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Pollution of surface water by heavy metal hexavalent chromium ions poses a serious threat to human health; herein, a two-dimensional (2D) cationic breathing Ni-MOF with free nitrate ions between the layers was designed and synthesized according to the characteristics of hexavalent chromium ions, {[Ni(L)2](NO3)2·5H2O}n(L = 1,3,5-tris[4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]benzene). The flexible layer spacing of the 2D breathing Ni-MOF allows the exchange of NO3–by CrO42–without destroying the original structure. Electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions between CrO42–and Ni-MOF facilitate its exchange with NO3–. Moreover, CrO42–exhibits a higher binding energy with Ni-MOF compared to NO3–, and the hydrophobic channels of Ni-MOF favor CrO42–trapping due to its lower hydration energy. Consequently, Ni-MOF demonstrates both effective sorption and electrochemical sensing of Cr(VI), achieving a sensitivity of 2.091 μA μM–1and a detection limit of 0.07 μM.

Combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT and PTT) can achieve more superior therapeutic effects than the sole mode by maximizing the photon utilization, but there remains a significant challenge in the development of related single-molecule photosensitizers (PSs), particularly those with type I photosensitization. In this study, self-assembly of squaraine dyes (SQs) is shown to be a promising strategy for designing PSs for combined type I PDT and PTT, and a supramolecular PS (TPE-SQ7) has been successfully developed through subtle molecular design of an indolenine SQ, which can self-assemble into highly ordered H-aggregates in aqueous solution as well as nanoparticles (NPs). In contrast to the typical quenching effect of H-aggregates on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, our results encouragingly manifest that H-aggregates can enhance type I ROS (•OH) generation by facilitating the intersystem crossing process while maintaining a high PTT performance. Consequently, TPE-SQ7 NPs with ordered H-aggregates not only exhibit superior combined therapeutic efficacy than the well-known PS (Ce6) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions but also have excellent biosafety, making them have important application prospects in tumor phototherapy and antibacterial fields. This study not only proves that the supramolecular self-assembly of SQs is an effective strategy toward high-performance PSs for combined type I PDT and PTT but also provides a different understanding of the effect of H-aggregates on the PDT performance.

Lead halide perovskite anion exchange reactions tend to be spontaneous and rapid. To achieve precise control of anion exchange and modulate the bandgaps of perovskites to meet the demands in full-color displays, a laser-induced liquid-phase anion exchange method is developed in this paper. CsPbBr3perovskites embedded in a polymer matrix are converted to CsPb(BrxCl1–x)3and CsPb(BrxI1–x)3perovskites, realizing the shift from green fluorescence to blue and red fluorescence. By changing the laser parameters, the anion exchange extent and luminescence wavelength are precisely tuned, with the maximum tuning wavelength range of 431–696 nm. Due to the focusing properties of the laser, the spatial position of anion exchange can be precisely controlled, which is significant for realizing fast and accurate patterning without masks. Based on this method, blue patterns with different light-emitting wavelengths are fabricated. RGB three-color patterns on a single perovskite composite film are successfully prepared by further replacement of halogen ions. More importantly, the polymer matrix provides ultraflexibility and good stability for the films; even if the composite films are arbitrarily folded or repeatedly bent, they can still maintain good luminous intensity. This method will show great potential in the field of flexible, full-color displays.

In the complex space radiation environment, space electronic devices are inevitably damaged by energetic particles, such as protons, leading to degradation of electrical performance. However, previous studies have rarely explored the effect of proton irradiation on the electrical properties of $\boldsymbol {\beta } $ -Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This article investigates the effect of 300-MeV proton irradiation on the electrical properties of the $\boldsymbol {\beta } $ -Ga2O3 SBD. The degradation mechanisms are evaluated through current-voltage (I–V), capacitance-voltage (C–V), and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. After 300-MeV proton irradiation with the influence of $1\times 10^{{13}}$ p/cm2, the SBD devices show significant reduc- tion in forward current density and breakdown voltage ( ${V} _{\text {br}}$ ). The degradation is related to the decrease in carrier concentration due to the generation of body defects in the epitaxial layer caused by proton irradiation. In addition, further DLTS measurement shows that the body defects induced by 300-MeV proton irradiation are deep energy level defects, energy level ( ${E} _{C}$ – ${E} _{T}$ ) increases from 0.758 to 1.345 eV, and the defect concentration increases from $1.08\times 10^{{13}}$ cm $^{-{3}}$ to $1.51\times 10^{{13}}$ cm $^{-{3}}$ .

Cloud services have shifted from monolithic designs to microservices running on cloud-native infrastructure with monitoring systems to ensure service level agreements (SLAs). However, traditional monitoring systems no longer meet the demands of cloud-native monitoring. In Alibaba’s “double eleven” shopping festival, it is observed that the monitor occupies resources of the monitored infrastructure and even disrupts services. In this paper, we propose a novel monitoring system named Zero+ for cloud-native monitoring. Zero+ achieves zero overhead in collecting raw metrics using one-sided remote direct memory access (RDMA) and remedies network congestion by adopting a receiver-driven flow control scheme. Zero+ also features a priority queue mechanism to meet different quality of service requirements and an efficient batch processing design to relieve CPU occupation. Zero+ has been deployed and evaluated in four different clusters with heterogeneous RDMA NIC devices and architectures in Alibaba Cloud. Results show that Zero+ achieves no CPU occupation at the monitored host and supports $1\sim 10k$ hosts with $0.1\sim 1s$ sampling interval using a single thread for network I/O. Zero+ significantly relieves the incast issue and maintains $80\sim 95\%$ of bandwidth utilization in several clusters when monitoring $1k$ hosts. Zero+ also ensures services with high priority accomplish collecting metrics earlier than low priority ones by at least $400 \mu s$ when monitoring $1k$ hosts.

In this study, three processing parameters of SGP were theoretically optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD) method for improving the wear resistance of Cronidur 30 steels. Subsequent SGP treatments of Cronidur 30 steels under optimized process parameters and reference parameters were carried out. Their mechanical properties, such as microhardness, residual stress, and wear resistance were investigated. Results indicate that the sample treated with optimized parameters exhibited the best performance, showing a maximum microhardness of 846.8 HV, a maximum residual stress of −961.59 Mpa, and a strengthened layer over 100 μm. Under a load of 60 N, friction coefficients manifested a variance between 0.43 and 0.52, and a wear volume measurement of 7.12 × 105 μm3was recorded. Compared to untreated samples, these parameters represent reductions of 15.7 % to 31.5 % for the friction coefficient and 46.98 % for the wear volume, respectively. A substantial grain refinement was also noted within the machined surface. This work demonstrates the feasibility of theoretically optimizing multiphase jet processing parameters, elucidating their potential to greatly enhance both SGP efficiency and the mechanical attributes of metallic materials.

TiZrTaNb-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are research frontier of biomedical materials due to their high hardness, good yield strength, excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Sn, as an essential trace element in the human body that plays a significant role in physiological process. It has stable chemical properties and a low elastic modulus. In this study, a new material, TiZrTaNbSn HEAs, was proposed as a potential biomedical alloy. The Ti35Zr25Ta15Nb15Sn10biomedical high-entropy alloys (BHEAs) were successfully prepared through an arc melting furnace and then remelted using a German high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus under GPa-level (4 GPa and 7 GPa). The precipitation behavior of the needle-like HCP-Zr5Sn3phase that precipitates discontinuously at the grain boundary was successfully controlled. The phase constitution, microstructure, and corrosion resistance of the alloy were studied. The results show that the needle-like HCP-Zr5Sn3phase is eliminated and the (Zr, Sn)-rich nanoprecipitated phase is precipitated in the microstructure under high pressure, which leads to the narrowing of grain boundaries and consequently improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy. In addition, the formation mechanisms of (Zr, Sn)-rich nanoprecipitates in BHEAs were discussed. More Zr and Sn dissolve in the matrix due to the effect of high pressure, during the cooling process, they precipitate to form a (Zr, Sn)-rich nano-precipitated phase.

The neutron-induced single event burnout (SEB) failure is investigated for SiC metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) by conducting spallation neutron irradiation at different temperatures in the range of −25 °C~125 °C. The SEB failure rates of SiC MOSFETs at different temperatures and voltages are calculated based on the accelerated experimental results. It shows that the failure rates increase exponentially with drain bias voltages and decrease exponentially with temperatures. An empirical formula of failure rate as a function of voltage and temperature is established for the 900 V SiC MOSFET. The influence of temperature on SEB effect is also studied by technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations.

The effects of surface roughness on the performance of the Zn metal anode in aqueous electrolytes are investigated by experiments and computational simulations. Smooth surfaces can homogenize the nucleation and growth of Zn, which helps to form a flat Zn anode under high current density. In spite of these advantages, the whole surface of the smooth electrode serves as the reactive contact area for parasitic reactions, generating severe hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and byproduct formation, which seriously hinder the long-term cycle stability of the Zn anode. To trade off this double-sided effect, we identify a medium degree of surface roughness that could stabilize the Zn anode for 1000 h cycling at 1.0 mAh cm–2. The electrode also enabled stable cycling for 800 h at a high current density of 5.0 mAh cm–2. This naked Zn metal anode with optimized surface roughness holds great promise for direct use in aqueous zinc ion batteries.

This letter proposes an iterative channel estimation algorithm based on orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) for orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) systems, where the pilot and data are superimposed on each chirp. Therefore, such a system can achieve higher spectral efficiency (SE) compared to most of the existing algorithms. Meanwhile, a pilot pattern is designed in the frequency domain to ensure the estimation accuracy while reducing the power occupied by pilot. Furthermore, the influence of data symbols on channel estimation is decreased through iterations. Simulation results demonstrate the fast convergence of the proposed iterative algorithm as well as better bit error rate (BER) performance in high-speed communication scenarios compared to related algorithms.

Background: It was essential to identify individuals at high risk of fragility fracture and prevented them due to the significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden associated with fragility fracture. The quantitative ultrasound (QUS) showed promise in assessing bone structure characteristics and determining the risk of fragility fracture. Aims: To evaluate the performance of a multi-channel residual network (MResNet) based on ultrasonic radiofrequency (RF) signal to discriminate fragility fractures retrospectively in postmenopausal women, and compared it with the traditional parameter of QUS, speed of sound (SOS), and bone mineral density (BMD) acquired with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Methods: Using QUS, RF signal and SOS were acquired for 246 postmenopausal women. An MResNet was utilized, based on the RF signal, to categorize individuals with an elevated risk of fragility fracture. DXA was employed to obtain BMD at the lumbar, hip, and femoral neck. The fracture history of all adult subjects was gathered. Analyzing the odds ratios (OR) and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUC) was done to evaluate the effectiveness of various methods in discriminating fragility fracture. Results: Among the 246 postmenopausal women, 170 belonged to the non-fracture group, 50 to the vertebral group, and 26 to the non-vertebral fracture group. MResNet was competent to discriminate any fragility fracture (OR = 2.64; AUC = 0.74), Vertebral fracture (OR = 3.02; AUC = 0.77), and non-vertebral fracture (OR = 2.01; AUC = 0.69). After being modified by clinical covariates, the efficiency of MResNet was further improved to OR = 3.31–4.08, AUC = 0.81–0.83 among all fracture groups, which significantly surpassed QUS-SOS (OR = 1.32–1.36; AUC = 0.60) and DXA-BMD (OR = 1.23–2.94; AUC = 0.63–0.76). Conclusions: This pilot cross-sectional study demonstrates that the MResNet model based on the ultrasonic RF signal shows promising performance in discriminating fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. When incorporating clinical covariates, the efficiency of the modified MResNet is further enhanced, surpassing the performance of QUS-SOS and DXA-BMD in terms of OR and AUC. These findings highlight the potential of the MResNet as a promising approach for fracture risk assessment. Future research should focus on larger and more diverse populations to validate these results and explore its clinical applications.

Achieving high-performance fully-vertical GaN devices on low-cost and large-scale foreign substrates are highly attractive for the development of device technology. In this work, by performing pulsed laser lift-off and laser annealing techniques, high-performance fully-vertical GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with superior N-face ohmic contact characteristics are demonstrated. The resulting device exhibits low specific contact resistivity of $3.51\times 10^{-{5}}\,\,\Omega \cdot $ cm2 and differential specific on-resistance of 0.58 $\text{m}\Omega \cdot $ cm2, as well as intact anode Schottky contact. In particular, this device demonstrates robust electrothermal robustness, such as the largest surge current density of 15.6 kA/cm2 to date. Moreover, by implementing N-implanted termination, the breakdown voltage of the device is remarkably enhanced from 240 to 523 V, which is competitive with the state-of-the-art quasi-vertical SBDs. These results reveal the notable potential of pulsed laser lift-off/annealing combined with N-implanted termination for realizing fully-vertical devices.

The influence of bias and temperature on total ionizing dose (TID) effects are studied for SiC MOSFETs. The TID degradations are manifested as the negative threshold voltage shift and leakage current increase. The radiation-induced positive trapped charge in the gate oxide, but not the interface trap, is the main contributor to the degradation of SiC MOSFET under different bias and temperature conditions. The generation rate and trapping probability of radiation-induced holes under different bias conditions are different, resulting in differences in the severity of TID degradations. A positive gate bias leads to more radiation-induced hole generation in the gate oxide, so worse degradations are observed under positive on bias than the other biases. However, when the gate bias voltage is too high, the probability of radiation-induced holes being captured by trap centers decreases, which in turn leads to smaller degradation. A model considering the generation rate and trapping efficiency of the radiation-induced hole is used to calculate the radiation-induced trapped charge density in the gate oxide. Good agreement is achieved between the measured data and model calculation under different bias conditions. Low-temperature enhanced TID effect is observed for SiC MOSFETs, which is manifested as a larger negative threshold voltage shift at lower temperatures. Temperature primarily affects the TID effect by altering the transport rate of holes in the gate oxide. With the slower transport rate of radiation-induced holes at lower temperatures, some additional holes cannot be removed from the gate oxide after irradiation, ultimately leading to a greater threshold voltage shift.

Remote operated vehicles (ROVs) carrying various sensors can regularly perform inspection tasks in fishnet areas, hence reducing manpower and financial consumption. However, the repeated texture features of the fishnet cause perceptual ambiguity in the state-of-the-art stereo vision technologies, and monocular vision methods can only provide up-to-scale pose estimation results. This article proposes a scale-aware monocular odometry based on direct sparse method (DSO) to yield accurate estimation on vehicle’s position for fishnet inspection. Especially, a region-of-interest (ROI) extraction method is proposed to extract fishnet images containing only repeated textures, enabling the odometry initialization to be completed in any region of the cage. Moreover, absolute scale is obtained by aligning the mesh model with the real fishnet, where the mesh is parameterized onto the tangent plane. The proposed method is experimentally evaluated on a sea trail using an ROV in Sanya, China. Experimental results show that our method can yield accurate odometry estimate for underwater vehicles even with both repeated and weak features in fishnet.

Ultrasound imaging offers a noninvasive, radiation-free method for visualizing internal tissues and organs, with deep penetration capabilities. This has established it as a crucial tool for physicians in diagnosing internal tissue pathologies and monitoring human conditions. Nonetheless, conventional ultrasound probes are often characterized by their rigidity and bulkiness. Designing a transducer that can seamlessly adapt to the contours and dynamics of soft, curved human skin presents significant technical hurdles. We present a novel flexible and stretchable ultrasound transducer (FSUT) designed for adaptability to large-curvature surfaces while preserving superior imaging quality. Central to this breakthrough is the innovative use of screen-printed silver nanowires (AgNWs) coupled with a composite elastic substrate, together ensuring robust and stable electrical and mechanical connections. Standard tensile and fatigue tests verify its durability. The mechanical, electrical, and acoustic properties of FSUTs are characterized using standard methods, with large tensile strains (≥110%), high flexibility ( ${R} \ge1.4$ mm), and lightweight ( $\le 1.58$ g) to meet the needs of wearable devices. Center frequency and −6-dB bandwidth are approximately 5.3 MHz and 66.47%, respectively. Images of the commercial anechoic cyst phantom yielded an axial and lateral resolution (depths of 10–70 mm) of approximately 0.31 and 0.46, and 0.34 and 0.84 mm, respectively. The complex curved surface imaging capabilities of FSUT were tested on agar-gelatin-based breast cyst phantoms under different curvatures. Finally, ultrasound images of the thyroid, brachial, and carotid arteries were also obtained from volunteer wearing FSUT.

In this work, Er–Zr-Sc modified Al–Mg alloy, manufactured by selective laser melting, offers excellent mechanical properties, due to the formation of a desirable microstructure and the synergistic effects of multiple strengthening mechanisms. The microstructure in as-built and aged alloys have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the microstructure of alloy is composed of equiaxed grains (∼0.7 μm in diameter) along the boundary of molten pool and columnar grains (∼1.46 μm in width) inside the molten pool. Al3(Sc,Zr) particles serve as nucleation sites to promote the nucleation of equiaxed grains, and Al3(Er,M) eutectic phases and other compounds at the grain boundaries inhibit grain growth, both of which greatly refine the grains and bring significant grain boundary strengthening and Orowan strengthening effect. During the aging process, coherent Al3(Er,Zr,Sc) nano-precipitates are dispersedly precipitated from the Al matrix, which plays a key role in improving the mechanical properties of the aged alloy, and then the alloy reaches a yield strength of 530 MPa, a tensile strength of up to 542 MPa, and an elongation of over 12 %. Under the combined addition of Er, Sc, and Zr, and the influence of multi-element interaction, the alloy has high-density secondary phases and extremely fine grains, which are the main sources of reinforcement.

Introduction: Although transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy (TOETVA) is widely utilized in clinical practice, some problems and restrictions still remain. Our study compared the perioperative features and early surgical efficacy of TOETVA and a modified transoral and submental endoscopic thyroidectomy (TOaST) in early stage papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: The clinical data of PTC patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy, including 42 modified TOaST patients and 114 traditional TOETVA patients, were retrospectively collected. Propensity score matching was employed to reduce patient selection bias. The perioperative features and early surgical efficacy data of two groups were compared. Results: The operation time of the TOaST group was significantly shorter than that of the TOETVA group (150.00 ± 35.47 min vs. 168.75 ± 44.49 min; P= 0.030). Furthermore, the TOaST group required shorter days for a normal diet (3.38 ± 0.93 days vs. 4.04 ± 1.03 days; P= 0.000) and a shorter hospital stay than the TOETVA group (5.85 ± 2.17 days vs. 6.12 ± 2.01 days; P= 0.003). There was no statistical difference in complications between the two groups, but the probability of numbness of the lower lip and chin in the TOaST group was lower than that in the TOETVA group(5.12% vs. 13.04%, P= 0.321). The symptoms of mandibular numbness and hoarseness of most patients were relieved in both groups 6 months after surgery, and no abnormalities and recurrence were found in the thyroid ultrasound. All the patients were satisfied with the appearance of their surgical incision. Conclusion: In early stage PTC patients, TOaST had the same surgical effectiveness as traditional TOETVA but can minimize the probability of mandibular numbness and improve the perioperative quality of life. Graphical abstract:

Flexible ultrasound transducers (FUTs), capable of conforming to irregular surfaces, have become a research hotspot in the field of medical imaging. With these transducers, high-quality ultrasound images can be obtained only if strict design criteria are fulfilled. Moreover, the relative positions of array elements must be determined, which are important for ultrasound beamforming and image reconstruction. These two major characteristics present great challenges to the design and fabrication of FUTs compared to that for traditional rigid probes. In this study, an optical shape-sensing fiber was embedded into a 128-element flexible linear array transducer to acquire the real-time relative positions of array elements to produce high-quality ultrasound images. Minimum concave and convex bend diameters of approximately 20 and 25 mm, respectively, were achieved. The transducer was flexed 2000 times, and yet no obvious damage was observed. Stable electrical and acoustic responses confirmed its mechanical integrity. The developed FUT exhibited an average center frequency of 6.35 MHz, and average −6-dB bandwidth of 69.2%. The array profile and element positions measured by the optic shape-sensing system were instantly transferred to the imaging system. Phantom experiments for both spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio proved that FUTs can maintain satisfactory imaging capability despite bending to sophisticated geometries. Finally, color Doppler images and Doppler spectra of the peripheral arteries of healthy volunteers were obtained in real time.

Future wireless networks will witness ubiquitous human-machine interactions, where extended reality (XR) is expected to be a key scenario in next-generation mobile systems. In this article, we examine the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) framework in XR, where a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) may assist user (UE) positioning and communication. Specifically, a practical positioning algorithm based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) with the aid of specially designed RIS configurations is conceived. Furthermore, we formulate the joint optimization of the UE beamformer and RIS phase shifter to maximize the channel capacity under Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) constraints, which is solved by alternating optimization with gradient projection and manifold optimization. Finally, we use simulation results to demonstrate the feasibility of the conceived positioning algorithm and corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.

Highly accurate target angle estimation is essential for target tracking. In closely spaced scenarios, when multiple targets are close to each other, their measurement points will be located in the same range-azimuth cell. In particular, under wideband radar conditions, the target is expanded into multiple scattering points. When multiple extended targets are located close to each other in space, there may be multiple target scattering points falling within the same range-azimuth cell. In this case, there is a large bias in the estimated angle of each extended target, which affects the accuracy of the estimated angle of the closely spaced extended target. To solve this problem, this article proposes a closely spaced extended target angle estimation method under multiple observations. The proposed method utilizes the principle of invariance of extended target scattering characteristics between adjacent pulses to predict the scattering of extended target echoes and employs maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to estimate the extended target angle. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are evaluated through experimental simulation.

Defective two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides can be effective electrocatalysts for Li–S batteries, but the relationship between defect types and battery performance is unclear. In this work, we designed S vacancy-type SV-VS2and V self-intercalated-type VI-VS2and measured their catalytic activities in Li–S batteries. Compared with self-intercalating V atoms, S vacancies accelerated Li+diffusion and SV-VS2as a Li+“reservoir” promoted the sulfur conversion kinetics significantly. In addition, the presence of sulfur vacancies promoted the lithiation behavior of SV-VS2during discharge, leading to an enhancement of the catalytic ability of SV-VS2. However, this lithiation phenomenon weakened the catalytic activity of VI-VS2. Overall, SV-VS2had better adsorption and catalytic activity. Li–S batteries with SV-VS2-coated separators delivered high rate performance and excellent cycling stability, with a capacity decay rate of 0.043% over 880 cycles at 1.0 C. This work provides an effective strategy for designing efficient Li–S battery electrocatalysts using defect engineering.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of hydralazine on inflammation induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) in the central nervous system (CNS) and its mechanism in promoting the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS. Methods: A compressive SCI mouse model was utilized for this investigation. Immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were employed to examine the levels of acrolein, acrolein-induced inflammation-related factors, and macrophages at the injury site and within the CNS. Western blotting was used to evaluate the activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway to study macrophage regulation. The neuropathic pain and motor function recovery were evaluated by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), paw withdrawal response, and Basso Mouse Scale score. Nissl staining and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining were performed to investigate the structural recovery of the injured CNS. Results: Hydralazine downregulated the levels of acrolein, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord. The downregulation of acrolein induced by hydralazine promoted the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, leading to M2 macrophage polarization, which protected neurons against SCI-induced inflammation. Additionally, hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured spinal cord area. Mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress by hydralazine in the animal model alleviated neuropathic pain and altered neurotransmitter expression. Furthermore, hydralazine facilitated motor function recovery following SCI. Nissl staining and LFB staining indicated that hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured CNS. Conclusion: Hydralazine, an acrolein scavenger, significantly mitigated SCI-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo, modulated macrophage activation, and consequently promoted the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS.

ABSTRACTThe effects of parameters of a novel internal cooling thermal equilibrium (ICTE) process on microstructure evolution in semi-solid A356 aluminium alloys were investigated. The results indicated that a low predetermined temperature (TP), a higher mechanical stirring intensity for the thermal equilibrium body (TEB) and a reduced melt mass contributed to obtaining fine grained semi-solid structures. The cooling effect of TEB combined with dendritic remelting fractures of solidified shells formed on surface of TEB at room temperature promoted massive nucleation in alloy melt and contributed to obtaining numerous fine primary solid phases. The ICTE process, which regulated stirring time of TEB, obtained numerous spherical grains and simplified the operational process.

The effects of parameters of a novel internal cooling thermal equilibrium (ICTE) process on microstructure evolution in semi-solid A356 aluminium alloys were investigated. The results indicated that a low predetermined temperature (TP), a higher mechanical stirring intensity for the thermal equilibrium body (TEB) and a reduced melt mass contributed to obtaining fine grained semi-solid structures. The cooling effect of TEB combined with dendritic remelting fractures of solidified shells formed on surface of TEB at room temperature promoted massive nucleation in alloy melt and contributed to obtaining numerous fine primary solid phases. The ICTE process, which regulated stirring time of TEB, obtained numerous spherical grains and simplified the operational process.