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The emerging self-healing concept in rubber materials appears to be a good option for reducing rubber waste since it can enhance the longevity of the product's structure in conjunction with standard development goals to ensure sustainable consumption and efficient use of resources. Self-healing elastomers are fabricated to heal cracks and damage both at the micro and macroscopic levels to restrict failure by incorporating healing agents extrinsically or intrinsically. The major successful techniques to fabricate self-healing rubber were reviewed. The review also focuses on testing and analysis methods to understand the healing phenomena and quantification methods to measure the healing performance. The review also includes an overview of the self-healing elastomers for tyre applications.

Natural based film have been studied as a possible replacement for the conventional films because it can be developed from natural sources. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of acetylation contact time to the physical and mechanical properties of the jackfruit rind based cellulose acetate film. Acetylation of jackfruit rind based cellulose was studied and samples with different degree of substitution were obtained as a function of contact time from 1 hour to 24 hours. The products were characterized by saponification reaction. In this study, saponifcation reaction showed that, more hydroxyl group were substituted with acetyl groups as the contact time of acetylation increased. The Cellulose Acetate (CA) had been mixed in the gelatine matrix film. The addition of jackfruit rind based CA showed that the moisture uptake and solubility of the film decreased compared to Cellulose/Gelatine composite film. This is because acetyl groups are more hydrophobic than hydroxyl groups thus reducing the hydophilic nature of cellulose. Additionally, from the tensile test, it was proven that the film with CA of 24 hours contact time exhibits the highest tensile strength.

Coconut coir husk (CCH) was chosen to extract it lignin due to high lignin content comparable with other natural fibre. The lignin was extracted and its utilization in production of phenolic resin was investigated. The percentage extracted lignin obtained in this studied was 38.1% which indicated the high yield of lignin. Two phenolic resins were prepared, which are phenol-formaldehyde resin and lignin-formaldehyde resin. The functional group present in the lignin and both phenolic resins were further analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings from the infrared spectra of the lignin-formaldehyde resin were similar to the phenol-formaldehyde resin. These indicate that lignin can be partially used as phenol in phenolic resin synthesis.