterogeneity, when such estimates are obtained by the traditional approach of analyzing pumping test data. We consider both constant‐rate and variable‐rate pumping tests, and a variety of Theis‐based solution methodologies (single‐ and multiple‐observation well methods, and interpreted single value or transient values for Tand Sparameters) applied in pumping test data analysis. Our results indicate that achieving reliable inference of effective Tand Srequires that pumping be continued until the radius of the test‐induced cone of depression exceeds a “representative length” that corresponds to ∼15 times than the correlation length scale of the aquifer heterogeneity. Independent of solution type, pumping history, correlation length scale, magnitude of the sill, and location of observation well, the estimates for Twill converge toward the geometric mean. For S, the estimation uncertainty is relatively large for observation wells that are close to the pumping well, but diminishes for observation wells located beyond the representative distance, resulting in convergence to the arithmetic mean. Given that these results have practical implications for how pumping tests should be carried out, we present a simple “rule‐of‐thumb” for estimating the correlation length scale of the heterogeneity of an aquifer. The Testimates for constant and heterogeneous Saquifers differ for every observation well; instead, the difference for Sstrongly depends on observation well distancePumping rate and history does not affect the inferred aquifer parameters; however, Theis‐based solution type results in different interpretationsAs a rule‐of‐thumb, temporal variability of Tand Sdiminishes when the depression cone radius exceeds 15 times the correlation length scale plus the observation well distance The Testimates for constant and heterogeneous Saquifers differ for every observation well; instead, the difference for Sstrongly depends on observation well distance Pumping rate and history does not affect the inferred aquifer parameters; however, Theis‐based solution type results in different interpretations As a rule‐of‐thumb, temporal variability of Tand Sdiminishes when the depression cone radius exceeds 15 times the correlation length scale plus the observation well distance

Introduction:Many victims of chemical warfare VCW manifest some degree of refractive errors which were not present before exposure. These refractive errors are presumably longterm delayed effects of sulfur mustard exposure. However, no related research studies have been done to confirm this. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are the refractive errors of the eye and prevalence of these errors depends on several factors such as hereditary factors, age, profession, and also several geographical factors. The effect of sulfur mustard on the eye may be very complex and relates basically to the intensity of the injury. Sulfur mustard targets the cornea resulting in early effects of exposure. The delayed effects of exposure are less documented and are discussed in this study. Materials and Method:In this study, crosssectional study refractive errors were studied as one of the delayed effects of sulfur mustard in VCW. 2252 eyes of VCW and 2248 normal eyes were chosen as controls. The mean age of both groups were 34.3 SD  9.1 and 32.1 SD  10.1 respectively. Both groups went through an optometric and ophthalmic examination. The refractive errors were measured by autorefractometer Topcon RM 2300. The Student ttest and chisquare test were used and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results:The prevalence of refractive errors in the VCW group was 89.8 which was higher than the control group of 72.6 p < 0.001. Astigmatism was the main refractive error in the VCW group and their prevalence 76.2 was higher than the control group 47 p < 0.001. The types of astigmatism found were “against” and “oblique.” Prevalence of myopic astigmatism in the VCW group was also higher than in the other types of astigmatisms. Discussion:There are three main causes for refractive errors. Change in anteriorposterior length of the eye or change in curvature of refractive surfaces and change in the index or combinations of them. All VCW have photophobia, dry eyes, and excessive blinking. They have narrow eye opening narrow palpebral fissure. Eyelid pressure and excessive blinking, and dry eyes add gradual pressure on the cornea and in the long term lead to induce refractive errors such as astigmatism. Further studies will be needed however to confirm this.

Pumping tests are widely used to estimate parameters such as transmissivity and storativity, using aquifer response equations that assume a time‐constant pumping rate. However, in actual practice the discharge rate will often vary erratically and follow a generally decreasing trend as the test proceeds. In such cases, if the discharge history is recorded with sufficient temporal fidelity, accurate solutions can be obtained via time domain piecewise‐linear numerical integration. However, if the discharge data do not adequately characterize the variability in the dynamics of the pumping rate, the result can be information loss leading to bias in the inferred parameter estimates. Here, we investigate the severity of this problem for six selected aquifer types, including those that are confined, leaky, and unconfined. Our results indicate that the effects of information loss due to inadequate temporal resolution of the discharge data and systematic observational error are significantly more severe than due to random observational error. The implication is that operators should make a concerted effort to record the pumping rate at the highest practical temporal resolution throughout the duration of the test. Pumping test discharge rates often vary erratically while following a generally decreasing trend as the test proceedsIf the discharge history is not recorded with sufficient temporal resolution to characterize the system dynamics, information loss can occurThe result can be severe bias in the inferred estimates of aquifer properties