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Photoemission orbital tomography (POT) from photoelectron momentum maps (PMMs) is a powerful technique that visualizes the shape of the molecular orbitals (MOs) of molecular films. For further utilization of POT, a simple and low-cost method of POT is highly required. Here, we propose a new POT method based on the PhaseLift algorithm (PhaseLift POT). This method utilizes a lifting procedure to convert the PMM, which is a second-order polynomial of MO coefficients, into a first-order polynomial of the lifted MO coefficients and further relaxes the equality constraint for a given PMM. We also established a method to improve the accuracy of phase retrieval from the noisy PMM data by using sparsity for MO coefficients (sparse PhaseLift POT). These methods make it possible to reconstruct the three-dimensional MOs, including phases of the wave function, directly from a single experimental PMM. This method can also precisely determine the adsorption-induced molecular deformations with an accuracy of 0.05 [Å]. Furthermore, the robust sparse PhaseLift POT is robust against unavoidable noise in the experimental PMMs due to the relaxation of the matching condition for a given PMM. Therefore, this will be an innovative tool for POT, especially for analyzing the dynamics of the molecules during the chemical reaction and excitation processes.

A new method of applying a dynamic load directly to a tensile specimen was developed. By combining the new method with the testing method based on a sensing block [1-5], we improved the testing method to obtain the entire tensile stress-strain curves for a wide range of strain rates on the order of $10^{-3}\sim 10^{-3}$s-1, with remarkable accuracy, especially for the high strain rates range. Based on numerical simulations and experiments, the accuracy of the measurement of the non-coaxial Hopkinson bar method [6,7] was discussed. By performing a series of numerical simulations, the relation between the gauge length of a specimen and the testing strain rate, necessary for obtaining an accurate dynamic stress-strain curves corresponding to a testing error of approxmatety 2% or 4%, was also obtained for a wide range of strain ratesfrom 10-1to 104s-1.

A dynamic constitutive equation of simple form was presented. Series of experiments were conducted for various types of materials to verify the proposed equation. From the investigation of experimental data it was confirmed that materials could be resolved into various groups according to different dependence of strain rate sensitivity on flow stress and also inelastic strain. Comparison between experimental data and numerical simulations concluded that the equation well predicted the flow stress in the strain rate range of 10-4to 105/s-1, temperature range of up to 713K, provided that a quasistatic stress-strain curve at a reference temperature only was given.

This paper provides some prospect of comprehension of the dynamic yield criterion under multiaxial loading. The stress - strain relations for S25C and [MATH]-titanium along linear or bilinear strain paths at several strain rates were measured experimentally, and the obtained equi-plastic strain surfaces of both metals were plotted within axial-torsional stress plane. Further more in order to describe the behavior of these equi-plastic strain surfaces, kinematic hardening model in conjunction with the Perzyna type overstress was introduced. In this model, the evolution of a center of a yield surface is affected by the magnitude of overstress and loading histories. The simulation of equi-plastic strain surfaces based on the proposed model well expresses the results of α-titanium. However, for S25C there are some difference between the numerical prediction and the experimental results.

To help recover the intrinsically valuable, reusable metal parts at the end of a product's life‐cycle, we have used thermosetting (epoxy) resin that contains a small amount of thermoplastic polymer, polyethersulfone, which can be readily chemically decomposed. In a morphologically homogeneous modified thermosetting resin, the resin portion does not readily decompose when treated with an organic solvent, and chemical resistance equals the unmodified epoxy resin. A resin portion with thermoplastic polymer having continuous‐phase morphology was finely broken down by treatment with an organic solvent, and the embedded metal parts were separated and recovered. Readily decomposed thermosetting resin can thus be obtained by controlling the morphology of the thermoplastic polymer in the thermosetting resin to form a continuous phase. We also obtained a material having continuous variation in the phase morphology of a cured resin, from that with homogeneous morphology to that with continuous‐phase morphology of the thermoplastic polymer: phase structure inclination material. We were thus able to control the decomposition rate by chemical treatment in one resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1463–1470, 2006

In order to grow β-FeSi2 single crystals by the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method, the growth conditions, including density of iodine transport agent and growth duration, were examined. An iodine density of 8.9 mg cm–3 was thought to be optimum in the present experiment. It was found that the growth duration should be over 4 weeks for growing β-FeSi2 single crystals. X-ray structural analysis revealed that the growth direction of the β-FeSi2 crystals was The growth rate along the directions with lower Miller indexes was slower than that along the directions with higher Miller indexes. The measured lattice constants were a = 0.986 nm, b = 0.780 nm, and c = 0.781 nm. These values are consistent with the previously reported values. Hall measurements showed that the electron mobility was over 350 cm2 V–1 s–1 at 10 K. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

To recover and reuse valuable metal materials from waste at the time of abandonment, a thermosetting resin (epoxy resin) easily disassembled with solvent treatment was developed by blending a thermoplastic polymer (polyethersulfone, PES) to the thermosetting resin. The influence of the morphology of the cured resin upon the decomposition nature by the organic solvent was investigated. In the unmodified resin and the modified resin with homogeneous morphology, the cured resins did not decompose easily when they were dipped in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 23°C. It took 13 days or more to recover the metal materials molded into the cured resin. On the other hand, in the modified resin with continuous-phase morphology of the thermoplastic polymer, decomposition proceeded rapidly. The resin portion was decomposed completely in only 2 days and the molded metal materials were recoverable. Furthermore, the material with a continuous variation in the phase morphology of the cured resin, that is, continuously variable morphology material, was created by attaching a slope to the molding temperature of a sample. A place to decompose can be selected by using this material, which allows for easy recovery of molded valuables at the time of abandonment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 527–534, 000

Abstract:  This study characterized the genetic relation-ships in the natural population of Pholiota nameko (Strophariaceae) from Japan based on the RFLPs of two regions of nuclear rDNA (ITS and IGS) and mitochondrial DNA and the RAPD profile of nuclear DNA. No intraspecific polymorphism in rDNA was found among 36 isolates of P. nameko used. By contrast, digests of mtDNAs by endonucleases HindIII and BglII produced RFLP patterns that distinguished all isolates except for 2, and clustered 36 wild isolates phenetically into three major similarity groups. However, these groups as obtained by analysis of mtDNA RFLPs did not reflect the geographic origin of the isolates. In RAPD analysis of nuclear DNA using three kinds of primers, every isolate showed its own distinct RAPD profile, but all isolates were clustered only into a large similarity group by phylogenetic analysis based on the RAPD profile. From these results, it is suggested that wild isolates of P. nameko distributed in Japan form a continuous genetic population that has conserved the genetic diversity.

Functional fitness age (FFA), which we previously described, is a measure of functional age that reflects a person’s overall physical ability to complete daily tasks such as preparing meals and performing various household chores. The purpose of this study was to validate FFA in two elderly populations: 1) older subjects from different communities, and 2) older subjects participating in an exercise intervention program. FFA was calculated from 4 performance tests: performing arm curls; moving beans with chopsticks; demonstrating functional reach; and sitting and walking around two cones. The first study group was selected from 4 different communities (N=127), and was subdivided into a less active group (N=87) and an active group (N=40). The results of the 4 tests for the less active group were not significantly different from those for the original validation group used in developing the FFA equation. The FFA of the less active group (71.1±7.7 yrs) was not different from their chronological age (70.4±6.6 yrs). In the active group, except for the arm curls, test scores were significantly higher than those of the original validation group. The FFA of the active group (66.2±5.1 yrs) was significantly younger than their chronological age (70.9±4.2 yrs). Another group of 14 older women (79.5±3.9 yrs) was recruited for pre- and post-training testing. After the 3-month exercise program, they showed significant improvements in sitting and walking around two cones and functional reach; their FFA decreased significantly from 81.5±5.0 yrs to 78.3±4.5 yrs. The control group selected from the same community (N=16, 79.8±5.3 yrs) showed no significant changes in the 4 performance tests, and their FFA remained unchanged. These results indicate that our FFA is highly cross- validated for different Japanese communities, and is sensitive to changes associated with participation in an exercise intervention program.

In order to improve both the heat resistance and the toughness of cured epoxy resins, polyethersulfone (PES) was added to a biphenyl-type epoxy resin. The dispersion state of the PES in the epoxy resin was controlled by changing the molding temperature, and the effect of the morphologies on the heat resistance and toughness of the cured resins was investigated. In the resin with a homogeneous phase morphology, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin containing 10wt% PES increased about 20°C, and the value of the fracture toughness also increased about 60% more than that of the unmodified resin. This is attributed to the formation of the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) composed of the epoxy network and linear PES. On the resin with phase separation structure, a significant increase in toughness was obtained only when the PES formed a continuous phase morphology. However, higher PES content is required to form the co-continuous phase morphology, which causes the increase in the viscosity of the resin. In addition, the Tgof this system was equal to or only slightly higher than that of the unmodified resin.

Abstract: Flow direction patterns have been determined by imbrication measurements of pumice and lithic fragments of the Handa pyroclastic flow deposit, in order to estimate the source vent location and to analyze the flow behavior. The pyroclastic flow deposit studied is dacitic in composition, 2 km2 in volume, and >32,300 Y.B.P. in age. Flow directions from 52 outcrops indicate a source vent located within the area of recent lava domes of Kuju Volcano. The distribution of the pyroclastic flow deposit and the flow direction patterns determined by imbrication suggest that the pyroclastic flow accurately followed the topographic relief at the time of eruption. The presence of imbrication indicates the change of flow-regime from turbulent condition to laminar condition according to the distance from the source vent. Imbrication is visible within the lower-half reaches of the pyroclastic flow distribution, where the pyroclastic flow had developed the laminar flow characteristics of a dense gravity current.

The effect of modification with CTBN on the bonding properties of an epoxy system cured with 1-o-tolylbiguanide (TBG) was investigated and compared with the results of the system cured with ethylenediamine (EDA). TBG was used as a model of dicyandiamide, which is a typical latent curing agent. The bond strength and toughness of the TBG-cured system increased considerably with the addition of the CTBN modifier, whereas the values for the EDA-cured system were not influenced by the modification. In the former system, cavitation of the CTBN-dispersed phase and plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix were observed in the vicinity of the crack tip. These phenomena were not observed in the EDA-cured system. In addition, the crosslink density of the TBG-cured system was much lower than that of the EDA-cured system. Thus, it was concluded that the high bond strength in the TBG-cured system modified with CTBN is caused by cavitation and also by shear yielding of the low-crosslinked epoxy matrix.

Studies of phototactic behaviour of the flesh fly have demonstrated that some illuminated visual patterns can be discriminated (Mimura 1981 b). It was further suggested that the receptive field patterns of the photoreceptors contribute to pattern discrimination (Mimura 1981a). On the basis of the phototactic choice behaviour in some of the photoreceptor mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster, this study was conducted to identify which photoreceptors among R1 to R8 subserve the pattern discrimination.

1.The shape of the receptive field in the photoreceptors of the flesh fly,Boettcherisca peregrina, compound eye was contoured by using the intracellular responses to illumination from different positions around the compound eye.2.The shapes of these contours were classified into six patterns. Type A was roughly round and small, corresponding to the normal receptive field. Type B was similar to type A in shape but was larger. Type C was large and stellate in shape with spokes radiating along thex, y andz axes of the alignment of the onimatidia. This type was classified into three sub-groups: type C1 with spokes along all of thex, y andz axes; type C2 with spokes along thex andy axes; and type C3 with spokes along thex andy axes except in an upward direction. Types D, E and F were very long and extended in one direction. The direction of extension was horizontal, oblique and vertical in types D, E and F, respectively. Type E was classified into two sub-groups, E1 and E2, based on the direction of the oblique extension.One or more areas with high sensitivity (subpeaks) at the tip of the extending field in these large fields were found.3.Type A was most frequent, followed by type B. Types D, E and F were more common than type C.4.In contrast to the spectral sensitivity determined by axial illumination, the second peaks of the blue range were found to be diminished when measured by non-axial illumination, even if their positions were in the peripheral area or the sub-peaks.5.The size of the acceptance angle was smaller in types A and C than in the other types. The angle in type A was smallest at the antero-medial region of the compound eye and became larger with increasing distance laterally from the antero-medial region.6.The different receptive field types were not evenly distributed throughout the eye. The cells of types A and B were found mainly in the antero-medial region but were scattered over the compound eye. The cells of type C were limited to a small area in the antero-medial region.The cells of types D, E and F were distributed throughout the lateral region of the compound eye.7.The receptive fields in light- and dark-adapted eyes showed no difference in their patterns, although the acceptance angle of each peak within the receptive field became slightly narrow under light-adaptation. This result may suggest that migration of the screening pigment is negligible.8.No facilitatory or inhibitory interactions appeared between the responses elicited by illuminations from two different positions within the wide receptive field. The responses were summative.9.Latencies of the responses were the same under axial or non-axial illumination in type A cells with the usual, small receptive field. In contrast, the responses of cells with wide receptive fields showed step-like prolongation of the latency with increasing distance of the illuminating position from on-axis. The phase of the polarization sensitivitiy curves shifted when the receptive field measured under illumination from each position corresponding to the occurrence of the step-like prolongation of the latency indicating that the wide receptive field is composed of inputs from different photoreceptors.10.The present study suggests that the origin of the wide receptive field in the photoreceptor is neuronal.

In order to examine whether the peculiar receptive field patterns which are determined electrophysiologically in photoreceptors of flesh-fliesBoettcheriscaperegrina contribute to fly behaviour, the phototactic behaviour in response to eight kinds of illuminated targets (Fig. 1) including those having the same shapes as the receptive field patterns were studied. Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One was the single target experiment and the other the discrimination experiment with a double-choice setup.1.Discrimination of the five visual patterns among all of them being tested was clearly demonstrated by the discrimination experiment. Pattern A was the most attractive and patterns F, G and H were the least attractive (cf. Fig. 1).2.Visual pattern discrimination was also confirmed by the rate of behaviour such that flies walked towards the middle point between two targets presented and by the relation between walking speed and distance from the targets.3.The angle between the longitudinal body axis of the fly and the direction to the target at the turning point, where the walking fly changed its direction towards the target, showed correlation with the distribution of photoreceptors having the peculiar receptive field patterns within the compound eye (Mimura 1981). This was also confirmed by the fact that target-avoiding behaviours to the peculiar patterns, especially oblique stripes, occurred even after the flies had once directly confronted the targets.4.The role played by sensory processing within the photoreceptor in the first step of pattern discrimination was discussed.

In the electrical response of retinula cells to polarized light in the flesh-flyBoettcherisca peregrina, the polarization plane which showed the maximum sensitivity (Polmax phase) to illumination by a small spot of light just large enough to cover only one retinula cell was found to differ from that with illumination by a larger spot of light which included adjacent cells. There was a difference of about 30°.

Summary Spatial properties in the first optic ganglion ofCalliphora stygia were studied electrophysiologically.1.In the lamina cells, previously described as type I, L1–2 or large unipolar cells, inhibitory processes were demonstrated around the centres of the receptive fields by stimulating with two short slits separated by different distances or one slit with different lengths. Although inhibitory effects were demonstrated by stimulating around the centre of the receptive field, where the largest hyperpolarizing potential was produced, inhibitory effects were not necessarily seen at equal distances in all directions from the centre, but appeared at different distances in different directions. The distances of the inhibitory area from the centre of the receptive field were in the range of 2° to 3.5° in the visual angle. And some directional selectivity in the response was seen, with respect to the orientation of the slit stimuli.2.A different class of lamina cell (called wide field lamina cell here) with very wide receptive fields (up to 50° or even 70°) could also be recorded intracellularly. The waveform and intensity function of the hyperpolarizing responses elicited in these cells were similar to those of the usually recorded lamina cells mentioned above. Inhibitory phenomena as described above were also demonstrated in cells of this type. The receptive field of this cell type is complex, apparently being primarily excited along three intersecting axes which can be seen to contribute to the directional selectivity of the cell's graded responses to differently oriented slits. In addition, in one cell, depolarizing responses were observed in a pair of restricted areas contained in the opposite angles of two of the intersecting axes. Inhibitory interaction between hyper- and depolarizing responses was demonstrated by simultaneous illumination of both regions.

Capsaicin contents were measured in the progenies from the test crosses between the strain, G5S17 derived from fruit with the graft-induced change in fruit shape and the original two cultivars, Yatsubusa (Capsicum annuum L. var fasciculatumIlish) and Spanish Paprika (C. annuum L. var. grossumSendt) used for grafting.

Abstract.: Shock waves generated by projectile impacts were transmitted into hexane and the shocked hexane was analyzed by TCD-GC, FID-GC, GCMS, and FABMS for produced aliphatic hydrocarbons. The projectile length and its velocity were varied from 10 to 40 mm and from 220 to 1040 m/s, respectively. The initial temperature of the hexane was 77, 193 and 273 K. The major products detected throughout the reactions were hydrogen, light alkanes from C to C, and light alkenes from C to C. The minor products were heavy alkanes from C to C and soot-like materials. Experiments with varied projectile length revealed that the shock reaction occurred only while the shock wave was transmitted through hexane (about seconds). This short reaction time may be responsible for a lower yield of branched products in the shock reaction compared with yield produced by hexane pyrolysis in previous studies. In the shock reaction of hexane, the dehydrogenation was one of the important reactions and the recombination of hexyl radicals might play a role in the formation of -C. Experiments with varied initial temperature suggested that the molar yield of products depends not on the shock temperature but on the shock pressure, and that the reaction mechanisms for solid hexane and for liquid hexane are not identical. As the shock pressure increased, the relative yield of heavy products increased while that of light products decreased. This could be interpreted mainly by considering the activation volumes of the reaction involved.

Numerous inclusions were diffusely observed in the neurons and glial cells in the cerebral cortex of a patient with progressive dementia. These inclusions were initially produced by rough ER in the cells and gradually enlarged destroying the rough ER membranes. The nature of these inclusions was neutral mucopolysaccaride including protein histochemically. In the nuclei of the nerve cells and glial cells, some types of intranuclear virus-like inclusions were found. The first type was papova virus-like structure with high electron density measured 30–35 nm in diameter. The second type was paramyxovirus-like structure with granulo-fibrilar shape. The third type was large hexogonal core with high electron density measured 100 nm in diameter. These intranuclear virus-like bodies were not specific in the present case; however, it was speculated that intranuclear virus-like inclusions might have a deep relation to change the function of the nuclei and produced large intraplasmic inclusion bodies.

Monolayer cultures of the pancreas of the neonatal rat were maintained for 7 days in glucose-depleted TCM 199 medium, supplemented with 5·5 mmol galactose/l, with or without 0·1 mmol 2-deoxyglucose/l. Under culture conditions without 2-deoxyglucose, the responsiveness of B cells supported on galactose was totally abolished by day 7 of culture, and islets degenerated. In contrast, the addition of 2-deoxyglucose to the galactose-supplemented medium promoted the survival and the function of B cells even in a glucose-depleted environment and, in addition, yielded the monolayers mostly consisting of endocrine cells by destroying fibroblasts selectively. On day 7 the recovery of insulin in the cells was higher than that of the cells grown in medium with galactose alone (10·7-fold), and than the initial level at day 0 (twofold). Furthermore, the response to an acute challenge with 16·7 mmol glucose/1 was 3·3-fold, to 10 mmol leucine/1 it was 8·5-fold, and to 10 mmol 2-ketoisocaproate/l it was 10·9-fold above each value observed on day 1. In summary, the above data indicate that morphologically intact, functionally competent endocrine B cells can be grown in medium free from glucose.J. Endocr.(1984) 103, 377–381

Macrophage scavenger receptors mediate the recognition of a wide range of negatively charged macromolecules including acetylated low density lipoproteins (AcLDL). Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of simvastatin, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, and AcLDL as the sole source of exogenous lipoproteins. The cells surviving under these conditions specifically bound 125I-labeled AcLDL with high affinity and degraded them via an endocytic pathway. Unexpectedly, the association and degradation of 125I-labeled AcLDL by these CHO cells were not inhibited by dextran sulfate, fucoidan, and polyinosinic acid, competitors of macrophage scavenger receptors, but were completely inhibited by maleylated bovine serum albumin. Furthermore, these cells effectively took up negatively charged liposomes containing acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, whereas CHO cells expressing macrophage scavenger receptors did not. AcLDL and negatively charged liposomes were cross-competed with each other. Northern blot analysis using the cDNA for the macrophage scavenger receptor revealed that these CHO cells did not express this receptor. From these observations, we conclude that the isolated CHO cells express a novel type of AcLDL receptor, which is distinct from macrophage scavenger receptors with respect to ligand specificity and competitor sensitivity.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia rarely occurs in non-immunocompromised adults. We present a case of septic shock followingPseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in a previously healthy 48-year-old woman. The onset was sudden, with back pain, pyrexia and shock. Chest radiographs revealed pneumonia, andPseudomonas aeruginosa was identified from blood and sputum cultures. Therapy with dopamine, piperacillin and fluid replacement led to a prompt recovery. Laboratory tests failed to reveal any immunological deficits. Including this case, only five cases ofPseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in patients though to be non-immunocompromised have been reported. Two remarkable features of this type ofPseudomonas infection are apparent: i) it commonly develops from pneumonia and ii) it has a better prognosis than that in immunocompromised hosts.

For the purpose of establishing a standard method for the gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition, a collaborative study team has carried out replicate analyses of specified samples using gas chromatographs equipped with thermal conductivity detectors and has examined the entire set of experimental data by a statistical method. From the results of the four collaborative works it was found that deviation of analytical values from exact composition and interlaboratory scattering of data may be considerably decreased by the following means: (a) enlarging the size of narrow peaks (less than 5 mm at a half height) or peaks with low height by adjusting the attenuator range or chart speed; (b) correcting the analytical values by using correction factors determined from analysis of known mixtures having composition similar to that of an unknown sample.

Abstract: For the purpose of establishing a standard method for the gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition, a collaborative study team has carried out replicate analyses of specified samples using gas chromatographs equipped with thermal conductivity detectors and has examined the entire set of experimental data by a statistical method. From the results of the four collaborative works it was found that deviation of analytical values from exact composition and interlaboratory scattering of data may be considerably decreased by the following means: (a) enlarging the size of narrow peaks (less than 5 mm at a half height) or peaks with low height by adjusting the attenuator range or chart speed; (b) correcting the analytical values by using correction factors determined from analysis of known mixtures having composition similar to that of an unknown sample.

Electronic structures of Cd1-xMnxTe films (0 ≤ x≤ 0.7) have been investigated by means of ultraviolet photoemission and inverse-photoemission spectroscopy. We have found that the Mn 3d spin-exchange splitting energy of (7.0 ± 0.2) eV compares well with the predicted value in the theoretical investigation of electronic structures and magnetic properties of Cd1-xMnxTe.

An unusual case of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to rupture of the intracranial vertebral artery is reported. A drunk 51-year-old man received blows with a fist to the face and lost consciousness. A massive basal SAH was identified by CT-scan. Autopsy revealed a rupture of the vertebral artery but no skull fracture or cerebral contusion.