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The cloud computing has developed a vital service in information technology (IT). It assures resource pooling as well as offers services on-demand around the network. The efficient task scheduling and the balanced task distribution become the major challenging problem in the cloud computing system because of the active heterogeneous nature of resources as well as the tasks. The resources are unstable in nature whenever a large number of resources are requested for completing the tasks. The main part of this issue is to design the effective intelligent searching arrangement for scheduling the tasks in suitable virtual machines and how VM schedules the task in the efficient way. In this article, an effective method using MAP reduces structure and HBSFD for the effective task scheduling in the provided cloud. First, from the client’s task, task features are extracted. Later, these extracted features are chosen by the feature choice using the adjusted rand index and the standard deviation ratio (FSASR) method. Then, the larger tasks are divided to smaller subtasks using the map-reduce structure. Finally, the tasks are effectively scheduled with the help of the hybrid bird swarm-based flow directional algorithm (HBSFD). The experimental evaluations are conducted on the platform of cloudsim, and the experimental outcomes demonstrates that the proposed HBSFD technique performs better than other state-of-art approaches with respect to measures such as average turnaround time and processing time.

The primary difference between 3-dimensional printing (3D) and 4-dimensional (4D) printing is the evolution of the 4D printed structures to exhibit shape-morphing characteristics with time. This fourth dimension “time” in 4D printing is the most important aspect in governing the behavior of printed structures. Currently, there is a lack of generic models to predict the time-dependent response of the 4D printed shape memory polymer structures. In this study, a constitutive forward model was developed by extending the classic Timoshenko bi-metal model and validated with results from experiments. Sample strips fabricated using the combination of RGD8525 digital material and Agilus30 elastomer displayed complete shape recovery in ~ 9 s. The curvature of the samples during shape recovery was determined by image processing of the recorded video at specific time intervals. When compared with the linear Timoshenko model, the developed model is in good correlation with the experimental results with an average error of 7.5%. The model enables the prediction of the shape morphing behavior of 4D printed multi-material structures over time prior to printing using two-time constants. The fundamental and generic model will serve as a starting point and general guideline for future developments in modeling the behavior of 4D printed structures.

While transmitting data over wireless sensor networks (WSN), energy conservation and stable routing are two major problems while transmitting data over the Internet. The main problem with data transmission is that it consumes high energy consumption and network overheads. Therefore, an effective routing protocol should ensure transmission stability in the dynamic sensor environment. Data location integration with stable routing (DLI‐SR) has been introduced to achieve this goal. The DLI‐SR approach first determines the cluster head according to the node location in which node energy consumption, node degree, and distance have been considered. Then the cluster members are selected, and information is transmitted to the sink node by ensuring the data transmission stability. Network stability is determined with the help of link quality, the number of hops, and residual energy. These characteristics are used to maintain the network's stability and minimize its high energy consumption. Here, the stable centrality concept is introduced for choosing the first stable nodes, and the stable path is selected from the source node. The hot spot is maintained to reduce the high energy consumption due to the stable nodes' changing. The effective utilization of node and network characteristics helps to improve the overall network performance. This system is implemented via the NS‐2 simulation tool, and its excellence is compared with existing methods. Network stability is determined with the help of link quality, the number of hops, and residual energy. The stable centrality concept is introduced for choosing the first stable nodes, and the stable path is selected from the source node. This system is implemented via the NS‐2 simulation tool, and its excellence is compared with existing methods.

Strength of diffusion bonded AA1100/AA7075 alloys subjected to the lap shear and ram tensile load were performed and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models was established to inaugurate connection amid input variables. Progress in strength was observed for improved interfacial thickness; however, beyond 6 μm thickness and 375 °C, a decline in strength was noticed. Similar trend was noticed for hardness value at 375 °C, whereas interface hardness is same as that of its hardest base alloy to provide optimum bond strength. In addition, failure nature of developed AA1100/AA7075 alloys is examined using electron microscope and intermetallic at the interface is found using X-ray diffraction pattern. Finally, the optimum values for diffusion bonded joints with their responses are affirmed by experimental results.

This review deals with the growth and characterization of various urea and urea derivative single crystals. Samples grown by various methods like slow evaporation, low temperature solution growth, slow cooling, and mechanical direction limitation method from aqueous solution have been discussed. Various properties of these samples have been summarized. Considering that numerous works have been carried out on urea-based crystals, this review is confined to urea and organic derivatives of urea single crystals only. Improved non-linear optical properties of certain urea crystals have been highlighted in this article.

Hastealloy C276 is hard to machine superalloy and extensively used in various engineering applications. It possess good strength and lower thermal conductivity which results in decreased tool life and poor machinability by conventional machining. Advanced machining processes have developed to overcome these difficulties and claimed as an alternative methods. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the advanced method used for machining of hard materials. This article details an investigation on EDM process and development of hybrid Grey ANN model. Taguchi method and ANOVA are used for designing the experiments and statistical analysis respectively. Grey Relational Analysis is adopted for determining the Grey Relational Grade (GRG) to represent the multi aspect optimization model and a neural network has been evolved to predict GRG by feeding the Grey Relational Co-efficient (GRC) values as input to developed neural network model. A comparison has been done between the experimental values and predicted values.

In diverse parallel and distributed computing systems, resource allocation is the progression of distributing consumer tasks for processing elements during execution in which some performance intentions are optimised. This research explains about the innovative resource allocation algorithm for the computing grid environment. In the scheduling problem of independent task in cloud computing, summarise other scheduling algorithms introduce a modified fuzzy C-means (MFCM) clustering algorithm. Our algorithm abstract resource into a model to analyse these characteristics of resources with the MFCM algorithm. From that our proposed technique could decrease a execution time and memory space allocation of the system. For the optimal selection of virtual machines hybrid whale genetic (HWGA) optimisation algorithm is used. Since the virtual machines are optimally selected on the basis of feature values, our proposed method provides reduced load balancing as well as improved parallel execution of tasks.

The inherent properties of Heavy metal oxide glasses have led to their widespread applications in various domains including lasers, optical fibers, optoelectronics, radiation shielding materials etc. Tellurium oxide and bismuth oxides are conditional glass forming heavy metal oxides, which when combined suitably yield significant improvement in the whole system. Lower phonon energy of tellurite helps in aiding broader transmission and lasing properties, while the ability of bismuth ions to reside in various valence states aids in incorporation of optically active rare earth ions in these glasses. Near Infrared emission characteristic of bismuth ions could be improved by co-doping with rare earth ions to improve the emission and consequently their applications as photonic devices. Higher density of these oxides helps in increasing the radiation shielding ability, thereby making them suitable replacement materials for lead based toxic compounds. This article is an attempt to review the recent reports within the last decade on glasses based on bismuth tellurites for lasing and radiation shielding applications.

The cat tail (Typha elephantina), a non-food commercial crop grows as an emergent hydrophyte in tidal waterlogged areas. Its leaves are used for preparing mats and used as roof top and wall partition. Typhasp. has been found to be efficient accumulator of N from sediment under waterlogged condition. The N utilization mainly through nitrate reductase (NR) activity was studied in Typhawith four levels of N fertilizers i.e. 0, 30 and 60 and 90 kg ha−1applied at three stages of plant growth i.e. basal, 3 and 6 month after planting. In general, there was reduction in NR activity under waterlogged condition in Typha. But application of @ 90 kg ha−1maintained high NR activity when it was applied as basal stage. Basal application of N was found better than its application at 3 or 6 month stage of crop growth. The higher leaf NR activity at 60 and 90 kg ha−1N application level suggested better N utilization under waterlogged environment. The photosynthesis rate showed significant increase with higher N application concomitant with greater stomatal conductance (r = 0.84**; n = 12). There was significant increase in leaf yield when N was applied @ 90 kg ha−1N level as basal dosage as compared to later stage (3 or 6 months) of crop growth. The highest fertilizer use efficiency (kg dry leaf kg−1applied N) was also found at 90 kg N ha−1as compared to 30 or 60 kg ha−1N level, which corroborated superior N fertilizer utilization ability of Typhaunder waterlogged condition.

This study investigated simultaneous heavy metals removal and anthracene biodegradation by Rhodococcus opacusat different initial anthracene concentrations in the range 50–200 mg L−1. The heavy metals tested were Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) at 10 mg L−1initial concentration: The organism was found to be well capable of removing the heavy metals along with high anthracene biodegradation efficiency. However, anthracene biodegradation rate by the organism was reduced due to these heavy metals. In addition, the heavy metals effect on R. opacusbiomass growth followed the order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Cu > Zn > Fe. The total time to anthracene biodegradation increased from 144 to 216 h in the presence of Fe, Zn, Cu, or Pb, and it was up to 240 h in the presence of Cd or Ni. Compared with 70.2% (w/w) lipid accumulation by the bacterium in the absence of these heavy metals, a significant decline in the same was observed in the presence of the different heavy metals. These values were 41.2, 44.1, 52.1, 54.1, 58.6, and 63.1% (w/w) for Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the biomass grown in the presence and absence of these heavy metals further confirmed a change in morphology of the bacterium due to the heavy metals. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy spectra of the biomass obtained during its growth in the presence and absence of the heavy metals confirmed the involvement of N–H, C–H bend, –CH2–(C=O), C–N stretch, C–H and O–H bending, and –C–Cl groups on the biomass for heavy metal uptake by the bacterium.

Inconel 718 is a hard to machine nickel-based super alloy. It is extensively used in aerospace industries. It has high-strength and poor thermal diffusion which results in decreased life of tool and difficulty in machining by traditional methods. Unconventional machining processes have evolved over a period to meet such demands and claim to be a suitable alternative to conventional machining. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an unconventional manufacturing process which is used to machine hard to machine materials. This paper presents an investigation on the application of Taguchi's approach and regression model to optimise the electrochemical drilling process of Inconel 718. The trials are planned using design of experiments proposed by Taguchi. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to determine the significance of input variables on the desired performance measures. The control of form and orientation errors of machined surfaces needs attention and included as desired performance. Multiple regression models have been developed to predict the desired performance measures in electrochemical drilling of Inconel 718.

The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber has widely investigated as a sensor and transducer material, because of its high piezo and Ferro electric properties. The novel nano structure of PVDF has attracted considerable interest in the bio sensing and biomedical application. This paper deals with PVDF Tactile sensor. Basically The PVDF acts as piezoelectric effect which convert load into electrical signals. The tactile sensor has a main role for visual handicap and robotics. Any physical activities of robotic in all industrial the tactile sensor is a crucible role, whether it can left the object or handling glass parts pressure of object is main. The Sandwich type PVDF base tactile sensor has been fabricated using nanofiber. Using electro spinning method, the PVDF based nanofiber coated over coper the electrodes. In normal, the PVDF has α-phase and while applying electric pulse the PVDF polymer would be changed from α-phase into β-phase. Only in β-phase, the PVDF act as piezo electrics sensor and measure the piezoelectricity simultaneously measure pressure and temperature in real time. The pressure was monitored from the change in the electrical resistance via the piezo resistance of the material. The enhancement of PVDF properties has been carried by using SEM. The SEM image result showed that the size of nanofiber, the size of nanofiber is varied in the range of (180 nm-400 nm) with smooth surface. The X-Ray diffraction has shown that the PVDF was aggregated with the β-phase crystalline nature. Due to β-phase it was act as a piezo electric prosperity’s and its results are very high sensitivity.

Abstract: The systematic study of background radiation and the distribution of radionuclides in the environment of Nilgiris biosphere in South India, have been carried out with an objective of establishing reliable baseline data on the background radiation level of the region. Soil samples have been collected at various places of Kotagiri taluk in Nilgiris biosphere and are analyzed for radioactivity measurements of primordial radionuclides by 3"×3" NaI(TI) gamma-ray spectrometer. It is observed that the average activity of 232Th series, 238U series and 40K in soil samples is found to be 102 Bq.kg–1, 41 Bq.kg–1 and 229 Bq.kg–1, respectively which contributes to a total gamma-dose of 86 nGy.h–1. Results of this systematic investigation establish the existence of wide range of variation in 232Th series, 238U series and 40K activities, which may be attributable to the existence of wide variety of lithological compounds in the zone under study. The ambient gamma-radiation dose measured is found to vary from 91 to 193 nGy.h–1 with a mean of 142.8 nGy.h–1. The measured ambient gamma-dose is more than 50% of the dose calculated from soil activities, which is due to the higher cosmic ray contribution to the total dose in the environment. The data is compared with different places around the world and the results are discussed in this paper

Abstract: Measurement of concentration of radon and thoron daughter products in various indoor environment covering four seasons of a year in Udagamandalam Taluk of Nilgiris biosphere has been carried out using a high volume air sampler to asses the inhalation dose to the population which delivers higher dose than the radon and thoron gas alone. The potential alpha-energy concentrations of the radon and thoron progeny ranged from 0.97 to 12.72 mWL and from 1.63 to 15.83 mWL with a geometric mean of 6.02 and 7.89 mWL, respectively, taking all seasons into account. These measurements have yielded a wealth of data on the variation among the indoor radon and thoron progeny in various places during different seasons. The radon and thoron progeny levels are higher in winter seasons and are less in summer season with autumn and spring data lie in between winter and summer. Using the dose conversion factor for indoor exposures given in UNSCEAR 93 report the internal equivalent dose to the inhalation of radon progeny is evaluated to be 1357 mSv.y–1 and the corresponding annual effective dose equivalent value has been found to be 2.13 mSv.y–1. It can be observed that the mean value of radon is higher than the Indian average. Also it is found the radon and thoron progeny levels are higher in the case of houses built with rock and granite and in tiled type houses of nearly 100 years old. The levels are less in the case of houses built with brick and cement. The observed results for different types of houses and seasons are discussed in this paper.

This work reports that of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/fullerene based polymer piezoelectric sensory for the detection of pulmonary pressure under blowing conditions. This operating mechanism of the devices follows the level of air pressure coming from the lungs during exhalation. Although each category of people has its own lung capacity, that has been classified according to age, sex, respiratory size and capacity. When the air is blown from the mouth to the sensory, due to the pressure variation, the piezoelectric film generates the electrical signal as a function of the periodic deformation. Here, the developed PVDF/Fullerene mixed film sensor having a high sensitivity for the applied pressure variation, to achieve that milestone the sensor was fully encapsulated by the insulation layer and to prevent the noises. To confirm the physiochemical properties, the Si/PVDF/Fullerene MEMS nanofiber sensors were thoroughly characterized using XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. Currently, various types of blower are used in clinics and hospitals but that modules were manual operation and accuracy also poor. This sensor is more accurate than the commercial one and it has tested with the standard pressure sensor available on the market and based on that the sensor function is optimized for lung pressure measurement. The pulmonary pressure is one of the important cases for the biotic. The lung pressure exposes inhaling and exhaling capacity, swelling, cancer and other breathing problems. So the pulmonary pressure is respected and allows close monitoring of the current state of lung capacity by promising detection instrument for monitor pulmonary pressure in-home care units.

Rare earth doped barium tellurite glasses were synthesised and explored for their radiation shielding applications. All the samples showed good thermal stability with values varying between 101°C to 135°C based on dopants. Structural properties showed the dominance of matrix elements compared to rare earth dopants in forming the bridging and non-bridging atoms in the network. Bandgap values varied between 3.30 and 4.05 eV which was found to be monotonic with respective rare earth dopants indicating their modification effect in the network. Various radiation shielding parameters like linear attenuation coefficient, mean free path and half value layer were calculated and each showed the effect of doping. For all samples, LAC values decreased with increase in energy and is attributed to photoelectric mechanism. Thulium doped glasses showed the highest value of 1.18 cm-1at 0.245 MeV for 2 mol.% doping, which decreased in the order of erbium, holmium and the base barium tellurite glass, while half value layer and mean free paths showed an opposite trend with least value for 2 mol.% thulium indicating that thulium doped samples are better attenuators compared to undoped and other rare earth doped samples. Studies indicate an increased level of thulium doping in barium tellurite glasses can lead to efficient shielding materials for high energy radiation.

In this study, novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) based Calcium–Iron Layered Double Hydroxide (Ca–Fe LDH) nanocomposites were investigated for sustained drug delivery application using the antibiotic norflaxacin (NFX) as a model drug. Compared with other LDH and montmorillonite nanoclays, Ca–Fe LDH showed a high drug loading capacity. In vitrodrug release experiments with PHB/NFX, PHB/NFX LDH, and PHB/PEG/NFX LDH were performed using two different phosphate buffer solutions of pH 5.3 and pH 7.4. Among these nanocomposites, the PHB/PEG/3 NFX LDH nanocomposite showed a very high drug release efficiency of 95.91% in pH 5.3 and 73.40 ± 3.41% in pH 7.4, which was followed by PHB/3 NFX LDH with a drug release efficiency of 82.60% in pH 5.3 and 66.81 ± 2.25% in pH 7.4. Furthermore, the drug release kinetics due to PHB/PEG/3 NFX LDH in pH 5.3 and pH 7.4 followed zero-order and Higuchi model kinetics, respectively. Characterization results of the polymer nanocomposite films using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis as well as antibacterial activity of the PHB formulations against Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia colirevealed excellent potential of the PHB based LDH nanocomposites for sustained drug release applications.

Abstract: The gas collection measurement method was employed to determine radon activity concentrations in the water of Coonoor. Open well water, dam water and stream water have been investigated for their radon concentrations. It is observed that the highest radon concentration is in the open well water and the lowest in stream water. From these measurements, the corresponding annual effective ingestion dose is determined.

The objective of this project is to control all electronic device in the house, remotely and to automate some parts of the house like pipes, garage using Arduino or raspberry pi. The raspberry pi is a microprocessor which can be used for multiple purposes like getting input signal, based on the signal the output is calculated and sent to the actuators. Here we use raspberry pi board, few dc motors (this motor works on dc using permanent magnet), LED lights and a model of 3d model of the house. The prototype model build using 3d printer and electrical bulb, doors, fan and washing machine are demonstrated. This project will be a real-world model which will have the ability to perform task of operating devices, remotely. This project will help the people to keep an eye on their house when they are not home and help to on or off some of the appliances when they are away from home.

Every year thousands of vehicle occupants are killed or injured due to road accidents. Out of which 8% are due to large truck accidents. Truck under ride accidents represents major part of the truck related accidents. Rear Under ride Protective Device(RUPD) of the truck is the main structure for absorbing the energy of collisions during rear impact. It is essential to improve the energy absorption characteristics of RUPD due to poor road conditions and primitive passenger safety systems in India. The current project is aimed at improving the energy absorption capacity of RUPD, for that two different designs are made and analyzed for improved deformation and strain energy storing capacity. The analysis was carried out in ANSYS and results are evaluated between two models for improvement in the deformation and strain energy storing capacity.

Distributed computing is one of the developing innovations in IT part and information security assumes a real part. It includes sending gathering of remote server and programming that permit the unified information and online access to PC administrations. Distributed computing depends on offering of asset among different clients are additionally progressively reallocated on interest. Cloud computing is a revolutionary computing paradigm which enables flexible, on-demand and low-cost usage of computing resources. The reasons for security and protection issues, which rise on the grounds that the health information possessed by distinctive clients are put away in some cloud servers rather than under their own particular control"z. To deal with security problems, various schemes based on the Attribute-Based Encryption have been proposed. In this paper, in order to make ehealth data's more secure we use multi party in cloud computing system. Where the health data is encrypted using attributes and key policy. And the user with a particular attribute and key policy alone will be able to decrypt the health data after it is verified by "key distribution centre" and the "secure data distributor". This technique can be used in medical field for secure storage of patient details and limiting to particular doctor access. To make data's scalable secure we need to encrypt the health data before outsourcing.

The systematic study of background radiation and the distribution of radionuclides in the environment of Udagamandalam in Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu has been made. Gamma spectrometric analysis of the soil samples of this area has been carried out. The measured gamma dose in air is in the range 31.6 nGy.h-1 - 221.1 nGy.h-1 with a mean value 121.8 nGy.h-1. The average activities of the 232Th series, 238U series and 40K in soil samples are 114.6 � 52.5 Bq.kg-1, 43.2 � 23.2 Bq.kg-1 and 274.6 � 86.7 Bq.kg-1 respectively.