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Background: The caudal block (CB) is a quick, and safe approach for pediatric analgesia. Numerous adjuvants were added to extend the analgesia duration. Our trial aims to evaluate the significance of CB by adding dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and MgSO4 to bupivacaine to provide postoperative analgesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Methods: This randomized double-blinded study was performed on 75 male children undergoing hypospadias repair under CB. Patients were randomized into three equal groups. All received 0.5 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% caudally plus 1 ml volume containing either dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg in Group D, 0.5 mg/kg ketamine in Group K or 50 mg of MgSO4 in Group M. Results: Time of first rescue analgesia was significantly delayed in group D (8.2 ± 3.45 h) than in group K (5.8 ± 2.85 h) and group M (3.7 ± 1.51 h) (P value = 0.007 vs. <0.001) and in group K than in group M (P value = 0.027). Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure measurements after block and 60 min intraoperative reduced significantly in group D than in K and Group M. At 6 h and 12 h, FLACC scores were considerably lower with Group D compared to Group K, and Group M, and ketamine group compared to Group M at 4 h. The total amount of pethidine consumed 24 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in Group D than in Group K and Group M. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine as an additive to the CB significantly prolonged time to first analgesia required and decreased total rescue opioid consumption compared to ketamine and MgSO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three stages were observed in the reaction process of MgSO 4 and (NH 4) 2 CO 3. • Three stages include nucleation induction, solid phase growth and equilibrium stage. • The difference between crystal growth rate and mass transfer rate is a key issue. • A kinetic model was derived and described the reaction process well. The CO 2 mineralization is an economical route to reduce CO 2 emission for the production of high-value carbonate products. The performance of CO 2 indirect mineralization of MgSO 4 by (NH 4) 2 CO 3 solution was studied systematically. The effects of process parameters on the reaction performance and morphology of MgCO 3 · 3 H 2 O were investigated. In the reaction process, three stages were observed, including nucleation induction, solid phase growth and equilibrium stage. The nucleation induction period and equilibrium time are shortened with the increase of reaction temperature, initial reactants concentration, stirring speed and (NH 4) 2 CO 3 / MgSO 4 molar ratio. These parameters also play a vital role in the morphology of products. It was found that the difference between crystal growth rate and mass transfer rate has a significant impact on crystal morphology. A kinetic model was derived from the solid phase growth rate. The estimated activation energies of forward and reverse reaction are 30.37 kJ / mol and 32.71 kJ / mol , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper presents the effects of the combined action of two aggressive environments. Then determine the effect of the content of sulphate ions or chloride on the growth of microorganisms and the possible impact of chemical-biological corrosion properties of moisture, mechanical structure of the ceramic materials. To assess changes in the samples as a result of corrosion-induced chemical and fungi, the following parameters were selected: a chemical analysis, the goal was to determine the content of sulphate ions or chloride; pH; colony-forming units; mass moisture and absorbability of water, and research on the microstructure under the scanning electron microscope. The results allowed to formulate a number of statements: ceramic materials are resistant to mould; original ceramic salt contamination of chloride ions or sulphate did not stop the operation of the biological environment; by the co-operation of both aggressive environments, material properties change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper presents the effects of the combined action of two aggressive environments. Then determine the effect of the content of sulphate ions or chloride on the growth of microorganisms and the possible impact of chemical-biological corrosion properties of moisture, mechanical structure of the ceramic materials. To assess changes in the samples as a result of corrosion-induced chemical and fungi, the following parameters were selected: a chemical analysis, the goal was to determine the content of sulphate ions or chloride; pH; colony-forming units; mass moisture and absorbability of water, and research on the microstructure under the scanning electron microscope. The results allowed to formulate a number of statements: ceramic materials are resistant to mould; original ceramic salt contamination of chloride ions or sulphate did not stop the operation of the biological environment; by the co-operation of both aggressive environments, material properties change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The expression of inflammatory molecules is regulated by the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), a heterodimeric protein that consists of proteins from various families, including c-Jun and c-Fos. We sought to elucidate whether MgSO4 regulates the activation of AP-1 in endotoxin-activated RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line. The possible roles of the L-type calcium channels in this process were also elucidated. Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with phosphate buffered saline, MgSO4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS plus MgSO4 (20 mM), or LPS plus MgSO4 plus the L-type calcium channel activator BAY-K8644 (1 μM). After harvesting, expression of AP-1 was evaluated. Results: LPS induced AP-1 activation based on the fact that the nuclear protein concentrations of AP-1 components, including c-Jun and c-Fos, as well as the AP-1 DNA-binding activity, were significantly increased in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. MgSO4, in contrast, significantly inhibited LPS-induced AP-1 activation in activated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the effect of MgSO4 on AP-1 was reversed by BAY-K8644. Conclusion: MgSO4 inhibited AP-1 activation in LPS-treated macrophages and the mechanism may involve the L-type calcium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: This study was performed to compare the onset and duration of analgesia produced by either a lidocaine−MgSO4 or lidocaine−distilled water combination administration in the caudal epidural space of horse. Seven healthy adult horses, aged 11.7 ± 1.4 years (mean ± SD), body weight (kg) 567 ± 32.5 (mean ± SD), were selected for this study. Caudal epidural anesthesia was produced in all horses by administering 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) diluted in 1 mL distilled water and repeated with 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) diluted in 1 mL 10% MgSO4 2 weeks later. Time to onset (minutes), duration (minutes), and cranial spread of epidural analgesia were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature (°C) were recorded. Measurements were taken at 0 (as a baseline value before epidural administrations) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 75 minutes after the epidural administrations of each treatment. Statistical analyses included paired Student t test and analysis of variance (computer program SPSS, Analytical Software, version 15.00). Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Onset of analgesia was significantly different (P < .001) between lidocaine-distilled water (2.38 ± 0.47 minutes) and lidocaine−MgSO4 (4.62 ± 0.54 minutes). Duration of analgesia after lidocaine−MgSO4 (186.0 ± 7.0 minutes) was longer than lidocaine-distilled water (54.5 ± 7.3 minutes). No significant differences were recorded for HR, RR, and body temperature in comparison with baseline values for each group. Using the lidocaine−MgSO4 combination for obstetric and surgical procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and could be completed without readministration of anesthetic agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]