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IMPORTANCE: The combination of an antibody to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or to its ligand (PD-L1) with chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bevacizumab is expected to enhance the efficacy not only of chemotherapy but also of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies through blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor–mediated immunosuppression, but further data are needed to support this. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab administered with platinum combination therapy and atezolizumab in patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An open-label phase 3 randomized clinical trial was conducted at 37 hospitals in Japan. Patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC without genetic driver alterations or those with genetic driver alterations who had received treatment with at least 1 approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor were enrolled between January 20, 2019, and August 12, 2020. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either atezolizumab plus carboplatin with pemetrexed (APP) or atezolizumab, carboplatin plus pemetrexed, and bevacizumab (APPB). After 4 cycles of induction therapy, maintenance therapy with atezolizumab plus pemetrexed or with atezolizumab, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab was administered until evidence of disease progression, development of unacceptable toxic effects, or the elapse of 2 years from the initiation of protocol treatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) as assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. RESULTS: A total of 412 patients were enrolled (273 men [66%]; median age, 67.0 [range, 24-89] years) and randomly assigned, with 205 in the APPB group and 206 in the APP group of the ITT population after exclusion of 1 patient for good clinical practice violation. The median BICR-assessed PFS was 9.6 months with APPB vs 7.7 months with APP (stratified hazard ratio [HR], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70-1.07; 1-sided stratified log-rank test; P = .92). According to prespecified subgroup analysis of BICR-assessed PFS, an improved PFS with APPB vs APP was apparent specifically in driver oncogene–positive patients (median, 9.7 vs 5.8 months; stratified HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.98). Toxic effects related to bevacizumab were increased in the APPB group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this trial did not show superiority of APPB over APP for patients with nonsquamous NSCLC; however, this regimen showed a similar tolerability and improved survival relative to APP in patients with driver oncogenes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: jRCT2080224500

Abstract: Forest soil is a huge reserve of carbon in the biosphere. Therefore to understand the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems, it is important to determine the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux. This study was conducted to describe temporal variations in soil CO2 efflux and identify the environmental factors that affect it. We measured soil CO2 efflux continuously in a beech secondary forest in the Appi Highlands in Iwate Prefecture for two years (except when there was snow cover) using four dynamic closed chambers that automatically open after taking measurements. Temporal changes in soil temperature and volumetric soil water content were also measured at a depth of 5 cm. The soil CO2 efflux ranged from 14 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 to 2,329 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, the peak occurring at the beginning of August. The relationship between soil temperature and soil CO2 efflux was well represented by an exponential function. Most of temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux was explained by soil temperature rather than volumetric soil water content. The Q 10 values were 3.7 ± 0.8 and estimated annual carbon emissions were 837 ± 210 g C m−2 year−1. These results provide a foundation for further development of models for prediction of soil CO2 efflux driven by environmental factors.

Distinguishing sensory stimuli caused by changes in the environment from those caused by an animal’s own actions is a hallmark of sensory processing1. Saccades are rapid eye movements that shift the image on the retina. How visual systems differentiate motion of the image induced by saccades from actual motion in the environment is not fully understood2. Here we discovered that in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) the two types of motion evoke distinct activity patterns. This is because, during saccades, V1 combines the visual input with a strong non-visual input arriving from the thalamic pulvinar nucleus. The non-visual input triggers responses that are specific to the direction of the saccade and the visual input triggers responses that are specific to the direction of the shift of the stimulus on the retina, yet the preferred directions of these two responses are uncorrelated. Thus, the pulvinar input ensures differential V1 responses to external and self-generated motion. Integration of external sensory information with information about body movement may be a general mechanism for sensory cortices to distinguish between self-generated and external stimuli.

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been the standard treatment for patients with NSCLC who have sensitive EGFRmutations. This study revealed final analysis survival data, biomarkers, and resistance mechanisms of osimertinib plus bevacizumab or osimertinib monotherapy in previously untreated patients with advanced EGFR-positive nonsquamous NSCLC.

Limited clinical data are available regarding the efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in patients with NSCLC harboring uncommon EGFRmutations. This pooled analysis assessed the activity of afatinib in 693 patients with tumors harboring uncommon EGFRmutations treated in randomized clinical trials, compassionate-use and expanded-access programs, phase IIIb trials, noninterventional trials, and case series or studies.

This study validated real-world pharmacokinetic (PK) data using an established population PK (PopPK) model for atezolizumab in Japanese patients with NSCLC and explored the relationship between PK parameters, effectiveness, and adverse events (AEs) for the 1200 mg Q3W regimen.

ABSTRACTTo determine the change in nutrient absorption capacity with stand development, we aimed to clarify the changes in fine root characteristics with stand development and stand characteristics. Stand characteristics (stand age, maximum tree height, tree density and basal area) and fine root characteristics were examined in three fir-wave stands that aged sequentially along the slope in a subalpine Abiesforest in central Japan. The biomass, length, surface area and N content of fine roots did not change, but the specific root length (SRL) decreased with stand development, i.e. distance from the upper side of each transect. On the other hand, we observed an increase in fine root biomass with stand characteristics, i.e. maximum tree height and basal area of the Abiescommunity, while a decrease in SRL was also observed. These changes resulted in an increase in surface area and N content of fine roots. However, the surface area of absorptive roots that were <0.5 mm in diameter did not change with stand characteristics. Thus, we suggest that the nutrient absorption capacity of the subalpine Abiescommunity increased with aboveground biomass from the viewpoint of comprehensive activity of fine roots, but not from the viewpoint of fine root morphology. We further confirmed that the ratios of surface area and N content of fine roots to basal area decreased with stand development. Future research is needed to understand the actual effect of surface area and N content of fine roots on the maintenance of aboveground organs.

Docetaxel plus ramucirumab could be a promising treatment for chemo-naive elderly patients with NSCLC, but high incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN) is a critical concern. We thus adopted a routine primary prophylactic pegylated-granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-G-CSF) to reduce FN and maximize the efficacy of docetaxel plus ramucirumab in elderly patients.

Colour scheme design is an important process when designing artwork such as illustrations and graphics. Appropriate colouring maximises the functional and emotional effects of the work. However, there is no unique solution for properly designing the layout of multiple colours. A designer must have enough skills and experiences for accurately presenting his/her targeting impressive quality of the work. This paper proposes a method for automatically creating and presenting a set of candidate colour layouts by adjusting a few carefully selected colour parameters with harmony. It enables designers to readily explore various colour scheme candidates while considering colour harmony of the work. We implement a colour design support system based on the proposed method and conduct thorough experiments for verifying the effectiveness of the system. We show that the proposed method is useful and practical both for experienced and novice users.

The efficacy and safety of atezolizumab in previously treated patients with NSCLC have been established in the registrational phase 3 OAK trial. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of atezolizumab monotherapy in a large real-world cohort to confirm the reproducibility of the results of the registrational trial.

Osimertinib may be effective in treating CNS metastasis, but its efficacy in treating radiation therapy (RT)-naive metastasis is unclear. The OCEAN study assessed the efficacy of osimertinib against RT-naive CNS metastasis in patients with previously treated (T790M cohort) and untreated patients (first-line cohort) with EGFRmutation. Here we reported the results of first-line cohort.

Plantations of Chamaecyparis obtusa(Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. are susceptible to soil erosion following significant decreases in forest floor cover. We quantified the relationship between forest floor cover and erosion under C. obtusastands to provide information on soil conservation for sustainable forest management. We measured the forest floor cover percentage (FCP) as the percentage of ground covered by litter or understory 0 to 50 cm above the ground surface. We measured the erosion rate (g m−1yr−1) using 25‐cm‐wide sediment traps on steep slopes in Japanese C. obtusastands where splash soil erosion was dominant. We confirmed that the amount of transported sediment ≤22.4 mm in diameter significantly decreased with increasing FCP and defined these small size categories of sediments as “transportable size sediments” (TSS). The amount of transported TSS increased by 66% in association with a 10% decrease in FCP in the stands with a FCP of 30 to 90%. However, the increase in transported TSS reached a ceiling close to 0% FCP but matched field observations for values up to 100% FCP. Using this quantitative relationship between FCP and sediment transport, we proposed 80% FCP as a target guideline for soil conservation under C. obtusacanopies. Incorporating our results into the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation indicates that erosion from C. obtusastands on steep slopes with a low FCP is as significant as in rill‐dominated arable land and abandoned mine sites. These results suggest that soil erosion in these forests can be controlled through management of the forest floor coverage.

This paper investigates the application of distributed optical fiber strain sensors to civil engineering structures, because no other tool can satisfactorily detect the location of the unpredictable phenomenon. In fact, the locations of cracks in the concrete structure are unknown a priori; therefore, a fully distributed sensor is necessary to detect them. The Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (BOCDA), which offers high spatial resolution by using stimulated Brillouin scattering along the whole length of the optical fiber, is used in a wide range of civil engineering applications, and the same has undergone significant development over the last decade. In this paper, it is demonstrated how a BOCDA-based strain sensor can be employed to monitor cracks in concrete. Crack monitoring on the surface of the concrete member provides useful information for evaluating stiffness and durability of the structure, particularly for early detection of tiny cracks, which is essential for preventing crack growth and dispersion. The crack-induced strain distribution was analytically investigated, and it was proved that BOCDA can identify even a small crack before its visual recognition by a beam test. Moreover, periodical crack monitoring was successfully executed on a pedestrian deck for five years.

Cytotoxic lymphodepletion therapies augment antitumor immune responses. The generation and therapeutic efficacy of antitumor effector T cells (TEs) are enhanced during recovery from lymphopenia. Although the effects of lymphodepletion on naive T cells (TNs) and TEs have been studied extensively, the influence of lymphodepletion on suppressor cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate a significant increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) in sublethally irradiated lymphopenic mice. These radio-resistant Tregs inhibited the induction of TEs in tumor-draining lymph-nodes (TDLNs) during recovery from lymphopenia. The transfer of TNs into lymphopenic tumor-bearing mice resulted in some antitumor effects; however, Treg depletion after whole-body irradiation and reconstitution strongly inhibited tumor progression. Further analyses revealed that tumor-specific T cells were primed from the transferred TNs, whereas the Tregs originated from irradiated recipient cells. As in irradiated lymphopenic mice, a high percentage of Tregs was observed in cyclophosphamide-treated lymphopenic mice. The inhibition of Tregs in cyclophosphamide-treated mice significantly reduced tumor growth. These results indicate that the Tregs that survive cytotoxic therapies suppress antitumor immunity during recovery from lymphopenia and suggest that approaches to deplete radio and chemo-resistant Tregs can enhance cancer immunotherapies.

Cytotoxic lymphodepletion therapies augment antitumor immune responses. The generation and therapeutic efficacy of antitumor effector T cells (TEs) are enhanced during recovery from lymphopenia. Although the effects of lymphodepletion on naive T cells (TNs) and TEs have been studied extensively, the influence of lymphodepletion on suppressor cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate a significant increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in sublethally irradiated lymphopenic mice. These radio-resistant Tregs inhibited the induction of TEs in tumor-draining lymph-nodes (TDLNs) during recovery from lymphopenia. The transfer of TNs into lymphopenic tumor-bearing mice resulted in some antitumor effects; however, Treg depletion after whole-body irradiation and reconstitution strongly inhibited tumor progression. Further analyses revealed that tumor-specific T cells were primed from the transferred TNs, whereas the Tregs originated from irradiated recipient cells. As in irradiated lymphopenic mice, a high percentage of Tregs was observed in cyclophosphamide-treated lymphopenic mice. The inhibition of Tregs in cyclophosphamide-treated mice significantly reduced tumor growth. These results indicate that the Tregs that survive cytotoxic therapies suppress antitumor immunity during recovery from lymphopenia and suggest that approaches to deplete radio and chemo-resistant Tregs can enhance cancer immunotherapies.

Abstract: Forest soil is a huge reserve of carbon in the biosphere. Therefore to understand the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems, it is important to determine the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux. This study was conducted to describe temporal variations in soil CO2 efflux and identify the environmental factors that affect it. We measured soil CO2 efflux continuously in a beech secondary forest in the Appi Highlands in Iwate Prefecture for two years (except when there was snow cover) using four dynamic closed chambers that automatically open after taking measurements. Temporal changes in soil temperature and volumetric soil water content were also measured at a depth of 5 cm. The soil CO2 efflux ranged from 14 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 to 2,329 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, the peak occurring at the beginning of August. The relationship between soil temperature and soil CO2 efflux was well represented by an exponential function. Most of temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux was explained by soil temperature rather than volumetric soil water content. The Q 10 values were 3.7 ± 0.8 and estimated annual carbon emissions were 837 ± 210 g C m−2 year−1. These results provide a foundation for further development of models for prediction of soil CO2 efflux driven by environmental factors.

AbstractForest soil is a huge reserve of carbon in the biosphere. Therefore to understand the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems, it is important to determine the dynamics of soil CO2efflux. This study was conducted to describe temporal variations in soil CO2efflux and identify the environmental factors that affect it. We measured soil CO2efflux continuously in a beech secondary forest in the Appi Highlands in Iwate Prefecture for two years (except when there was snow cover) using four dynamic closed chambers that automatically open after taking measurements. Temporal changes in soil temperature and volumetric soil water content were also measured at a depth of 5 cm. The soil CO2efflux ranged from 14 mg CO2m−2h−1to 2,329 mg CO2m−2h−1, the peak occurring at the beginning of August. The relationship between soil temperature and soil CO2efflux was well represented by an exponential function. Most of temporal variation in soil CO2efflux was explained by soil temperature rather than volumetric soil water content. The Q10values were 3.7 ± 0.8 and estimated annual carbon emissions were 837 ± 210 g C m−2year−1. These results provide a foundation for further development of models for prediction of soil CO2efflux driven by environmental factors.

The Real-World Effectiveness Of Combination Treatment With Cytotoxic Chemotherapy And Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Inhibitor For Nsclc, Especially For The Elderly (Aged ≥75 Y) Or Those With Poor Performance Status (≥2), Has Not Been Fully Elucidated. We Investigated The Real-World Effectiveness And Safety Of This Combination Therapy In These Populations.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of osimertinib plus bevacizumab for previously untreated patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC harboring EGFRsensitizing mutations.

AbstractAtmospheric lead and cadmium deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall was investigated at four forests in the Kanto district, Japan, to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental health of forests. Annual lead and cadmium depositions in bulk precipitation ranged from 8.9 to 25.7 g ha−1year−1and from 0.77 to 1.30 g ha−1year−1, respectively. Lead and cadmium deposition increased in the summer at every forest due to large amounts of rainfall. At one of the forests, the depositions were also high in the winter due to heavy snowfall. These depositions were similar to recent depositions observed at other rural and urban sites in Japan and several forests in Europe and North America after 1990. These results indicate that although anthropogenic lead and cadmium are deposited at these rates over wide areas, depositions are still higher than in remote areas.

Atmospheric lead and cadmium deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall was investigated at four forests in the Kanto district, Japan, to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental health of forests. Annual lead and cadmium depositions in bulk precipitation ranged from 8.9 to 25.7 g ha−1year−1and from 0.77 to 1.30 g ha−1year−1, respectively. Lead and cadmium deposition increased in the summer at every forest due to large amounts of rainfall. At one of the forests, the depositions were also high in the winter due to heavy snowfall. These depositions were similar to recent depositions observed at other rural and urban sites in Japan and several forests in Europe and North America after 1990. These results indicate that although anthropogenic lead and cadmium are deposited at these rates over wide areas, depositions are still higher than in remote areas.Atmospheric lead and cadmium deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall was investigated at four forests in the Kanto district, Japan, to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental health of forests. Annual lead and cadmium depositions in bulk precipitation ranged from 8.9 to 25.7 g ha−1year−1and from 0.77 to 1.30 g ha−1year−1, respectively. Lead and cadmium deposition increased in the summer at every forest due to large amounts of rainfall. At one of the forests, the depositions were also high in the winter due to heavy snowfall. These depositions were similar to recent depositions observed at other rural and urban sites in Japan and several forests in Europe and North America after 1990. These results indicate that although anthropogenic lead and cadmium are deposited at these rates over wide areas, depositions are still higher than in remote areas.

An experiment to investigate the potential of a laser-induced plasma method for determining concrete compressive strength was conducted by focusing a Nd:YAG laser on concrete samples with different degrees of compressive strength. This technique was developed in light of the role of the shock wave in the generation of a laser-induced plasma. It was found that the speed of the shock front depends on the hardness of the sample. It was also found that a positive relationship exists between the speed of the shock front and the ionization rate of the ablated atoms. Hence, the ratio of the intensity between the Ca(II) 396.8 nm and Ca(I) 422.6 nm emission lines detected from the laser-induced plasma can be used to examine the hardness of the material. In fact, it was observed that the ratio changes with respect to the change in the concrete compressive strength. The findings also show that the ratio increases with time after the cement is mixed with water.

It has been demonstrated that a spectrochemical analysis of carbon using the laser plasma method can be successfully applied to inspect the carbonation of concrete by detecting carbon produced in aged concrete by a chemical reaction of Ca(OH)2with CO2gas in environmental air, turning into CaCO3, which induces degradation of the quality of building concrete. A comparative study has been made using a TEA CO2laser (500–1000 mJ) and a Q-switched Nd– YAG laser (50–200 mJ) to search for the optimum conditions for carbon analysis, proving the advantage of the TEA CO2laser for this purpose. Also, it was clarified that laser irradiation with suitable defocusing conditions is a crucial point for obtaining high sensitivity in the detection of carbon. Practical experiments on the inspection of carbonation were carried out using both a concrete sample that had been intentionally carbonated by exposure to high concentrations of CO2gas and a naturally carbonated concrete sample. As a result, good coincidence was observed between the laser method and the ordinary method, which uses the chemical indicator phenolphthalein, implying that this laser technique is applicable as an in situquantitative method of inspection for carbonation of concrete.

AbstractWe evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa(hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica(sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora(red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7gm–1mm–1. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6g–1mm–1immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly, was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003. We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude, based on comparisons with previous studies.

We used small (25 cm) sediment traps to evaluate the properties of surface material transport on steep slopes under humid temperate conditions in the Shikoku district of Japan. We sampled ten stands ofChamaecyparis obtusa(hinoki),Cryptomeria japonica(sugi),Pinus densiflora(red pine), and deciduous hardwood forest. Transport rates were estimated by dividing the amount of mass transported by the mass of rainfall during a given period. These rates varied widely among the ten stands: 0.0065–0.31 g m−1mm−1(a difference of two orders of magnitude) for fine earth, 0.00017–0.97 (four orders) for gravel, and 0.020–0.24 (one order) for litter. The transport rates in young hinoki stands with a low floor cover percentage (FCP) showed no seasonal changes. The transport rates changed by one or two orders of magnitude in hardwood forests with clear seasonal changes in FCP, as well as in juvenile and middle-aged hinoki and sugi stands, where understory floor cover increased and decreased seasonally. Rainfall intensity, however, showed no positive effects on transport rates, even in stands that had changing transport rates. The rates were mostly determined by forest type. We demonstrate that transport rate is an inherent property of a forest that reflects floor cover conditions and indicates the potential of surface material transport.

We used small (25 cm) sediment traps to evaluate the properties of surface material transport on steep slopes under humid temperate conditions in the Shikoku district of Japan. We sampled ten stands of Chamaecyparis obtusa(hinoki), Cryptomeria japonica(sugi), Pinus densiflora(red pine), and deciduous hardwood forest. Transport rates were estimated by dividing the amount of mass transported by the mass of rainfall during a given period. These rates varied widely among the ten stands: 0.0065–0.31 g m−1mm−1(a difference of two orders of magnitude) for fine earth, 0.00017–0.97 (four orders) for gravel, and 0.020–0.24 (one order) for litter. The transport rates in young hinoki stands with a low floor cover percentage (FCP) showed no seasonal changes. The transport rates changed by one or two orders of magnitude in hardwood forests with clear seasonal changes in FCP, as well as in juvenile and middle-aged hinoki and sugi stands, where understory floor cover increased and decreased seasonally. Rainfall intensity, however, showed no positive effects on transport rates, even in stands that had changing transport rates. The rates were mostly determined by forest type. We demonstrate that transport rate is an inherent property of a forest that reflects floor cover conditions and indicates the potential of surface material transport.

Patients with NSCLC in East Asia, including Japan, frequently contain EGFRmutations. In 2018, we published the latest full clinical practice guidelines on the basis of those provided by the Japanese Lung Cancer Society Guidelines Committee. The purpose of this study was to update those recommendations, especially for the treatment of metastatic or recurrent EGFR-mutated NSCLC. We conducted a literature search of systematic reviews of randomized controlled and nonrandomized trials published between 2018 and 2019 that multiple physicians had reviewed independently. On the basis of those studies and the advice from the Japanese Society of Lung Cancer Expert Panel, we developed updated guidelines according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. We also evaluated the benefits of overall and progression-free survival, end points, toxicities, and patients’ reported outcomes. For patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR-activating mutations, the use of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs), especially osimertinib, had the best recommendation as to first-line treatment. We also recommended the combination of EGFR TKI with other agents (platinum-based chemotherapy or antiangiogenic agents); however, it can lead to toxicity. In the presence of EGFRuncommon mutations, except for an exon 20 insertion, we also recommended the EGFR TKI treatment. However, we could not provide recommendations for the treatment of EGFRmutations with immune checkpoint inhibitors, including monotherapy, and its combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, because of the limited evidence present in the literature. The 2020 Japanese Lung Cancer Society Guidelines can help community-based physicians to determine the most appropriate treatments and adequately provide medical care to their patients.

Osimertinib has been reported to be effective against central nervous system (CNS) metastasis from activating EGFRmutation-positive NSCLC. Nevertheless, the true antitumor effects of osimertinib alone for CNS metastasis are unclear because the aforementioned studies included previously irradiated cases, in which tumor shrinkage can occur later owing to the effects of radiotherapy (RT). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of osimertinib against RT-naive CNS metastasis from sensitizing EGFRmutation-positive NSCLC.

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab-) paclitaxel for previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC.

Without Abstract: