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INTRODUCTION. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IS A VIRAL INFECTION WHICH GENERATES EPITHELIAL TUMOURS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND SKIN ESPECIALLY WARTS. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WARTS COULD VARY AMONG INDIVIDUALS FROM A FEW MILLIMETRES TO A CONSIDERABLE SIZE BEING CALLED GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (GCA). THIS GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM WAS FIRST DESCRIBED BY BUSCHKE AND LÖWENSTEIN IN 1925 ON PENILE FORESKIN, NOWADAYS KNOWN AS BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN TUMOUR (BLT). MATERIAL AND METHODS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO REVIEW THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING THE ETIOPATHOGENY OF BLT DIAGNOSIS AND NEW LINES OF TREATMENT. WE USED PUBMED AND SCOPUS DATABASES FOR REVIEWS AND FULL ARTICLES. CONCLUSIONS. BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN IS A RARE DISEASE CAUSED BY INFECTION WITH HPV, ESPECIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH "SEMI -- MALIGNANT " VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA OR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. COINFECTION WITH HIV ENHANCE THE ONCOGENIC ABILITY OF HPV, BUT THE ONCOGENIC PROCESS IS SLOW, SO AN EARLY REMOVAL OF THE LESION WHEN NOTICED BY THE PATIENT IS USEFUL TO PREVENT A GCA. PRE-EXPOSURE AND POST-EXPOSURE VACCINES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING BLT AND REDUCING THE VIRAL LOAD IN THE INFECTED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: CONTROLLED OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION (COH) MAY HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT UPON THE ENDOMETRIAL ENVIRONMENT, THUS, A "FREEZE-ALL" (FET) STRATEGY WAS CONSIDERED. METHODS: REVIEW INCLUDING 44 STUDIES EVALUATING 278.000 NEWBORNS AFTER ART, COMPARING THE RESULTS OF THE CLASSIC VERSUS FREEZE-ALL STRATEGY. RESULTS: THE CUMULATIVE LIVE BIRTH RATE (LBR) AND PREGNANCY RATE (PR) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE "FREEZE-ALL" (FET) VERSUS ET (LBR: 60.55% VS. 45%, PR: RR 1.30 [CI 95%]). FET IS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER OBSTETRIC RISK [CI 95%]: THE FETUS HAS A LOWER RISK OF BEING SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE RR: 0.59, LOW GESTATIONAL WEIGHT RR: 0.74, PREMATURE BIRTH RR: 0.74 BUT MORE INCREASED RISK OF CESAREAN RR: 1.10 AND LARGE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE RR: 1.49. WITH REGARD TO THE RISKS OF ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE, PLACENTA PRAEVIA, PERINATAL MORTALITY, CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTION RATE, THERE ARE NO CONSISTENT FINDINGS: SOME STUDIES CONCLUDED THAT THE RISK IS LOWER IN FET (0.67, 0.68, 0.8 AND, RESPECTIVELY 0,83), BUT MOST CONSIDER THAT THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE. GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION IS CONTROVERSIAL, SOME STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT IT IS MORE COMMONLY LINKED TO FET (RR: 1.29), BUT THE RESULTS ARE INSIGNIFICANTLY STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT. HOWEVER, FET IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR PLACENTA ACCRETA, 3 TIMES HIGHER THAN ET. MONOZYGOTIC MONOCHORIONIC PREGNANCY AFTER SINGLE-EMBRYO IS LOWER IN FET IN GENERAL (0.8%), BUT MATERNAL AGE BELOW 35 YEARS IS A RISK FACTOR IN FET CYCLES. CONCLUSIONS: "FREEZE-ALL" IS AN ELIGIBLE PROTOCOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POPULATIONS OF CLONOGENIC EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL CELLS WERE FIRST REPORTED IN 2004 AND SINCE THEN, DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS REVIEW IS AIMED AT BRINGING NEW PERSPECITVES FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT, TO PROVIDE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENIC THEORIES, ALONG WITH POTENTIAL TREATMENT TARGETS. STUDIES SHOW THAT ENDOMETRIUM IS RICH IN STEM CELL POPULATIONS, SUCH AS ENDOMETRIAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (EMSC), ENDOMETRIAL EPITHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EEP) AND SIDE POPULATIONS (SP). THEIR ROLE IS IMPORTANT IN PHYSIOLOGY, REGENERATION AND REPAIR, BUT ALSO IN THE GENERATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS MAY ARISE FROM DISLOCATED OR ABERRANT STEM CELLS, FROM THE ENDOMETRIUM OR EXOGENOUS SOURCES, SUCH AS BONE-MARROW. MORE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE BIDIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT OF CELLS BETWEEN EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE THROUGH SIGNALING PATHWAYS. EMSC RESIDE IN A PERIVASCULAR NICHE AND ARE LIKELY TO MEDIATE ANGIOGENESIS AND STROMAL REGENERATION. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOCUSE ON THE INHIBITION OF THE ECTOPIC EMSC MIGRATION, PROLIFERATION AND ANGIOGENESIS. THE MAIN PURPOSE FOR THE FUTURE CLINICAL PRACTICE IS TO ESTABLISH ACCURATELY THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THE ADVANCEMENTS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOMETRIAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOGENESIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO ASSESS THE DATA CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN LITERATURE REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS AND HARMS OF HPV VACCINATION PROGRAMMES. THERE ARE NOW MORE THAN FIFTEEN COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE DATA REGARDING VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS AND SHOW FALLS IN TARGETED TYPES FOLLOWING VACCINATION. THERE ARE CURRENTLY THREE FDAAPPROVED MULTIVALENT PROHYLACTIC HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES AND ALTHOUGH THERE IS RIGUROUS PROOF OF THE NEED FOR IMPLEMENTING VACCINATION NATIONAL SCHEDULES, CONCERNS REGARDING THEIR SAFETY CONTINUE TO EMERGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE PATIENTS, BUT WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED? THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES STEP BY STEP THE PSYSIOPATHOLOGY BACKGROUND THAT LEADS TO PREGNANCY ACHIEVING IMPAIRMENT. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY LITERATURE. RESULTS: ENDOMETRIOSIS DETERMINES MODIFICATION OF NEOANGIOGENESIS AND CELLULAR MEDIATED RESPONSE BY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (IL1, IL6, TNF ALPHA, PROSTAGLANDIN, PROTEASES) AND ANGIOGENIC FACTORS (IL8 AND VEGF). THESE CAUSE ALTERATION OF THE PELVIC ANATOMY AND, IN ADDITION TO LOWERING AVB3 INTEGRIN ADHESION MOLECULE AND THE L-SELECTIN LIGAND, CONTRIBUTES TO ASSOCIATED IMPLANTATION FAILURE. NEVERTHELESS, OVULATION IMPAIRMENT BY MECHANICAL DISTRUCTION OR ALTERATION OF GRANULLAR CELLS FUNCTION WITH ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE SECRETION DEFICIENCY AND LUTEAL PHASE MODIFICATIONS HAVE A FERTILITY NEGATIVE IMPACT. THE EMBRYOTOXICITY EFFECT COMES IN ADDITION TO THIS WITH AN INCREASED ABORTION RATE. ALTERATION OF SPERMATOZOA MOBILITY AND ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY, INCREASED UTERINE CONTRACTILITY AND FALLOPIAN TUBES OBSTRUCTION COMPLETE THE PICTURE OF INFERTILITY IN THE ENDOMETRIOSIS PATIENT. CONCLUSIONS: ENDOMETRIOSIS AFFECTS FERTILITY THROUGH MULTIPLE MECHANISMS, AND IN ORDER TO TREAT AND GET PREGNANCY IN THESE PATIENTS, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]