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We developed a system for optogenetic release of single molecules in cells. We confined soluble and transmembrane proteins to the Golgi apparatus via a photocleavable protein and released them by short pulses of light. Our method allows for a light dose-dependent delivery of functional proteins to the cytosol and plasma membrane in amounts compatible with single-molecule imaging, greatly simplifying access to single-molecule microscopy of any protein in live cells. We were able to reconstitute ion conductance by delivering BK and LRRC8/volume-regulated anion channels to the plasma membrane. Finally we were able to induce NF-kB signaling in T lymphoblasts stimulated by interleukin-1 by controlled release of a signaling protein that had been knocked out. We observed light-induced formation of functional inflammatory signaling complexes that triggered phosphorylation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase only in activated cells. We thus developed an optogenetic method for the reconstitution and investigation of cellular function at the single-molecule level.

Introduction: Influenza is a common, seasonal infectious disease with broad medical, economic, and social consequences. Real-world evidence on the effect of influenza treatment on household transmission and healthcare resource utilization is limited in outpatient settings in the USA. This study examined the real-world effectiveness of baloxavir vs oseltamivir in reducing influenza household transmission and healthcare resource utilization. Methods: This prospective electronic survey on patient-reported outcomes was conducted between October 2022 and May 2023 via CVS Pharmacy in the USA. Adult participants (≥ 18 years old) were eligible if they filled a prescription for baloxavir or oseltamivir at a CVS Pharmacy within 2 days of influenza symptom onset. Participant demographics, household transmission, and all-cause healthcare resource utilization were collected. Transmission and utilization outcomes were assessed using χ2and Fisher exact tests. Results: Of 87,871 unique patients contacted, 1346 (1.5%) consented. Of 374 eligible patients, 286 (90 baloxavir- and 196 oseltamivir-treated patients) completed the survey and were included in the analysis. Mean age of participants was 45.4 years, 65.6% were female, and 86.7% were White. Lower household transmission was observed with baloxavir compared with oseltamivir therapy (17.8% vs 26.5%; relative risk = 0.67; 95% CI 0.41–1.11). Healthcare resource utilization, particularly emergency department visits (0.0% vs 4.6%), was also numerically lower in the baloxavir-treated group; no hospitalizations were reported in either cohort. Conclusions: The findings from this real-world study suggest that antiviral treatment of influenza with baloxavir may decrease household transmission and reduce healthcare resource utilization compared with oseltamivir.

Intertwined within a patchwork of different types of land use and land cover, novel ecosystems are urban ecosystems that have no historical analogues and contain novel species assemblages. Some researchers and practitioners in the field of conservation and restoration regard urban novel ecosystems unworthy of concern, while other groups call for their preservation due to the rate of biodiversity loss in cities and limited access to nature among some social groups. However, very little is known about how people perceive novel ecosystems (such as informal green spaces, post-industrial or derelict land sites awaiting redevelopment, brownfield sites, vacant lots, interstitial or gap spaces) which are often characterised by assemblages of wild, spontaneous, and overgrown vegetation, but also remanent or derelict urban infrastructure in cities. This paper addresses this gap by firstly asking how people percieve assemblages of wild-looking vegetation and urban infrastructure often found in novel ecosystems and how our affective and aesthetic responses to these ecosystems affects our attitudes towards wildness in cities. To begin to unpack this question, we obtain data from a series of exploratory workshops held in four cities in the global north where we asked people ‘what is urban nature?’ Our findings suggest that value judgements that people ascribe to novel ecosystems are often deeply polarised, but they are influenced by different ecological and urban conditions that people encounter within them. However, some negative perceptions about novel ecosystems may be mediated by situational cues; these situational cues could have important implications for rewilding and restoration programmes that aim to reconnect urban communities with nature through socio-ecological stewardship. To conclude, areas for further research that could improve our understanding of the social values of novel ecosystems in cities and the influence that these ecosystems may have on affective encounters with urban nature are proposed.

Bis-capped lanthanide compounds have dominated the single-ion magnet (SIM) field with little variation in design. Herein, we report the new synthesis of the lanthanide compounds [Ln(Tp2-py)2](BPh4) (1-Ln; Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy), which employ the use of the hexadentate hydrotris[3-(2′-pyridyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]borate (Tp2-py) ligand to encapsulate lanthanide ions in pseudo-icosahedral crystal fields. The extension of the latter lanthanide ions yields the hydrated compounds [Ln(κ4-Tp2-py)2(OH2)](BPh4) (2-Ln; Ln = Dy, Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) instead due to the decrease in the ionic radii of the lanthanide and steric demand of the ligand. Alternating current magnetometry studies on 1-Ce, 1-Tb, 1-Dy, 2-Dy, and [Dy(Tp2-py)2Cl] (3) revealed slow magnetic relaxation in applied magnetic fields for all compounds, with 1-Tbrevealing an extractable Orbach regime with Ueff= 46(2) cm–1, while the remaining compounds are dominated by Raman relaxation mechanisms. The complexity and size of Tp2-pylikely afford many low energy vibrational modes which would be responsible for an increase in spin-phonon coupling and the observed dominance of Raman relaxation. CASSCF calculations on the compounds showed that the ground state purity is heavily dependent on the lanthanide; however, all easy axes are aligned with the B···B axis (or pseudo B···B axis for the case of 3) except for 2-Dy, where the easy axis aligns with the Dy–OH2bond. The resonant nature of the tris-(pyrazolyl)borate ligands results in diffusely spread charge distribution, minimizing the influence of the axially located boron atoms, resulting in the lanthanide ion being encapsulated in a “pseudosphere” of negative charge, impacting the overall crystal field splitting. The magnetic behavior and electronic structure of 1-Lnhighlight the importance of low energy vibrational modes to mitigate spin-phonon coupling, charge distribution, and geometry of ligands when designing lanthanide-based SIMs.

Infection is a rare cause of panhypopituitarism and has not been reported in the context of Lemierre’s syndrome. We present the case of a previously well 19-year-old man, who presented acutely unwell with meningitis and sepsis. Fusobacterium necrophorumwas isolated from peripheral blood cultures and identified on cerebrospinal fluid with 16S rDNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Imaging demonstrated internal jugular vein thrombosis with subsequent cavernous venous sinus thrombosis. Pituitary function tests were suggestive of panhypopituitarism. The patient was diagnosed with Lemierre’s syndrome complicated by meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, base of skull osteomyelitis, ischaemic stroke and panhypopituitarism. He was treated with 13 weeks of intravenous antibiotics followed by 3 weeks of oral amoxicillin, and anticoagulated with dalteparin then apixaban. His panhypopituitarism was managed with hydrocortisone, levothyroxine and desmopressin.

ABSTRACTStudent retention is a critical issue for higher education institutions. This study investigates the motivation of marketing student retention in the United States. The study was conducted by exploring the underlying personal values that drive student retention through the means-end chain (MEC) laddering approach. A total of 55 usable student comments were gathered from two mid-sized (1 public, 1 private) institutions and analyzed using MEC. The findings show that marketing student retention was influenced by hedonism, power, achievement, and self-direction and, to a lesser extent, by the other-regarding value of benevolence. In addition, the hierarchical value map shows the importance of the industry category-building marketing courses to emphasize the industry and marketing environment. It must be recognized, however, that the strength of the industry category depends on how universities maintain their brand image and that image’s congruency with students’ personal values. Finally, the study results revealed that marketing course factors (e.g., course content and course excitement) and job security are fundamental attributes that enhance student retention.

ABSTRACTLevallois points are a prominent part of many Levantine Middle Paleolithic assemblages. They are either produced intentionally or incidentally by the Levallois core reduction technique and are of a generally similar shape, although the degree to which they were used as specialized tools has been questioned. Here, we examine Levallois points using geometric morphometric analyses to assess the range of shape variation in this artifact type. We then compare Levallois point shape variation and symmetry to a sample of Late Pleistocene-aged Folsom projectile points from North America. Folsom are highly standardized projectile points that current evidence suggests were primarily used for hunting ancient bison. Our results indicate that Levallois points are more variable and asymmetrical than Folsom and therefore more generalized than Folsom. Differences in manufacturing technique, hafting, and delivery system when used as weapons are posited as playing roles in the differences in shape and symmetry that we document.

ABSTRACTPressure on lakes in Aotearoa New Zealand is increasing because of elevated catchment nutrient loads, establishment of non-native species, and climate change. Current government legislation requires that pressures are managed to avoid eutrophication and degradation of lake health. This approach requires information on the state of lakes at regional and national scales, which is challenging because <5% are currently monitored. In this study, we (1) modelled lake trophic status at a national scale using a highly representative dataset and lake characteristics, land use, and environmental parameters as predictor variables; and (2) identified lakes that should be prioritized for protection to prevent further degradation. Six statistical models were evaluated, with extreme boosting producing the highest predictive power and lowest error. This model indicated that for the 3738 lakes in the dataset, 44% were eutrophic or higher trophic state, 22% mesotrophic, and 34% oligotrophic or lower trophic state. These data provide a benchmark to guide management and support the call for more resourcing to restore lakes in Aotearoa New Zealand. To identify lakes to prioritise for protection, we focused on the ∼800 mesotrophic lakes. We used (1) the portion of lake catchment not within conservation estate, and (2) road access as proxies for the likelihood of land-use intensification and the introduction of non-native species, respectively. We identified >170 lakes with limited catchment protection and easy human access. Immediate attention should be given to protecting these waterbodies to prevent the need for costly and resource-intensive remediation in the future.

AbstractBackground:Hospitalizations among skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents in Detroit increased in mid-March 2020 due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Outbreak response teams were deployed from local healthcare systems, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Detroit Health Department (DHD) to understand the infection prevention and control (IPC) gaps in SNFs that may have accelerated the outbreak.Methods:We conducted 2 point-prevalence surveys (PPS-1 and PPS-2) at 13 Detroit SNFs from April 8 to May 8, 2020. The DHD and partners conducted facility-wide severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of all residents and staff and collected information regarding resident cohorting, staff cohorting, and personnel protective equipment (PPE) utilized during that time.Results:Resident cohorting had been implemented in 7 of 13 (58.3%) SNFs prior to point-prevalence survey 1 (PPS-1), and other facilities initiated cohorting after obtaining PPS-1 results. Cohorting protocols of healthcare practitioners and environmental service staff were not established in 4 (31%) of 13 facilities, and in 3 facilities (23.1%) the ancillary staff were not assigned to cohorts. Also, 2 SNFs (15%) had an observation unit prior to PPS-1, 2 (15%) had an observation unit after PPS-1, 4 (31%) could not establish an observation unit due to inadequate space, and 5 (38.4%) created an observation unit after PPS-2.Conclusion:On-site consultations identified gaps in IPC knowledge and cohorting that may have contributed to ongoing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among SNF residents despite aggressive testing measures. Infection preventionists (IPs) are critical in guiding ongoing IPC practices in SNFs to reduce spread of COVID-19 through response and prevention.

This study analyzes relationships between illegitimate tasks and turnover intention, and indirect effects via strain and work satisfaction, with intrinsic motivation enhancing these associations. We argue that intrinsic motivation turns from a resource into a vulnerability factor vis-à-vis illegitimate tasks as these tasks undermine the meaningful rationale needed for intrinsic motivation to develop its positive potential. Not providing an opportunity to confirm one’s occupational identity, the detrimental effects of illegitimate tasks should be exaggeratedby high intrinsic motivation. In a sample of 604 full-time higher education faculty based in the UK and US, our hypotheses were supported with regard to interactions, controlling for stress associated with faculty teaching, research, and service. Illegitimate tasks and intrinsic motivation interacted such that the effect of illegitimate tasks on turnover intention as well as strain (tension and exhaustion) was stronger if intrinsic motivation was high, as compared to low. For satisfaction with work itself, the interaction was only marginally significant. The indirect associations between illegitimate tasks and turnover intention via strain, and work satisfaction were not significant, however. Our study adds to the literature on illegitimate tasks and on intrinsic motivation by demonstrating that intrinsic motivation can turn from a resource into a vulnerability factor when confronted with stressors that impede the opportunity to confirm one’s professional identity. Furthermore, it adds to the literature on intrinsic motivation, stress (notably illegitimate tasks), and turnover among academic faculty.

Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation.

IntroductionPatients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) show limited systemic hyperinflammation, but immunomodulatory treatments are effective. Little is known about the inflammatory response in the lungs and if this could be targeted using high-dose steroids (HDS). We aimed to characterise the alveolar immune response in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS, to determine its association with mortality, and to explore the association between HDS treatment and the alveolar immune response.MethodsIn this observational cohort study, a comprehensive panel of 63 biomarkers was measured in repeated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and plasma samples of patients with COVID-19 ARDS. Differences in alveolar–plasma concentrations were determined to characterise the alveolar inflammatory response. Joint modelling was performed to assess the longitudinal changes in alveolar biomarker concentrations, and the association between changes in alveolar biomarker concentrations and mortality. Changes in alveolar biomarker concentrations were compared between HDS-treated and matched untreated patients.Results284 BAL fluid and paired plasma samples of 154 patients with COVID-19 were analysed. 13 biomarkers indicative of innate immune activation showed alveolar rather than systemic inflammation. A longitudinal increase in the alveolar concentration of several innate immune markers, including CC motif ligand (CCL)20 and CXC motif ligand (CXCL)1, was associated with increased mortality. Treatment with HDS was associated with a subsequent decrease in alveolar CCL20 and CXCL1 levels.ConclusionsPatients with COVID-19-related ARDS showed an alveolar inflammatory state related to the innate host response, which was associated with a higher mortality. HDS treatment was associated with decreasing alveolar concentrations of CCL20 and CXCL1.

Introduction: Awake prone positioning has the potential to improve oxygenation and decrease respiratory rate, potentially reducing the need for intubation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. We investigated awake prone positioning-induced changes in oxygenation and respiratory rate, and the prognostic capacity for intubation in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: International multicenter prospective observation study in critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 receiving supplemental oxygen. We collected data on oxygenation and respiratory rate at baseline, and at 1 h after being placed in prone positioning. The combined primary outcome was oxygenation and respiratory rate at 1 h. The secondary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as need for intubation within 24 h of start of awake prone positioning. Results: Between March 27th and November 2020, 101 patients were enrolled of which 99 were fully analyzable. Awake prone positioning lasted mean of 3 [2–4] h. In 77 patients (77.7%), awake prone positioning improved oxygenation, and in 37 patients (54.4%) it decreased respiratory rate. Twenty-nine patients (29.3%) were intubated within 24 h. An increase in SpO2/FiO2of &lt; 10 (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4–18.5, P= 0.01), a failure to increase PaO2/FiO2to > 116 mmHg (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2–10.8, P= 0.02), and a decrease in respiratory rate of &lt; 2 breaths/min (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3–9.5, P= 0.01) were independent variables associated with need for intubation. The AUC–ROC curve for intubation using a multivariable model was 0.73 (95% CI 0.62–0.84). Conclusions: Awake prone positioning improves oxygenation in the majority of patients, and decreases respiratory rate in more than half of patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by COVID-19. One in three patients need intubation within 24 h. Awake prone position-induced changes in oxygenation and respiratory rate have prognostic capacity for intubation within 24 h.

ObjectiveA 45% threshold of right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) is proposed clinically relevant in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We aim to determine treatment response, long-term right ventricular (RV) functional stability and prognosis of patients with PAH reaching or maintaining the RVEF 45% threshold.MethodsIncident, treatment-naive, adult PAH patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and first follow-up were included (total N=127) and followed until date of censoring or death/lung transplantation. Patients were categorised into two groups based on 45% RVEF. Baseline predictors, treatment response and prognosis were assessed with logistic regression analyses, two-way analysis of variance and log-rank tests.ResultsPatients were 50±17 years old, 73% female, of which N=75 reached or maintained the 45% RVEF threshold at follow-up (RVEF≥45%@FU), while N=52 patients did not (RVEF<45%@FU). RV end-diastolic volume and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide at baseline were multivariable predictors of an RVEF ≥45% at follow-up. A 40% pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) reduction resulted in greater improvement in RV function (ΔRVEF 17±11 vs. 5±8; pinteraction<0.001) compared to a PVR reduction <40%, but did not guarantee an RVEF ≥45%. Finally, the 45% RVEF threshold was associated with stable RV function during long-term follow-up and better survival (HR: 1.91 (95% CI: 1.11 to 3.27)). Patients failing to reach or maintain the 45% RVEF threshold at first follow-up mostly stayed below this threshold over the next consecutive visits.ConclusionAfter treatment initiation, 60% of patients with PAH reach or maintain the 45% RVEF threshold, which is associated with a long-term stable RV function and favourable prognosis.

This Protocol Extension describes the adaptation of an existing Protocol detailing the use of targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants, an on-demand redox targeting toolset in cultured cells. The adaptation described here is for use of reactive electrophiles and oxidants technologies in live zebrafish embryos (Z-REX). Zebrafish embryos expressing a Halo-tagged protein of interest (POI)—either ubiquitously or tissue specifically—are treated with a HaloTag-specific small-molecule probe housing a photocaged reactive electrophile (either natural electrophiles or synthetic electrophilic drug-like fragments). The reactive electrophile is then photouncaged at a user-defined time, enabling proximity-assisted electrophile-modification of the POI. Functional and phenotypic ramifications of POI-specific modification can then be monitored, by coupling to standard downstream assays, such as click chemistry-based POI-labeling and target-occupancy quantification; immunofluorescence or live imaging; RNA-sequencing and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of downstream-transcript modulations. Transient expression of requisite Halo-POI in zebrafish embryos is achieved by messenger RNA injection. Procedures associated with generation of transgenic zebrafish expressing a tissue-specific Halo-POI are also described. The Z-REX experiments can be completed in <1 week using standard techniques. To successfully execute Z-REX, researchers should have basic skills in fish husbandry, imaging and pathway analysis. Experience with protein or proteome manipulation is useful. This Protocol Extension is aimed at helping chemical biologists study precision redox events in a model organism and fish biologists perform redox chemical biology.

Biological communities within lake surface sediments play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem services. Knowledge on abundance‐occupancy patterns and assembly processes across large spatial scales and over multiple environmental gradients is limited, yet essential to aid in protection and restoration. In the present study, surface sediment samples were collected from 296 lakes across a wide spatial scale and covering multiple interacting environmental gradients including size, depth, altitude, and trophic state. A suite of physicochemical parameters were used to characterize the environmental conditions and bacterial and eukaryotic assemblages were determined using 16Sand 18S rRNAmetabarcoding. The majority (~ 55%) of amplicon sequence variants were only found in a single lake with eukaryotes having a more restricted distribution than bacteria. Deterministic processes were inferred to be dominant for both bacteria (78%) and eukaryotes (51%), with variable selection being especially important for bacteria (49%). Variation partitioning indicated that land use in the catchment, which is strongly related to trophic state, was the most important environmental factor in explaining the assemblage composition. This nationwide study across broad gradients provides new insights into the ecology of bacteria and eukaryotes in lake surface sediments and a platform to better understand the effects of multiple environmental stressors on lake sediment assemblages.

AbstractObjective:To describe the cumulative seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among employees of a large pediatric healthcare system.Design, setting, and participants:Prospective observational cohort study open to adult employees at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, conducted April 20–December 17, 2020.Methods:Employees were recruited starting with high-risk exposure groups, utilizing e-mails, flyers, and announcements at virtual town hall meetings. At baseline, 1 month, 2 months, and 6 months, participants reported occupational and community exposures and gave a blood sample for SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A post hoc Cox proportional hazards regression model was performed to identify factors associated with increased risk for seropositivity.Results:In total, 1,740 employees were enrolled. At 6 months, the cumulative seroprevalence was 5.3%, which was below estimated community point seroprevalence. Seroprevalence was 5.8% among employees who provided direct care and was 3.4% among employees who did not perform direct patient care. Most participants who were seropositive at baseline remained positive at follow-up assessments. In a post hoc analysis, direct patient care (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–3.68), Black race (HR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.24–5.87), and exposure to a confirmed case in a nonhealthcare setting (HR, 4.32; 95% CI, 2.71–6.88) were associated with statistically significant increased risk for seropositivity.Conclusions:Employee SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates remained below the point-prevalence rates of the surrounding community. Provision of direct patient care, Black race, and exposure to a confirmed case in a nonhealthcare setting conferred increased risk. These data can inform occupational protection measures to maximize protection of employees within the workplace during future COVID-19 waves or other epidemics.

Our bodies produce a host of electrophilic species that can label specific endogenous proteins in cells. The signaling roles of these molecules are under active debate. However, in our opinion, it is becoming increasingly likely that electrophiles can rewire cellular signaling processes at endogenous levels. Attention is turning more to understanding how nuanced electrophile signaling in cells is. In this Perspective, we describe recent work from our laboratory that has started to inform on different levels of context-specific regulation of proteins by electrophiles. We discuss the relevance of these data to the field and to the broader application of electrophile signaling to precision medicine development, beyond the traditional views of their pleiotropic cytotoxic roles.

Empirical evidence shows that the often‐made positive correlation between human physical and moral beauty is tenuous. In this study, we aimed to learn whether facial and moral beauty can be psychophysically separated. Participants (n= 95) provided beauty and goodness (i.e., trustworthiness) ratings for pictures of faces, after which they were presented with a fictitious peer rating for the same face and asked to re‐rate the face. We used the difference between the initial and final ratings to quantify the degree of resistance to external influence. We found that judgments of facial beauty were more resistant to external influence than judgments of facial “goodness”; in addition, there was significantly higher agreement within beauty ratings than within goodness ratings. These findings are discussed in light of our Bayesian–Laplacian classification of priors, from which we conclude that moral beauty relies more upon acquired “artifactual” priors and facial beauty more on inherited biological priors.

The proliferation marker Ki67 has been attributed critical functions in maintaining mitotic chromosome morphology and heterochromatin organization during the cell cycle, indicating a potential role in developmental processes requiring rigid cell-cycle control. Here, we discovered that despite normal fecundity and organogenesis, germline deficiency in Ki67 resulted in substantial defects specifically in peripheral B and T lymphocytes. This was not due to impaired cell proliferation but rather to early lymphopoiesis at specific stages where antigen–receptor gene rearrangements occurred. We identified that Ki67 was required for normal global chromatin accessibility involving regulatory regions of genes critical for checkpoint stages in B cell lymphopoiesis. In line with this, mRNA expression of Rag1 was diminished and gene rearrangement was less efficient in the absence of Ki67. Transgenes encoding productively rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chains complemented Ki67 deficiency, completely rescuing early B cell development. Collectively, these results identify a unique contribution from Ki67 to somatic antigen–receptor gene rearrangement during lymphopoiesis.

McAllister, MJ, Steadman, KS, Renteria, LI, Case, MJ, Butawan, MB, Bloomer, RJ, and McCurdy, KW. Acute resistance exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res36(8): 2139–2146, 2022—Acute ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM) results in significant increases in postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) and markers of oxidative stress (OS). Combined aerobic and resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial lipemia; however, it is not clear if acute resistance exercise alone can reduce postprandial OS. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS and to compare the effects of moderate versus high-intensity resistance exercise in this regard. Nine (n= 9) moderately resistance-trained individuals completed 3 testing conditions in a randomized order as follows: (a) rest (no exercise), (b) moderate intensity (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 68% 1 repetition maximum [RM]), and (c) high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets of 6 repetitions at 85% 1RM). Exercises included barbell back squat, bench press, straight leg deadlift, lat pull-down, upright row, and sit-ups. A HFM was ingested 12 hours after each condition. Blood samples were collected immediately before as well as 2 and 4 hours after ingestion and analyzed for TAG, cholesterol (CHOL), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrate/nitrite (NOx), glutathione (GSH), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). When comparing 4 hour area under curve (AUC) data between conditions, AOPP demonstrated a significantly lower AUC after the moderate-intensity condition compared with resting condition. In addition, resistance exercise resulted in significantly higher plasma NOx concentrations as well as lower TAG and CHOL concentrations after HFM ingestion. Resistance exercise also prevented a decline in GSH that was induced by the HFM. These results demonstrate that acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS.

A critical challenge in Space Domain Awareness (SDA) is gaining custody of newly detected or maneuvering objects. The dynamically feasible location of one such object may be represented as an admissible region or reachable set. This paper proposes techniques for exploring search sets using sample-based planning. Several methods for sampling feasible regions of measurement space are developed, and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is applied over a limited horizon to determine time-optimal sets of actions. Tree search aids in overcoming local minima in solutions found with traditional optimization methods. With tasking methodologies in place, a second contribution of this paper explores estimation methodologies in the presence of null detections; these developments are critical to the search and recovery problem, in which the target probability density projected to measurement space is generally much larger than the sensor field of view. A special focus is applied to the admissible region, and given a Gaussian mixture representation of the admissible region, a novel methodology for splitting mixands in an arbitrary measurement space is presented. A mixand weight update is derived for the key scenario in which no detection is made at a measurement epoch. Merging methodologies are applied, and the resultant Gaussian sum filter is demonstrated for a representative case in which follow-on tracking of a geostationary object is desired.