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Chronic pain and unhealthy alcohol use commonly co-occur and are associated with negative health outcomes. Veterans may be particularly vulnerable to these conditions, yet limited research has examined factors involved in their co-occurrence. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the role of affective pain interference and alcohol pain-coping perceptions in the relationship between pain and hazardous alcohol use. As informed by the catastrophizing, anxiety, negative urgency, and expectancy model, we hypothesized that the relationship between pain and hazardous alcohol consumption is mediated by affective pain interference and stronger among those with greater perceptions that alcohol helps cope with pain. Participants were 254 VA primary care patients (87.8% male, Mage = 64.03, 76.4% White) with a history of chronic musculoskeletal pain, past-year alcohol use, and past-week pain. Veterans completed a mailed survey including measures of pain, affective pain interference, alcohol pain-coping perceptions, and hazardous alcohol use. Hypotheses were tested with regression models and PROCESS macros. As hypothesized, affective pain interference mediated the pain-hazardous alcohol use association. Contrary to hypotheses, results showed no moderating effect of alcohol pain-coping perceptions. Findings partially support relationships among theorized constructs and suggest that for Veterans with co-occurring pain and alcohol use it may be important to target pain-related affective interference and perceptions that alcohol helps cope with pain.

Background: Anticonvulsant effects of imperatorin (IMP) have been experimentally confirmed earlier, but no information is available on the interaction profiles of this naturally occurring coumarin when combined with novel antiseizure medication (ASMs). This study aimed to determine the effects of IMP on the anticonvulsant effects of lacosamide (LCM), oxcarbazepine (OXC), pregabalin (PGB), and topiramate (TPM) in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) model in mice. Methods: The anticonvulsant effects exerted by novel ASMs (LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM) when combined with constant doses of IMP (25 and 50 mg/kg) underwent isobolographic transformation to precisely classify the observed interactions in the mouse MES model. Total brain concentrations of ASMs were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography to exclude the pharmacokinetic nature of interactions among IMP and the tested ASMs. Results: IMP (50 mg/kg) significantly enhanced (p< 0.01) the anticonvulsant potency of LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM in the mouse MES model. IMP (25 mg/kg) mildly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM, but no statistical significance was reported for these combinations. The isobolographic transformation of data from the MES test revealed that the interactions of novel ASMs with IMP were additive. Moreover, IMP (50 mg/kg) did not affect the total brain content of any of the novel ASMs in experimental mice. Conclusions: The additive interactions of IMP with LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM in the mouse MES model accompanied by no pharmacokinetic changes in the total brain content of ASMs are worthy of recommendation for further studies.

Recent years have seen revived interest in computer-assisted organic synthesis1,2. The use of reaction- and neural-network algorithms that can plan multistep synthetic pathways have revolutionized this field1,3–7, including examples leading to advanced natural products6,7. Such methods typically operate on full, literature-derived ‘substrate(s)-to-product’ reaction rules and cannot be easily extended to the analysis of reaction mechanisms. Here we show that computers equipped with a comprehensive knowledge-base of mechanistic steps augmented by physical-organic chemistry rules, as well as quantum mechanical and kinetic calculations, can use a reaction-network approach to analyse the mechanisms of some of the most complex organic transformations: namely, cationic rearrangements. Such rearrangements are a cornerstone of organic chemistry textbooks and entail notable changes in the molecule’s carbon skeleton8–12. The algorithm we describe and deploy at https://HopCat.allchemy.net/generates, within minutes, networks of possible mechanistic steps, traces plausible step sequences and calculates expected product distributions. We validate this algorithm by three sets of experiments whose analysis would probably prove challenging even to highly trained chemists: (1) predicting the outcomes of tail-to-head terpene (THT) cyclizations in which substantially different outcomes are encoded in modular precursors differing in minute structural details; (2) comparing the outcome of THT cyclizations in solution or in a supramolecular capsule; and (3) analysing complex reaction mixtures. Our results support a vision in which computers no longer just manipulate known reaction types1–7but will help rationalize and discover new, mechanistically complex transformations.

The laser water ablation initiates several physical effects: ionization of atoms and optical breakdown of the liquid, phase explosion and cavitation, shockwave propagation, and even the potential to yield neutrons. The goal of this paper is to compare ablation plasma glow and thermal changes in distilled and heavy water under single pulses and bursts of ultrashort laser pulses. The laser ablation was performed beneath the water surface in a circular laser scanned trajectory. There were two regimes of water ablation: burst regime and single pulses ablation. The absorption processes and ablation plasma glow were evaluated with visible and infrared cameras, fast silicon detector and thermocouple. The study revealed that the heavy water ablation process is 3.5 times more intense in the burst regime with the same laser power. Unexpectedly, the plasma glow with a lower power density of laser 2.6·1013W/cm2was four times higher than with higher power density of 8·1013W/cm2. In burst mode and at a higher power density, heavy water produced nearly two times higher plasma glow.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a widely utilized medical imaging modality that uses positron-emitting radiotracers to visualize biochemical processes in a living body. The spatiotemporal distribution of a radiotracer is estimated by detecting the coincidence photon pairs generated through positron annihilations. In human tissue, about 40% of the positrons form positroniums prior to the annihilation. The lifetime of these positroniums is influenced by the microenvironment in the tissue and could provide valuable information for better understanding of disease progression and treatment response. Currently, there are few methods available for reconstructing high-resolution lifetime images in practical applications. This paper presents an efficient statistical image reconstruction method for positronium lifetime imaging (PLI). We also analyze the random triple-coincidence events in PLI and propose a correction method for random events, which is essential for real applications. Both simulation and experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed method can produce lifetime images with high numerical accuracy, low variance, and resolution comparable to that of the activity images generated by a PET scanner with currently available time-of-flight resolution.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the investigation of macroscopic plant remains from the early Neolithic site of Moravany, Slovakia, dated to the third quarter of the 6th millennium cal b.c., from which 141 samples of burnt clay were examined. The most abundant remains belonged to Triticum dicoccon. Two other cereals were found, T. monococcum and Hordeum vulgare. Fifty-five soil samples contained a few specimens of charred grains of T. dicoccon and diaspores of the wild plants Chenopodium album, Saponaria officinalis, Solanum nigrum and Bromus sp. Over 2,000 pieces of charcoal were examined, among which 14 plant taxa belonging to gymnosperms and angiosperms have been recognized. The most common were Quercus (oak), Fraxinus (ash) and Ulmus (elm). Archaeobotanical and chronological data demonstrate that a farming economy was practised in eastern Slovakia as early as the mid 6th millennium b.c. The trees identified from the charcoals reveal that typical early Atlantic woodland communities with a predominance of deciduous trees and shrubs constituted the environmental context of the first Neolithic settlers there. Wood of these taxa was used for construction and as fuel.

The Neolithic and Copper Age (CA) of Hungary (6000–2800 cal bc) represents a meticulous construction of settlement structure, material culture, arable farming and herding techniques with at least one, but likely several reappearing population movements that brought in innovations and possibly contributed to the societal changes in this period. The last couple of decades witnessed a considerable progress in the study of concurrent vegetation, climate and landscape management changes particularly via the increased number of high-resolution pollen records, archaeobotanical and archaeological investigations, coupled with stable isotope analyses of the charred cereal assemblages. In this review we synthetize the results of these research projects and demonstrate that the Neolithic and CA landscapes of Hungary were characterised by mixed oak forest communities, and in the territory of Hungary thermophilous steppe oak forests were present in the lowland landscape that were the principal choice of early farmers represented by the Körös-Starčevo-Criş cultures. Climate modelling and climate reconstruction from these regions indicate higher than preindustrial summer mean temperatures and higher than modern summer rainfall. We demonstrate that Linear Pottery Culture was the first culture that technologically advanced to clear larger plots of land for crop cultivation purposes. The first large scale and landscape level clearance is discernible in the Hungarian pollen records in the Late Neolithic period, when population size likely reached its Neolithic maximum, both in the lowlands and the surrounding mid-mountains.

Recent archaeological excavations at two Early Neolithic settlements at Kamyane-Zavallia (Ukraine) and Nicolaevca V (Moldova) have provided new plant assemblages. The sites belong to the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK) and represent its easternmost settlements. In these regions, charred plant macro-remains are still very rarely sampled for and investigated, so these results may shed light on the plant-based economy of the first farmers of this area. Both sites are located in the area of loess soils, in the border zone between deciduous woodland, woodland steppe and steppe. A dominance of Triticum monococcum(einkorn) was evident at both sites, preserved both as grains and chaff (spikelet bases and glume base). Other cereals, including cf. T. dicoccum(emmer), cf. T. timopheeviiand Hordeum vulgare(barley) were less frequent. Among wild herbaceous plants, ruderal and segetal communities were represented by species commonly found at LBK sites, including Chenopodium albumtype, Fallopia convolvulus, Echinochloa crus-galliand Lapsana communis.The majority of these plants are edible and it is also likely that they were used as food. At both sites, remains of awns of Stipasp. (feather grass) were found, which indicate the existence of grasslands and/or open woodlands in the vicinity. The charcoal assemblages were dominated by a few taxa, such as Fraxinussp., Quercussp. and Cornussp., suggesting that there were some wooded steppe and deciduous forests. Selected plant macro-remains were radiocarbon dated and the results show that they are from ca. 5200 − 5000 cal bc. From the same archaeobotanical samples, snails were analysed and the resulting malacofauna shows a dominance of open-country snails as well as those which might indicate local agricultural practices at both settlements.

ABSTRACTWe have employed artificial intelligence to streamline the small molecule drug screening pipeline and identified the cholesterol-reducing compound probucol in the process. Probucol augmented mitophagy and prevented loss of dopaminergic neurons in flies and zebrafish challenged with mitochondrial toxins. Further dissection of the mechanism of action led to the identification of ABCA1, the target of probucol, as a mitophagy modulator. Probucol treatment regulates lipid droplet dynamics during mitophagy and ABCA1 is required for these effects. Here we will summarize the combination of in silico and cell-based screening that led us to identify and characterize probucol as a compound that enhances mitophagy and include thoughts about future directions for the topics explored in our study.Abbreviations:ABCA1: ATP binding cassette transporter protein 1; ATP: Adenosine tri-phosphate; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; DsRed: Discosoma red; FDA: Food and drug administration; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; LAMP: lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins; LD: Lipid droplet; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PINK: PTEN-induced kinase

We report a study of the original image reconstruction algorithm based on the time-of-flight maximum-likelihood expectation–maximization (TOF MLEM), developed for the total-body (TB) Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) scanners. The method is applicable to generic cylindrical or modular multilayer layouts and is extendable to multiphoton imaging. The system response matrix (SRM) is represented as a set of analytical functions, uniquely defined for each pair of plastic scintillator strips used for the detection. A realistic resolution model (RM) in detector space is derived from fitting the Monte Carlo simulated emissions and detections of annihilation photons on oblique transverse planes. Additional kernels embedded in SRM account for time-of-flight (TOF), parallax effect, and axial smearing. The algorithm was tested on datasets, simulated in GATE for the NEMA IEC and static extended cardiac-torso phantoms inside a 24-module 2-layer TB J-PET. Compared to the reference TOF MLEM with none or a shift-invariant RM, an improvement was observed, as evaluated by the analysis of image quality, difference images, and ground-truth metrics. We also reconstructed the data with additive contributions, prefiltered geometrically and with non-TOF scatter correction applied. Despite some deterioration, the obtained results still capitalize on the realistic RM with better edge preservation and superior ground-truth metrics. The envisioned prospects of the TOF MLEM with analytical SRM include its application in multiphoton imaging and further upgrade to account for the noncollinearity, positron range, and other factors.

The γ-γ′ Co-based alloys have attracted extensive attention as a new class of materials for high temperature applications. The work is focused on quantitative and qualitative microstructural characterization of selected γ-γ′ type Co-based superalloys obtained by gravity casting. The four Co-based alloys were prepared via vacuum induction melting. The microstructure was analyzed by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microstructural parameters such as porosity and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) were evaluated by image analysis. The new Co-based superalloys are characterized by proper as-cast microstructure owing to low SDAS and limited microporosity. The values of secondary dendrite arm spacing are comparable for all alloys. The W-free alloys containing Mo and Nb exhibit substantially lower shrinkage porosity compared to those of Co–Al–W and Co–Ni–Al–W. Due to crystallization of Mo and Nb rich phases at lower temperatures, these alloys are characterized by higher solidification range.

We present a description of an almost complete skeleton of the forest rhino (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis) found near Gorzów Wielkopolski (Northwest Poland) in its geological and palaeoenvironmental context. While finds of bones and teeth are common, the importance of this find resides in, that it is the most complete specimen of this species, almost perfectly preserved in a well-studied and dated stratigraphic and sedimentological context, along with other fossil fauna and flora. The OSL dates of glaciofluvial sediments sandwiching skeleton-bearing horizons indicate a Middle Eemian age of the Pleistocene paleolake land. This warm climate is also indicated by the results of sedimentological, geochemical, paleobotanical, and isotopic analyses. The rhino skeleton was deposited in a shallow area near the lake’s littoral zone. Bite marks of a large predator (cave hyena) were recognized on the rhino’s pelvis, which, due to their location, were probably created post-mortem. With an estimated height of 1.82 m at the withers, this was a large adult Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis. The results of osteometric analyses indicate that we are dealing with one of the largest known individuals of this species. Although it suffered from a pathologically deformed spine, the individual died at a relatively old age.

Background: The new International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11) was developed and released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in June 2018. Because ICD-11 incorporates new codes and features, training materials for coding with ICD-11 are urgently needed prior to its implementation.Objective: This study outlines the development of ICD-11 training materials, training processes and experiences of clinical coders while learning to code using ICD-11.Method: Six certified clinical coders were recruited to code inpatient charts using ICD-11. Training materials were developed with input from experts from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and the WHO, and the clinical coders were trained to use the new classification. Monthly team meetings were conducted to enable discussions on coding issues and to select the correct ICD-11 codes. The training experience was evaluated using qualitative interviews, a questionnaire and a coding quiz.Results: total of 3011 charts were coded using ICD-11. In general, clinical coders provided positive feedback regarding the training program. The average score for the coding quiz (multiple choice, True/False) was 84%, suggesting that the training program was effective. Feedback from the coders enabled the ICD-11 code content, electronic tooling and terminologies to be updated.Conclusion: This study provides a detailed account of the processes involved with training clinical coders to use ICD-11. Important findings from the interviews were reported at the annual WHO conferences, and these findings helped improve the ICD-11 browser and reference guide.

We developed an IGFBP2-mimetic peptide fragment, JB2, and showed that it promotes basal synaptic structural and functional plasticity in cultured neurons and mice. We demonstrate that JB2 directly binds to dendrites and synapses, and its biological activity involves NMDA receptor activation, gene transcription and translation, and IGF2 receptors. It is not IGF1 receptor-dependent. In neurons, JB2 induced extensive remodeling of the membrane phosphoproteome. Synapse and cytoskeletal regulation, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk factors, and a Shank3-associated protein network were significantly enriched among phosphorylated and dephosphorylated proteins. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3gene on chromosome 22q13.3 often causes Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS), a genetically defined form of autism with profound deficits in motor behavior, sensory processing, language, and cognitive function. We identified multiple disease-relevant phenotypes in a Shank3heterozygous mouse and showed that JB2 rescued deficits in synaptic function and plasticity, learning and memory, ultrasonic vocalizations, and motor function; it also normalized neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. Notably, JB2 rescued deficits in the auditory evoked response latency, alpha peak frequency, and steady-state electroencephalography response, measures with direct translational value to human subjects. These data demonstrate that JB2 is a potent modulator of neuroplasticity with therapeutic potential for the treatment of PMS and ASD.

The influence of sulphur atmosphere on conventionally cast (CM) and on electron beam melted (EBM) γ - TiAl RNT650 alloy exposed to a 1% (vol.) H2S – air atmosphere at 650 °C for 500 h was investigated. The material produced by CM showed a lower mass gain than the EBM material. XRD and TEM/EDS analyses indicated the formation of rutile-TiO2/(α-Al2O3 + rutile-TiO2)/amorphous-Al2O3sequence of phases. In EBM a coarse crystalline layer rich in aluminium, oxygen and a small amount of sulphur was found. The higher content of sulphur was in the scale bottom intermixed with amorphous alumina.

The growing interest in human-grade total body positron emission tomography (PET) systems has also application in small animal research. Due to the existing limitations in human-based studies involving drug development and novel treatment monitoring, animal-based research became a necessary step for testing and protocol preparation. In this simulation-based study two unconventional, cost-effective small animal total body PET scanners (for mouse and rat studies) have been investigated in order to inspect their feasibility for preclinical research. They were designed with the novel technology explored by the Jagiellonian-PET (J-PET) Collaboration. Two main PET characteristics: sensitivity and spatial resolution were mainly inspected to evaluate their performance. Moreover, the impact of the scintillator dimension and time-of-flight on the latter parameter was examined in order to design the most efficient tomographs. The presented results show that for mouse TB J-PET the achievable system sensitivity is equal to 2.35% and volumetric spatial resolution to 9.46 ± 0.54 mm3, while for rat TB J-PET they are equal to 2.6% and 14.11 ± 0.80 mm3, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that the designed tomographs are almost parallax-free systems, hence, they resolve the problem of the acceptance criterion tradeoff between enhancing spatial resolution and reducing sensitivity.

This experiment tested mechanisms linking alcohol intoxication and analogue determinants of condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in a sample of 257 men who have sex with men (MSM). The two mechanisms tested were implicit approach biases toward CAI stimuli and executive working memory. Participants were randomly assigned to three conditions (water control, placebo, or alcohol) and, following beverage administration, completed a working memory task, an approach-avoidance task of sexual versus condom stimuli, and two video role-play vignettes of high-risk sexual scenarios. Sexual arousal and CAI intentions were assessed by self-report, and behavioral skills and risk exposure were derived from participants’ role-play behavior. Estimation of four path models showed that the hypothesized mechanisms were supported for the CAI intention outcome, but the findings for the skills and risk-exposure outcome were mixed. Implications for development and enhancement of HIV prevention interventions are discussed.

Background Lugol’s solution is well known for its unique contrasting properties to biological samples in in microcomputed tomography imaging. On the other hand, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which have much lower attenuation capabilities to X-ray radiation show decent cell penetration and accumulation properties, are increasingly being used as quantitative contrast agents in biology and medicine. In our research, they were used to stain 3D cell structures called spheroids. Aim In this study, the micro computed tomography (µCT) technique was used to visualize and compare the uptake and accumulation of two contrast agents, Lugol’s solution and iron (II, III ) oxid e nanoparticles (IONPs) in the in vitro human spheroid tumour model. Methods The metastatic human melanoma cell line WM266-4 was cultured, first under standard 2D conditions, and after reaching 90% confluence cells was seeded in a low adhesive plate, which allows spheroid formation. On the 7th day of growth, the spheroids were transferred to the tubes and stained with IONPs or Lugol’s solution and subjected to µCT imaging. Results Our research allows visualization of the regions of absorption at the level of single cells, with relatively short incubation times - 24h - for Lugol’s solution. IONPs proved to be useful only in high concentrations (1 mg/ml) and long incubation times (96h). Conclusions When comparing the reconstructed visualizations of the distribution of these stating agents, it is worth noting that Lugol’s solution spreads evenly throughout the spheroids, whereas IONPs (regardless of their size 5 and 30 nm) accumulate only in the outer layer of the spheroid structure.

Positron-electron annihilation in living organisms occurs in about 30% via the formation of a metastable ortho-positronium atom that annihilates into two 511 keV photons in tissues because of the pick-off and conversion processes. Positronium (Ps) annihilation lifetime and intensities can be used to determine the size and quantity of defects in a material’s microstructure, such as voids or pores in the range of nanometers. This is particularly true for blood clots. Here we present pilot investigations of positronium properties in fibrin clots. The studies are complemented by the use of SEM Edax and micro-computed tomography (µCT) to evaluate the extracted thrombotic material’s properties. µCT is a versatile characterization method offering in situ and in operando possibilities and is a qualitative diagnostic tool. With µCT the presence of pores, cracks, and structural errors can be verified, and hence the 3D inner structure of samples can be investigated.

Background: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a two-step treatment that can be used in some types of cancers. It involves administering a compound containing boron atoms to the patient and irradiating the affected area of the body with a neutron beam. The success of the therapy depends mainly on the delivery of the boron isotope (10B) to the tumor using an appropriate boron carrier. One of the boron carriers used is boronophenylalanine (BPA). Therefore, in research on the use of boron carriers, it is also important to know the mechanisms of its uptake by cells. Aim: To study the expression of LAT family genes in two melanoma (high melanotic WM115 and low melanotic WM266-4) cell lines and melanocytes (HEMa-Lp) which are responsible for the transport the BPA into cells. Methods: To normalize data from the transcriptomic analysis, the ratio of the median method was used. This allowed the samples to be compared with each other. Comparison metrics included log-fold change (LFC) values. The heatmap of LFC values and the cluster map were created. These graphs show the similarities and differences between the samples. Results: Transcriptomic data show that in melanocytes, LFC for SLC7A5 (LAT1) and SLC3A2 (4Fhc) was higher than in melanoma cell lines, which corresponded with their melanin content. Conclusion: Our results indicate overexpression of BPA transporter genes in normal cells (melanocytes), which may suggest the highest level of these proteins in melanocytes compared to less melanotic melanoma. Therefore, for BNCT, the use of BPA as the 10B carrier will require additional qualifying tests of amino acid transporter expression for patients and specific tumors to develop a personalized BNCT.

The preparation of surfaces for coating processes is indispensable for maximal adhesion and good coating results. These technical surfaces can be treated by chemical, mechanical, or physical procedures. In thermal spray coating, grit blasting is a standard process for surface preparation. This mechanical roughening and activation of the surfaces is fast and easy to handle. On the negative side, the grit gets wasted and the generated pattern is inflexible. Therefore, attempts to substitute grit blasting with a laser application is discussed in this article. Herein, a theoretical evaluation of high‐speed laser surface texturing (LST) is performed to find limits and points for the optimization of these processes. To estimate the surface processing rates, continuous wave, nanosecond, and ultrashort pulse laser machined dimples and grooves are investigated, and results of the spray coatings are presented afterward. The steel substrates are coated with Stellite 6 and tungsten. Adhesion tests and coating structures are analyzed. In terms of the optimization of the laser texturing, in situ temperature measurements show the influence of the laser process speed on the thermal load of the substrate. The influence of the number of scanning repetitions on heat accumulation during LST is also analyzed. The article shows the possible use of fast laser structuring as a replacement for the standard process of grit blasting as substrate preparation for spray coating. For this purpose, steel surfaces are machined with continuous wave, nanosecond, and ultrashort pulse lasers and afterward coated with Stellite 6 and tungsten. To show thermal influences during laser structuring, in‐situ infrared measurements are performed.

Cerium (Ce) plays an important role in enhancing the properties of Ni and Co-based alloys at high temperatures. However, its influence on the crystallization, microstructure, and properties of Co superalloys is not fully known. This work investigated the effect of Ce-doping on the as-cast microstructure of γ′-formed Co–Al–W alloys. Co–9Al–9W-xCe alloys (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.5) were synthesized and their microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Al occupied interdendritic spaces and formed Th2Zn17-type structures. Introduction of Ce to Co–Al based alloys formed Ce-rich interdendritic precipitates, which do not dissolve upon heat treatment.

Attentional bias (AB) has been linked to alcohol use, mood, and alcohol craving, with key differences across different types of mood and biological sex. However, further exploration of the role of AB across these alcohol variables is needed. The current study examined the relationship between mood and AB as predictors of alcohol craving using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Exploratory analysis examined these effects as a function of biological sex. Participants (n= 69) from a Midwestern University carried a mobile device for 15 days and provided ratings of momentary mood (positive mood, anxious mood, and sad mood), alcohol craving, and AB. Data were analyzed using a two‐level multilevel regression model, with associations between craving, mood, and AB examined at both the momentary and between‐subjects levels. Across assessments, positive and negative moods were positively associated with momentary craving, with AB found to operate differently between men and women. At the within‐subjects level, increases in positive mood among men strengthened the AB‐craving association, while women showed stronger AB‐craving associations when positive mood decreased. At the between‐subjects level, trait‐like sadness led to positive AB‐craving associations for men, however, this was the opposite for women. Similarly, AB‐craving associations were positive and robust for men with trait‐like positive mood but again the opposite was observed for women. The findings highlight the importance and nuances of biological sex in the context of mood, AB, and craving. Interventions targeting AB and/or emotion regulation may yield different outcomes for men and women. For females, when positive mood was low (−1SD), momentary attention bias to alcohol was associated with higher alcohol craving in the moment. For males, when positive mood was high (+1SD), momentary attention bias to alcohol was associated with higher alcohol craving in the moment. These findings highlight sex differences in the ways positive mood may influence event‐level cognition‐craving associations, which may shed light on sex differences during the early stages of the addiction processes.