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AbstractThe authors examine the distribution and variation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the tropics from the surface to the lower stratosphere. By analyzing space-borne microwave limb sounder (MLS) measurements, measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) and modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) meteorological products, and atmospheric chemistry and climate model intercomparison project (ACCMIP) surface emission inventories, the influences of atmospheric dynamics and surface emissions are investigated. The results show that there are four centers of highly concentrated CO mixing ratio over tropical areas in different seasons: two in the Northern Hemisphere and another two in the Southern Hemisphere. All of these centers correspond to local deep convective systems and monsoons/anticyclones. The authors suggest that both deep convections and anticyclones affect CO in the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere — the former helping to transport CO from the lower to the middle troposphere (or even higher), and the dynamical uplift and isolation effects of the latter helping to build up highly concentrated CO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Similarly, there are two annual surface emission peaks induced by biomass burning emissions: one from the Northern Hemisphere and the other from the Southern Hemisphere. Both contribute to the highly concentrated CO mixing ratio and control the seasonal variabilities of CO in the UTLS, combining the effects of deep convections and monsoons. Results also show a relatively steady emission rate from anthropogenic sources, with a small increase mainly coming from Southeast Asia and India. These emissions can be transported to the UTLS over Tibet by the joint effort of surface horizontal winds, deep convections, and the Asian summer monsoon system.

Since the early 1990s, business process reengineering (BPR) has become a buzzword around the world. Of the BPR methods and models suggested, the majority have put much attention on redesigning processes to improve the defined process performance. Those that stress the importance of strategic process reengineering focus more on the idea that redesigning should be embarked upon and implemented on a broader scope (cross- functional) in order to obtain greater pay offs, whereas the impact of BPR on strategies is paid less attention. In this paper, we propose a broader application of BPR to the enterprise and, consequently, stress the importance of BPR with respect to strategies and the role of strategic directions in light of BPR. Thus, we develop a conceptual BPR model that links a firm's long-term strategy, with a real-world example.

The decrease of total cultivated area and the lower per capita available arable land resource are now serious problems in Shandong Province, a major agricultural province in China. These problems will become more serious along with the further development of economy. In this paper, based on the statistical information at provincial and county levels, the changes of arable land in Shandong Province and their driving forces during the last 50 years are analyzed. The general changing trends of arable land and per capita available arable land are reducing, and the trends of decrease will continue when the economy is developing. The result of GIS spatial analysis shows that the change of the arable land use in Shandong Province has a regional difference. Eight variables having influences on cultivated land change are analyzed by principal component analysis. The results show that the dynamic development of economy, pressure of social system and progress of scientific techniques in agriculture are the main causes for cultivated land reduction. The principal factors which can be considered as driving forces for arable land change include per capita net living space, total population and per ha grain yield. By using regressive equation, along with analysis on population growth and economic development, cultivated areas in Shandong Province in 2005 and 2010 are predicted respectively. The predicted cultivated areas in Shandong will be 6435.47 thousand hain 2005 and 6336.23 thousand ha in 2010 respectively.

Summary: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the improved protection of antegrade aortic root perfusion combined with intermittent coronary sinus occlusion(APCSO) for the 1-hour ischemic myocardium in the presence of left anterior descending artery occlusion. 12 dogs were divided into 2 groups: anteperfusion(AP) alone(n=6) and APCSO (n=6). The experimental results showed that APCSO provided a better cardioplegic distribution and a lower hypothermia (15.6°C versus 17.2°C) in the occluded LAD region, comrared with AP. After ischemia, cardiac index and left ventricular stroke index recovered excellently in APCSO (128% to 141% and 115% to 158% of preischemic values, respectively), and much worse in AP (69% to 82% and 53% to 73% of preischemic values, respectively). Our study has confirmed that APCSO is superior to AP in myocardial protection in the presence of coronary artery occlusion.