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When the Treaty of Fez between the Makhzen (the Moroccan polity) and France was signed in 1912, Spain obtained its "Zone of influence" in northern Morocco. Like other European colonial powers, Spain resorted to using intermediaries to impose and strengthen its rule. In the city of Tetouan, the capital of the Spanish Zone, the administrative and political elite became the most suitable political intermediaries of the Spanish colonial administration. As an analytical and methodological category, intermediation reflects the subjectivity of the colonised in relation to the colonisers. This approach provides the framework for a historiographical interpretation focusing specifically on the political autonomy that colonial subjects obtained and enjoyed in the interstices of the colonial system. This paper deals with the case study of the Spanish-Moroccan Industrial (or Electric) Cooperative (Cooperativa Industrial Hispano-Marroquí), which was founded in 1928 in Tetouan thanks to Spanish, Jewish and Muslim shareholders. Given the broader framework of Spanish colonial economic policies in Morocco, the present study intends to demonstrate how the Cooperative acted as a financing instrument for al-Iṣlāḥ, the first Moroccan nationalist party, which was founded in Tetouan in 1936. The paper investigates the role that this economic venture played in developing the Moroccan nationalist movement and demonstrates that there was interplay between the economic and the political process of Morocco's transition to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the Treaty of Fez between the Makhzen (the Moroccan polity) and France was signed in 1912, Spain obtained its "Zone of influence" in northern Morocco. Like other European colonial powers, Spain resorted to using intermediaries to impose and strengthen its rule. In the city of Tetouan, the capital of the Spanish Zone, the administrative and political elite became the most suitable political intermediaries of the Spanish colonial administration. As an analytical and methodological category, intermediation reflects the subjectivity of the colonised in relation to the colonisers. This approach provides the framework for a historiographical interpretation focusing specifically on the political autonomy that colonial subjects obtained and enjoyed in the interstices of the colonial system. This paper deals with the case study of the Spanish-Moroccan Industrial (or Electric) Cooperative (Cooperativa Industrial Hispano-Marroquí), which was founded in 1928 in Tetouan thanks to Spanish, Jewish and Muslim shareholders. Given the broader framework of Spanish colonial economic policies in Morocco, the present study intends to demonstrate how the Cooperative acted as a financing instrument for al-Iṣlāḥ, the first Moroccan nationalist party, which was founded in Tetouan in 1936. The paper investigates the role that this economic venture played in developing the Moroccan nationalist movement and demonstrates that there was interplay between the economic and the political process of Morocco's transition to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the specificity of Libya with Mouammar Kadhafi at its head during the revolutionary wave of protests called Arab spring. While the revolts remained as peaceful as they could in most Arab countries, in Libya the revolution turned into a civil war which led to the execution of Kadhafi. According to the author of the article Libya is experimenting a new Islamisation.

The article discusses the creation of a committee in charge of keeping the memory of Italy as a great colonizer. Italy lost its colonies during World War II, and since tried to demonstrates its great work in former colonized African countries. The author of the article argues that Italy's vision of its power over certain African countries is too naive.

The article examines the peculiarities of the Somalian State and the efforts of its governments to force a cultural homogenization where there are multiple ethnic and cultural identities. The author suggests that the establishment of a multiethnic state as the only way Somalia will achieve prosperity and improvement for its people.