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Evaluation practice takes place in a particularly awkward and challenging social context due to the fear, resistance and anxiety that is often associated with evaluation. Navigating this social context is taxing for evaluators and has the potential to negatively impact their well-being. This article begins with an exploration of the positioning of qualitative and relational approaches within the evaluation field over time, showing that they have been increasingly acknowledged and now widely accepted as crucial to the practice of evaluation. More recent literature is then used to identify six social competencies that are essential to on-the-ground evaluation practice. These competencies are in allaying fear and anxiety, establishing rapport, building and maintaining professional credibility, recognising tacit social dynamics, preventing and managing coercion attempts, and preventing and managing hostility. The article then explores the implications of working in this social context for evaluator well-being. Difficulties around self-assessing competency levels, contending with a poor reputation, emotional labour and self-care, and limited research specific to these matters are discussed. This article posits that practising evaluators should routinely reflect and take active steps to not only improve their social competence but also maintain their own well-being.

There are growing evidences that the semen of infertile male population shows higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels concomitant with lower antioxidant capacity compared to those detected in semen of fertile population. The plasma membrane of the sperm cell, which has high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, renders it particularly sensitive to ROS. The aim of this study was to compare the sperm parameters (concentration, motility, morphology and vitality) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), as marker of lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), ascorbic acid (AA), total (GSHt) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in viable sperm in a group of 38 infertile patients and in a group of 55 control subjects with unknown reproductive potential. The comparison between variables in infertile patients and controls revealed that the sperm quality was reduced in the infertile group, whereas the levels of NO, AA and GSH were significantly increased in viable spermatozoa from infertile men; however, the endogenous levels of MDA were similar in infertile and control groups. Based on our results, we could speculate that the rise of GSHt and AA levels in viable sperm of infertile group help partially to counteract the damaging effect of ROS and partly prevent a substantial LPO. The observation of the concomitant increase of NO and antioxidant indices in viable spermatozoa of infertile subjects is a novel finding and we think that these results can be useful since the viable sperm population is conceivably used in assisted reproductive technology.

The Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC) has been mostly applied to treat symptoms related to psychological stress. In the study, we demonstrated the effect of REAC-Veterinary Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization (VNPPO) treatment protocol on sperm parameters of subfertile (n=11) and fertile (n=4) stallions. Subfertile stallions showed a reduced sperm concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology compared to fertile stallions. An increase in progressive sperm motility and quality of sperm morphology was found in subfertile stallions after the REAC-VNPPO treatment. The positive effect of the REAC-VNPPO treatment was visible in a reduced number of reacted or absent acrosomes, nuclei with marginated chromatin and presence of cytoplasmic residues. Thus, we suggest that the REAC-VNPPO treatment for stallions with idiopathic subfertility may enhance the reproductive performance of stallions.

Finasteride is a specific inhibitor of the 5α reductase enzyme originally approved for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy and also for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in men at a dose of 1 mg/day. We report on three cases of young men recruited at our Centre for Male Infertility who had used finasteride for five years. Semen quality was investigated by light microscopy to evaluate sperm concentration and motility. Sperm morphology was performed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the data were analyzed. The presence of Y microdeletions was investigated by PCR. Meiotic segregation was explored by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Patient 1 was azoospermic, patients 2 and 3 showed a normal sperm concentration and severely reduced progressive motility. TEM analysis revealed altered sperm morphology consistent with necrosis and FISH data revealed elevated diploidy and sex chromosome disomy frequencies.This examination was repeated 1 year after the men had suspended the use of finasteride, without receiving any other treatment. A recovery of spermatogenetic process was observed. Motility and morphology improved whereas the meiotic pattern did not change presenting elevated diploidy and sex chromosome disomy frequency.

AbstractThe Vehicle routing problem with time windows is frequently found in literature, while multiple time windows are not often considered. In this paper a mathematical formulation of the vehicle routing problem with multiple time windows is presented, taking into account periodic constraints. An algorithm based on Ant Colony System is proposed and implemented. Computational results related to a purpose-built benchmark are finally reported.

The Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows has important applications in routing and scheduling and has been extensively studied in literature. In the paper, a mathematical formulation of the temporal–Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows is presented and a meta-heuristic based on Ant Colony System is proposed and implemented. Computational experience on a benchmark problem is reported and a case study is analyzed, where interesting results are obtained.

Introduction Current practices for renal replacement therapy in intensive care units (ICUs) remain poorly defined. The DOse REsponse Multicentre International collaborative initiative (DO-RE-MI) will address the issue of how the different modes of renal replacement therapy are currently chosen and performed. Here, we describe the study protocol, which was approved by the Scientific and Steering Committees.Methods DO-RE-MI is an observational, multicentre study conducted in ICUs. The primary end-point will be the delivered dose of dialysis, which will be compared with ICU mortality, 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay and number of days of mechanical ventilation. The secondary end-point will be the haemodynamic response to renal replacement therapy, expressed as percentage reduction in noradrenaline (norepinephrine) requirement. Based on the the sample analysis calculation, at least 162 patients must be recruited. Anonymized patient data will be entered online in electronic case report forms and uploaded to an internet website. Each participating centre will have 2 months to become acquainted with the electronic case report forms. After this period official recruitment will begin. Patient data belong to the respective centre, which may use the database for its own needs. However, all centres have agreed to participate in a joint effort to achieve the sample size needed for statistical analysis.Conclusion The study will hopefully help to collect useful information on the current practice of renal replacement therapy in ICUs. It will also provide a centre-based collection of data that will be useful for monitoring all aspects of extracorporeal support, such as incidence, frequency, and duration.

AbstractWe consider a firm which produces and sells a seasonal product in two consecutive time intervals and propose an optimal control model for its marketing. The production period state variables are the inventory level and two goodwills (for consumer and for retailer) while the selling period state variables are the sales level and the two goodwills. In the production period there are three controls : on production, quality and advertising, while in the selling period the only control allowed is on communication. The linear case is considered in detail and transformed into an equivalent non-linear programming problem.

We consider a firm that sells seasonal goods. The firm seeks to reach a fixed level of goodwill at the end of the selling period, with the minimum total expenditure in promotional activities. We consider the linear optimal control problem faced by the firm which can only control the communication expenditure rate; communication is performed by means of advertising and sales promotion. Goodwill and sales levels are considered as state variables and word-of-mouth effect and saturation aversion are taken into account. The optimal control problem is addressed by means of the classical Pontryagin Maximum Principle and the solution can be easily found solving, in some cases numerically, a system of two non linear equations. Moreover, a parametric analysis is performed to understand how the total expenditure in communication should be divided between advertising and sales promotion.

We consider a firm that sells seasonal goods. The firm seeks to reach a fixed level of goodwill at the end of the selling period, with the minimum total expenditure in promotional activities. We consider the linear optimal control problem faced by the firm which can only control the communication expenditure rate; communication is performed by means of advertising and sales promotion. Goodwill and sales levels are considered as state variables and word-of-mouth effect and saturation aversion are taken into account. The optimal control problem is addressed by means of the classical Pontryagin Maximum Principle and the solution can be easily found solving, in some cases numerically, a system of two non linear equations. Moreover, a parametric analysis is performed to understand how the total expenditure in communication should be divided between advertising and sales promotion.

The article presents a study which proposes an algorithm to solve the traveling salesman problem with time windows (TSPTW) and the temporal-TSPTW problem. To solve the problems, the researchers use the algorithms called spatial ant colony system (SACS) and temporal ant colony system (TACS). It was found out that TACS algorithm offered a solution that respected all time windows and included all customers and required a travel time of 10 hours and 23 minutes.

Penetrating injuries to the spine, although less common than motor vehicle accidents and falls, are important causes of injury to the spinal cord. They are essentially of two varieties: gunshot or stab wounds. Gunshot injuries to the spine are more commonly described. Stab wounds are usually inflicted by knife or other sharp objects. Rarer objects causing incidental spinal injuries include glass fragments, wood pieces, chopsticks, nailguns, and injection needles. Just few cases of penetrating vertebral injuries caused by pencil are described. The current case concerns a 42-year-old man with an accidental penetrating stonemason pencil injury into the vertebral canal without neurological deficit. After the self-removal of the foreign object the patient complained of a disabling orthostatic headache. The early identification and treatment of the intracranial hypotension due to the posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sacral fistulae were mandatory to avoid further neurological complications. In the current literature acute pattern of intracranial hypotension immediately after a penetrating injury of the vertebral column has never been reported.