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Terahertz imaging provides valuable insights into the composition and structure of objects or materials, with applications spanning security screening, medical imaging, materials science, and cultural heritage preservation. Despite its widespread utility, traditional terahertz imaging is limited in spatial resolution to approximately 1 mm according to the Abbe's formula. In this article, we propose a novel super-resolution method for terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems. Our approach involves spatial filtering through scattering in the far-field of high-spatial-frequency components of the imaged sample. This method leverages evanescent wave filtering using a knife edge, akin to a standard structured illumination scheme. We demonstrate improved spatial resolution in slit diffraction, edge imaging, and reflection imaging of structures fabricated on a paper substrate using commonly encountered materials in works of art and documents. Furthermore, we present super-resolved images of an ancient document on parchment, showcasing the effectiveness of our proposed method.

X-ray analytical techniques are increasingly being used to study manuscripts and works of art on paper, whether with laboratory equipment or synchrotron sources. However, it is difficult to anticipate the impact of X-ray photons on paper- and cellulose-based artifacts, particularly due to the large variety of their constituents and degradation levels, and the subsequent material multiscale heterogeneity. In this context, this work aims at developing an analytical approach to study the modifications in paper upon synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray radiation using analytical techniques, which are fully complementary and highly sensitive, yet not frequently used together. At the molecular scale, cellulose chain scissions and hydroxyl free radicals were measured using chromatographic separation techniques (size-exclusion chromatography–multiangle laser light scattering–differential refractive index (SEC–MALS–DRI) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detector–diode array detector (RP-HPLC–FLD–DAD)), while the optical properties of paper were characterized using spectroscopy (UV luminescence and diffuse reflectance). These techniques showed different sensitivities toward the detection of changes. The modifications in the cellulosic material were monitored in real time, within a few days, and up to 2 years following the irradiation to define a lowest observed adverse effect dose (LOAED). As paper is a hygroscopic material, the impact of the humidity in the environment was studied using this approach. Three levels of moisture content in the paper, achieved by conditioning the samples and irradiating them at different relative humidities (RHs), were studied (0, 50, 80% RH). It was shown that very low moisture content accelerated molecular and optical modifications.

The focusing properties of a series of polymeric zone-plate lenses are investigated around a target frequency of 1 THz. Their characterization is performed by means of terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy, employing a modified knife-edge technique that compensates for asymmetries of the impinging THz beam shape of typical photoconductive antenna-based THz sources. The samples are fabricated by a three-axis milling technique on slabs of an ultralow-loss cyclo-olefin polymer. Three different zone plates are studied, a conventional binary zone plate, a conventional four-level zone plate, and a recently introduced double-sided zone plate consisting of the stack of two phase-reversal binary zone plates, which is simpler to fabricate and less sensitive to mechanical damage than multilevel zone plates. Experimental results, coupled with finite element simulations, demonstrate that the double-sided zone plate features a resolution increased by about 3λ with respect to the binary zone plate and comparable with that of the four-level zone plate. The double-sided zone plate has 40% lower focusing efficiency and approximately 7λ shorter depth of field compared to its four-level counterpart. Nevertheless, it outperforms conventional binary zone plates by 25% in power focusing efficiency and features a 10λ longer depth of field.

A compact confocal terahertz microscope working at 0.30 THz based on all-solid-state components is used to locate buried thin metal foils in a painted wood artwork. Metal foils are used for decoration, and their precise localization under the pictorial layer is relevant information for conservation scientists and restorers, which can neither be obtained by X-ray radiography nor by spectroscopic imaging in the infrared, as we directly show here. The confocal microscopy principle based on the spatial pinhole concept is here implemented by positioning the first focus of an ellipsoidal reflector at the phase center of horn antennas coupled to Schottky diode detector and emitter mounted in rectangular waveguide blocks, together with an optical beamsplitter. The second focus of the reflector is mechanically scanned inside the sample in three dimensions. The predictions of diffraction theory for a confocal microscope at an imaging wavelength of 1.00 mm with numerical aperture of 0.53 are verified experimentally (1.2 and 2.8 mm for the lateral and the axial resolution, respectively). These values of resolution allow a precise determination of the position of buried metal foils in an ancient piece of art hence making restoration interventions possible.

The physical properties of Pb2+ impurities in the perovskite-like lattice of KMgF3 are very similar to those of (ns)2 ions in alkali halides. The impurity inhomogeneous distribution leads to high dopant levels in the bottom region of the crystals, with a segregation coefficient equal to 0. 020. The optical features of the 336 nm emission support its attribution to luminescence of Pb2+ ions from the relaxed excited B state.

By using x-ray absorption spectroscopy different configurations of the Cu site structure in the CuO2plane of the Bi 2:2:1:2 high Tcsuperconductor are found. The different Cu sites are characterized by short 2.3 Å and long 2.45 Å Cu-O(apical) distances. The linear arrays of different Cu sites forming domains with a corrugated-iron-foil shape is proposed to be a key feature of superconducting domains in the CuO2plane. The wavelength ? of the modulation is close to the superconducting coherence length ? and kF·??2?. The ordering of the distorted Cu sites is suggested to be evidence for ordering of polarons driven by the pseudo Jahn Teller electron lattice interaction.