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This article discusses the interpretation of Emily Dickinson's poem that includes the word "Checks" in the last line. The word was later changed to "chart" in subsequent publications, but the meaning of "Checks" has remained unclear. The author suggests that the definition of "check" as "checkered cloth" or "to variegate with cross lines" may provide insight into the meaning of the word in the poem. The author also explores Dickinson's reliance on Noah Webster's dictionary and the connection between language, nature, and spirit in her work. The article concludes by discussing the concept of "belief" in Dickinson's poetry and its connection to creating fictive explanations of natural facts. [Extracted from the article]

Terrorism poses a significant threat to security, and the need for an accurate monitoring visualization tool is essential for effective counterterrorism. However, the unavailability of such a customized tool is still a challenge in Mindanao, Philippines. Therefore, a terrorism visualization tool was developed in this study, covering the years 1975 to 2017. The methodology involved intensive data collection from the Global Terrorism Database and other reliable sources and featured the design development of a visualization tool in the form of a dashboard using Python. Also, regions with high terrorism activities along with major perpetrators have been presented. Findings indicate that Maguindanao yields the highest death frequency, with New People's Army (NPA) as the leading perpetrator as verified by the spatial map projection and overall preliminary prediction. In conclusion, with proper data management and feature selection, the developed tool is found to be highly viable and sufficient for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this discussion, the design methodology was presented, along with the parameters currently being reviewed by the National Geodetic Survey. In this part, the authors provide a worked example that compares working a large traverse through a full geodetic-level solution with a simple solution directly on the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). The differences indicate that the impact of the systematic errors caused by using the projection is less than that of the random errors in most conventional survey work. A brief discussion of the nature of distortions present in a conventional map-projection-based reference system is provided, together with the maximum values of these distortions present in the Alabama SPCS zones. Finally, a discussion of future work, both necessary and desirable, is presented, noting that the adoption of the new datums and reference frames is a once-in-a-professional-lifetime opportunity to promote the wider profession to the public and potential new members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the continuous development of society and the continuous improvement of economic level, science and technology have also been greatly developed. Multimedia technology has also been rapidly developed and promoted in the new era field and background. New media art has been developing rapidly in the new social development process. Therefore, it has played a more and more important role in the design and influence of art. The participation of new media art has also gone deeper and deeper into various fields, and has also had an important role and impact on people's lives. The application of new media technology in environmental art design has two main purposes. First, it has a visual impact on the audience. Second, it can help the audience understand how they are affected by the depletion of the environment and natural resources. The first purpose is to achieve it by using video clips or animations, which are produced by different kinds of technologies, such as 3D modeling software, projection mapping, virtual reality, etc. It can also be realized by using various types of media, such as photography, recording and music production. They are used to create an audio-visual expression, which can not only attract people's attention. This article mainly analyzes and explores the application of new media art in environmental art design, so as to help us better understand the connotation of new media art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 3 years, a group in Alabama undertook the design of the new zones for the state for the State Plane Coordinate System 2022, in collaboration with the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). While these designs were undertaken using the appropriate policy from NGS, the policy allowed considerable leeway in the design. In this two-part paper, the first part outlines the factors that were considered in the design of the various zones and provides an overview of the results—the design parameters for the zones, from the present to the Alpha release in July 2023. The second part provides a worked example, a brief discussion of distortions, and some details of future work. The final design will be adjusted and approved by NGS, and this is expected to implement fully by 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ORB-SLAM2 based on the constant velocity model is difficult to determine the search window of the reprojection of map points when the objects are in variable velocity motion, which leads to a false matching, with an inaccurate pose estimation or failed tracking. To address the challenge above, a new method of feature point matching is proposed in this paper, which combines the variable velocity model with the reverse optical flow method. First, the constant velocity model is extended to a new variable velocity model, and the expanded variable velocity model is used to provide the initial pixel shifting for the reverse optical flow method. Then the search range of feature points is accurately determined according to the results of the reverse optical flow method, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of feature matching, with strengthened interframe tracking effects. Finally, we tested on TUM data set based on the RGB-D camera. Experimental results show that this method can reduce the probability of tracking failure and improve localization accuracy on SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) systems. Compared with the traditional ORB-SLAM2, the test error of this method on each sequence in the TUM data set is significantly reduced, and the root mean square error is only 63.8% of the original system under the optimal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Population aging is a fundamental element of the demographic transition. In the absence of births, deaths, and migration, the mean age of any population will increase one year per calendar year. The intensity of period birth, death, and migration conditions (i.e., their crude rates and the difference between their mean age and the mean age of the population) either lessen or strengthen this natural tendency of populations to age. OBJECTIVE We investigate the Contribution of births, deaths, and migration to population aging across the globe from 1950 to 2100. We examine whether a concerted pattern of population aging is associated with changes in period demographic conditions. METHODS We apply a mathematical expression proposed by Preston, Himes, and Eggers (1989) that decomposes the rate of change in the mean age of a population according to period demographic conditions. We use the 2022 revision of the United Nations population estimates and projections covering 236 countries or areas. RESULTS During the demographic transition, population aging follows a general concerted pattern characterized by five distinct stages. Populations age because of declining inflows (births) at age zero and insufficient outflows (deaths) at older ages. Overall, migration does not play a pivotal role but can be more relevant in specific countries or regions. CONTRIBUTION Our study combines long-time series data for most countries in the world with an elegant mathematical solution proposed by Preston, Himes, and Eggers (1989) to empirically measure the dynamics of population aging according to period demographic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a review of the book "GIS Tutorial for ArcGIS Pro 3.1" by Wilpen L. Gorr and Kristen S. Kurland. The book provides a comprehensive guide to mastering ArcGIS Pro, with step-by-step tutorials and assignments. It covers various topics such as map design, data management, geoprocessing, spatial analysis, and 3D data visualization. The authors simplify complex subjects and provide real-world examples to make the book user-friendly for learners at any level. The book is accompanied by online resources, including downloadable data and teaching slides. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on automation and the future of work is a major focus for both academics and practitioners due to technological changes disrupting the labor market and educational pathways. Although recent articles have published projections about the types of tasks and jobs most likely to be automated in the coming years, little attention has been devoted to how different types of vocational interests are susceptible to automation, as well as resulting changes to the match between people's interests and their jobs. In the present article, we provide an integrative review of vocational interests and automation projections within and across jobs. By standardizing and mapping projections to Holland's RIASEC interest model, we found that Investigative (scientific) and Conventional (detail-oriented) interests, including STEM interests, are most susceptible to automation, whereas Social (people-oriented) and Realistic (hands-on) interests are least susceptible. For Artistic and Enterprising interests, some creative work, decision-making, and leadership skills may be affected by automation across a range of jobs. We build on these projections to propose a future research agenda integrating interests, technology, and careers. Specifically, we identify five areas for future research, including using intentional work design to enhance interests, the role of interests in career decisions related to project-based work, changes in people's interests following automation, increased use of basic interests, and the systematic impacts of automation on different groups of people. Overall, this review highlights how vocational interests will remain an important topic with high relevance for career guidance, education, and organizations as the future of work evolves. • This paper integrated automation projections with vocational interests. • Investigative (scientific) and Conventional (detail-oriented) interests are most susceptible to automation. • Realistic (hands-on) and Social (people-oriented) interests are least susceptible to automation. • Future research should develop theory and implementation of intentional work design to enhance people's interests. • Researchers should study changes in people's interests following automation and the role of interests in a "jobless" future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terrae Incognitae is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Around the globe, the climate crisis is manifesting in the ocean and along our coasts as stronger storms, warmer waters, chemical changes, and higher sea levels. Most chapters also include smaller maps that show the global extent of each climate impact, replicating each researcher's choice of map projection. MAP MAP MAP MAP PHOTO (COLOR): Urban population centers at risk of flooding in the 2050s PHOTO (COLOR) PHOTO (COLOR). [Extracted from the article]

Circuits and extended formulations are classical concepts in linear programming theory. The circuits of a polyhedron are the elementary difference vectors between feasible points and include all edge directions. We study the connection between the circuits of a polyhedron P and those of an extended formulation of P , i.e., a description of a polyhedron Q that linearly projects onto P. It is well known that the edge directions of P are images of edge directions of Q. We show that this 'inheritance' under taking projections does not extend to the set of circuits, and that this non-inheritance is quite generic behavior. We provide counterexamples with a provably minimal number of facets, vertices, and extreme rays, including relevant polytopes from clustering, and show that the difference in the number of circuits that are inherited and those that are not can be exponentially large in the dimension. We further prove that counterexamples exist for any fixed linear projection map, unless the map is injective. Finally, we characterize those polyhedra P whose circuits are inherited from all polyhedra Q that linearly project onto P. Conversely, we prove that every polyhedron Q satisfying mild assumptions can be projected in such a way that the image polyhedron P has a circuit with no preimage among the circuits of Q. Our proofs build on standard constructions such as homogenization and disjunctive programming. • Unlike edge directions, circuits are not inherited under projections in general. • We provide a family of provably minimal counterexamples in all dimensions. • The number of new circuits that can be generated is exponential in the dimension. • Inheritance is not a property of polyhedron, extension, or projection by itself. • Special combinations of polyhedron, extension, and projection can lead to inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in the application of digital soil mapping (DSM) projections to infer changes in soil carbon across both space and time. This approach relies on the assumption that the spatially modeled soil carbon-environment relationship can be transferred over time. However, this assumption is rarely tested due to a lack of temporally independent validation data. This paper assesses this assumption by developing models of topsoil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) with a deep learning algorithm and data covering mainland China pertaining to the 1980s and 2010s. The temporal prediction performance of models capturing a specific period was assessed by evaluating their performance in the prediction of data during another period. The results revealed that the prediction accuracy of temporal modeling decreased, as indicated by the coefficient of determination, and was lower than that of spatial modeling. The lower prediction accuracy obtained with the DSM-projection approach may result from differences in the magnitudes of influential variables across periods. We found that different levels of environmental similarity and model projection sensitivity to dynamic variables may cause discrepancies in forecast and hindcast accuracy. Our results demonstrate that the prediction error in temporal modeling is related to the degree of environmental similarity between periods. Our findings generally support the implementation of the DSM-projection approach in soil carbon change modeling. However, caution should be exercised, as there exists much uncertainty regarding the projection of spatial models over time. • DSM projection may facilitate a more precise estimation of large-scale soil carbon changes. • Discrepancies in the environment between periods reduce the temporal predictive skill. • The variability in the model performance is related to the magnitude of environmental influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that a countable $\omega $ -categorical structure interprets all finite structures primitively positively if and only if its polymorphism clone maps to the clone of projections on a two-element set via a continuous clone homomorphism. We investigate the relationship between the existence of a clone homomorphism to the projection clone, and the existence of such a homomorphism which is continuous and thus meets the above criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the history of the Kingdom of Sweden and its coordinate system. It explains that Sweden has been inhabited since the Stone Age and became a constitutional monarchy in 1809. The country's terrain is mostly flat with mountains along the Norwegian border. The article also discusses the mapping of villages and farms in Sweden, as well as the country's triangulation efforts and the development of its projection systems. The National Land Survey is the current national mapping organization in Sweden. The document goes on to provide information on the geodetic systems and coordinate systems used in Sweden, including ellipsoidal parameters and projections such as Gauss's Hanoverian projection and the Transverse Mercator projection. It also mentions different coordinate systems like RT 90 and SWEREF 99, and provides transformation parameters between them. The article highlights advancements in technology, such as the use of GNSS stations and the implementation of a new national height system. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "GIS Tips & Tricks," discusses the issue of creating buffers in GIS software. The author explains that buffers are commonly used in spatial analysis to count objects within a certain distance. However, when working with data in geographic coordinates, buffers may appear as ovals instead of circles. The author advises changing the coordinate system and projection before creating buffers to ensure accurate results. The article provides tips on how to project the data and discusses the potential implications of maintaining data in geographic coordinates. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Boletim de Geografia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of modeling nonlinear transport properties on a plug scale for steady state, unsteady state, pulse decay and sinusoidal pressure measurements are presented. We include the gas slippage (Klinkenberg corrections) and pressure dependent density effects. To validate the modeling, we compare it to analytical calculations based on an assumption of constant mass flow once the transients have dissipated for steady state models. Validation of the other measurement protocols is performed by comparison to finite difference calculations. For low permeability samples, significant pressure drops must be modeled to obtain large enough flow rates to allow accurate measurement in the laboratory. We limited ourselves to 100 psi pressure differences because of the large influence of effective stress on gas density that would be present for larger pressure differences. Flowing pressures of this magnitude imply significant pressure dependent density effects, which reduce the flow rates. In contrast, gas slippage increases the transport of gas. The result is that nearly identical fits are obtained for widely varying magnitudes of permeability and gas slippage. This result is obtained for all of the modeled measurement protocols. We introduce a new technique to interpret the modeled data, the ”k 0 -b plot”. The method allows the values of k 0 and b to be extracted if multiple measurements are performed at different mean pressures. The technique is also compared to laboratory data to demonstrate that the effects occur in the measurements. The influence of the non-linearities predicted on the measured chamber pressures are presented for each of the measurement protocols (other than steady state in which there are no chambers). In particular, sinusoidal pressure variation of the upstream chamber results in an increased average downstream chamber pressure and the introduction of harmonic distortion. These effects have not been discussed in the literature and give a motivation for development of this measurement for low permeability samples. The modeling indicates that plug scale measurements are practical, but multiple mean pressures must be used to separate the competing effects of permeability and gas slippage. We recommend performing unsteady state measurements at reservoir stress at multiple mean pressures, supplemented with sinusoidal pressure and pulse decay to calibrate the nonlinear and adsorption effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) holds great potential to reduce radiation dose damage. However, LDCT degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of projection and compromises the reconstruction image quality. This paper proposes a deep residual-constrained reconstruction (DRCR) framework via learned convolutional sparse coding (LCSC) for LDCT imaging. DRCR consists of multiple iteration blocks, and each iteration contains three modules: image update, residual correction and convolution representation modules. First, the image update module updates the reconstruction image with a DL-based prior constraint. Then, the residual correction module attempts to accurately estimate the residual features after mapping the projection errors into the image domain. Finally, the LCSC network is applied for feature map and filter updating to further constrain the image update process. To further improve the performance of DRCR, the perceptual losses of the image domain and projection domain are considered in the optimized model. The results obtained on two datasets show the competitive performance of the proposed framework, with a 0.5 dB PSNR margin, 0.007 SSIM margin, and 1.7 FID margin on the MAYO dataset and a 0.5 dB PSNR margin, 0.011 SSIM margin and 2.4 FID margin on the UIH dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed a new methodology for evaluating the visible sky ratio of a vertical building surface. A visible sky ratio is based on a surface viewpoint and measured by projecting obstacles onto a virtual three-dimensional (3D) hemisphere. Typically, virtual sky projection methods use two-dimensional (2D) mapping to calculate the amount of view of the outside. A major concern with 2D mapping is loss of accuracy due to the distortions in geometry that occur during the projection process. To address this limitation, a new projection method has been developed, supported by a computational numeric model that calculates the actual projection area of obstacles onto a 3D hemisphere. The new method improves the accuracy of the visible sky ratio without distorting obstructions. This new method can handle more complex conditions such as the forms of surrounding buildings, as well as various layouts, orientations, and heights. This study examines the new method via existing calculation processes in order to determine its robustness and limitations. The proposed method compared positively to these other existing methods, especially in terms of vertical changes in the observation point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the shifting practices in and between cartography and capitalism. It compares two road maps of the same territory created one-hundred years apart; a Gulf Oil map from 1915 and a Google Map from 2015. These representations of space serve as entry points into examining some of the larger transformations that have occurred within capitalism over the century. I am interested in how the classic world order of Fordism has been reconstituted by cybernetic capitalism. I argue that the world order has been intensified and reorganised on a more abstract level, with profound subjective and material consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of introducing sinusoidal corrugations with varying wavelength and amplitude along the length of cylindrical tubes in order to improve their energy absorption characteristics. Different sinusoidal functions are used to obtain the generatrix of corrugated profiles. Non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA is used in order to carry out the numerical analyses of these corrugated tubes under axial loading conditions. The results obtained from the analyses are then used to obtain functions using MATLAB's native non-linear regression tool fitnlm. Two objectives are to maximize the Energy Absorbed (EA) by the tube and to minimize the Peak Crushing Force (PCF). The degrees of graded corrugation functions (Amplitude and Wavelength function) are chosen as the two design variables in this study. Unconstrained multiobjective Genetic Algorithm is the optimization algorithm used in this study using MATLAB to produce the Pareto frontier which gives an optimal set of tube configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) shows promising clinical significance in substance identification and quantitative analysis. Mostly dual-energy CT scanning systems use two sets of x-ray sources and detectors for full scanning to simultaneously acquire X-ray data of materials at high- and low-energy levels. The reconstructed high- and low-energy CT images have spectral redundancy in the energy domain. We propose a one-step dual-energy limited-angle reconstruction scheme exploiting the energy domain spectral redundancy. The scheme consists of a sinogram domain network(SD-Net), a reconstruction unit(RU), and an image domain network(ID-Net). After SD-Net complements the dual-energy limited-angle incomplete projection data, a RU is used to reconstruct the CT images. Finally, ID-Net processes the reconstructed CT images into high-quality CT images. We propose a Cascaded T-shape Network(CT-Net) based on spectral redundancy to improve DECT image quality. The CT-Net consists of a backbone net, a low-energy branch, and a high-energy branch. CT-Net can directly map incomplete projection data into high-quality DECT images that can be used for clinical diagnosis. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate the excellent performance of CT-Net in preserving edges, removing artifacts, and suppressing noise. Two common DECT applications, such as virtual non-contrast (VNC) imaging and iodine contrast agent quantification, prove the clinically promising potential of CT-Net. • We propose a one-step dual-energy limited-angle reconstruction strategy based on CT-Net. • We designed a novel loss function for dual-energy limited-angle reconstruction in CT-Net. • DE material decomposition was performed to validate the clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Map projections are mathematical methods for projecting spherical coordinates in the form of (φ, λ) to the map coordinates in the form of (X,Y) in Cartesian reference frame. Numerous methods for map projection have been derived and are being used for preparation of cartographic products. These map projections take into account specific position of the viewer on the datum surface for derivation of the map projections. A generic method for azimuthal map projection where the position of the viewer can be taken at an arbitrary point on the datum surface is derived. Using this generic method all the specific azimuthal map projections can be derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the survey and mapping position of pre-war Germany taken from the 1950 unpublished manuscript "The Western European Datums," by Jakob A. Wolkeau of Army Map Service. It notes on the triangulations which were based on different origins computed on different figures of the Earth and unconnected across the frontiers of the States. It cites that about 50 rectangular co-ordinate systems were in general use throughout Germany at the end of the Great War.

The spectral angle mapper (SAM), as a spectral matching method, has been widely used in lithological type identification and mapping using hyperspectral data. The SAM quantifies the spectral similarity between an image pixel spectrum and a reference spectrum with known components. In most existing studies a mean reflectance spectrum has been used as the reference spectrum for a specific lithological class. However, this conventional use of SAM does not take into account the spectral variability, which is an inherent property of many rocks and is further magnified in remote sensing data acquisition process. In this study, two methods of determining reference spectra used in SAM are proposed for the improved lithological mapping. In first method the mean of spectral derivatives was combined with the mean of original spectra, i.e., the mean spectrum and the mean spectral derivative were jointly used in SAM classification, to improve the class separability. The second method is the use of multiple reference spectra in SAM to accommodate the spectral variability. The proposed methods were evaluated in lithological mapping using EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data of two arid areas. The spectral variability and separability of the rock types under investigation were also examined and compared using spectral data alone and using both spectral data and first derivatives. The experimental results indicated that spectral variability significantly affected the identification of lithological classes with the conventional SAM method using a mean reference spectrum. The proposed methods achieved significant improvement in the accuracy of lithological mapping, outperforming the conventional use of SAM with a mean spectrum as the reference spectrum, and the matching filtering, a widely used spectral mapping method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyzes two important problems of online thematic map cartography facing, namely which technique solution is appropriate and how to simplify the cartography process. Firstly, contrasts some popular technique solutions of thematic map, and points out the bottlenecks and inconveniences of thematic map cartography process nowadays, then brings out active online thematic map cartography based on the technique solution of RIA (Rich Internet Applications). In addition, this paper gives out RIA-based implementation framework of active online thematic maps mapping, which is contrasted with RIA-based implementation framework of general online thematic maps mapping, and main methods of building knowledge of active cartography of thematic map. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Geometric sensor models are used in image processing to model the relationship between object space and image space and to transform image data to conform to a map projection. An Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RCP) is a generic sensor model that can be used to transform images from a variety of different high resolution satellite and airborne remote sensing systems. To date, numerous researchers have published papers about RPC refinement, aimed at improving the accuracy of the results. So far, the Bias Compensation method is the one that is the most accepted and widely used, but this method has rigorous conditions that limit its use; namely, it can only be used to improve the RPC of images obtained from cameras with a narrow field of view and small attitude errors, such as those used on Ikonos or QuickBird satellites. In many cases, these rigorous conditions may not be satisfied (e.g., cameras with a wide field of view and some satellites with large ephemeris and attitude errors). Therefore, a more robust method that can be used to refine the RPC under a wider range of conditions is desirable. In this paper, a generic method for RPC refinement is proposed. The method first restores the sensor's pseudo position and attitude, then adjusts these parameters using ground control points. Finally a new RPC is generated based on the sensor's adjusted position and attitude. We commence our paper with a review of the previous ten years of research directed toward RPC refinement, and compare the characteristics of different refinement methods that have been proposed to date. We then present a methodology for a proposed generic method for RPC refinement and describe the results of two sets of experiments that compare the proposed Generic method with the Bias Compensation method. The results confirm that the Bias Compensation method works well only when the aforementioned rigorous conditions are met. The accuracy of the RPC refined by the Bias Compensation method decreased rapidly with the sensor's position error and attitude error. In contrast to this, the Generic method proposed in this paper was found to yield highly accurate results under a variety of different sensor positions and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Map carrier not only decides the storage mode of map information, it also has important influence on mathematic foundation and expression mode of geographical information. Based on analysis of the limitations lying in the flat map, this paper introduces the concept of the digital map and electronic map on ellipsoid surface, elaborates on the superiority. The paper investigates the fundamental method of drawing, display and analysis of the digital map on ellipsoid surface farther. Compared with conventional map mode, the digital map on ellipsoid surface is a new concept, it fits the spatial data visual mode based on geographical features superlatively well and suits the people’s cognitive and thought habit who regards earth surface as a ellipsoid; it carries out a reform of expression mode of the existing digital map, and will explore the analysis function and application scope of electronic map and digital map effectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents explanations and clarifications about mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Developing a map is not just merely creating a representation of the physical attributes of a certain place but it requires critical analysis and considerations of the specific location and its variation to other areas. The significance of accurate mapping is to provide its users with correct data that is also important for other applications.

Empirical research in DEM accuracy assessment has observed that DEM errors are correlated with terrain morphology, sampling density, and interpolation method. However, theoretical reasons for these correlations have not been accounted for. This paper introduces approximation theory adapted from computational science as a new framework to assess the accuracy of DEMs interpolated from topographic maps. By perceiving DEM generation as a piecewise polynomial simulation of the unknown terrain, the overall accuracy of a DEM is described by the maximum error at any DEM point. Three linear polynomial interpolation methods are examined, namely linear interpolation in ID, TIN interpolation, and bilinear interpolation in a rectangle. Their propagation error and interpolation error, whose sum is the total error at a DEM point, are derived. Based on the results, the theoretical basis for the correlation between DEM error and terrain morphology and source data density is articulated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Distribution of the vasoactive intestinal peptide in the SCN of tree shrews. • The first detailed whole-brain mapping of inputs to the SCN in tree shrews. • The SCN-projecting regions were firstly identified in the tree shrew brain. • Density of SCN-projecting neurons throughout the tree shrew brain was analyzed. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is essential for the neural control of mammalian circadian timing system. The circadian activity of the SCN is modulated by its afferent projections. In the present study, we examine neuroanatomical characteristics and afferent projections of the SCN in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) using immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). Distribution of the vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in the SCN from rostral to caudal, especially concentrated in its ventral part. FG-labeled neurons were observed in the lateral septal nucleus, septofimbrial nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, posterior complex of the thalamus, ventral subiculum, rostral linear nucleus of the raphe, periaqueductal gray, mesencephalic reticular formation, dorsal raphe nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, intermediate reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral reticular nucleus. In summary, the morphology of the SCN in tree shrews is described from rostral to caudal. In addition, our data demonstrate for the first time that the SCN in tree shrews receives inputs from numerous brain regions in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon. This comprehensive knowledge of the afferent projections of the SCN in tree shrews provides further insights into the neural organization and physiological processes of circadian rhythms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a student exercise in mapping, designed to highlight the fact that maps within the field of Earth Sciences (geological, geophysical etc) are most often made from sparsely and spatially non-uniformly distributed data implying that the final products depend both on sampling strategies and interpretation. The pedagogic, take-home lesson from our exercise is that no map is better than the input data and no map represents the absolute truth. To convey this, individual students, or students divided into groups, are provided with data points derived using different sampling strategies over one defined area. From this set of data samples, the students have to interpret and produce maps, which are then compared. None of the maps created by the students will be identical, which will clearly demonstrate the main point of the exercise, i.e. no map represents the absolute truth, and stimulate a critical view of published maps in Earth Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coordinate-free version of the approach to mechanical systems with non-ideal restrictions developed by Udwadia (2002) and Udwadia and Kalaba (2002) in a series of articles is introduced. Some of its properties are then reinterpreted in a general geometric setting in terms of orthogonal projections. A geometric view of other aspects of constrained systems, inspired by their insight, is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU Water Framework Directive states that the management of surface water must be based on a site-specific assessment of water quality, that is dependent on land use. As a result, to develop a robust chemical management policy for aquatic ecosystems, the ecotoxicological risk must be strictly related to the local conditions and characteristics of the system. This paper presents a methodology developed to assess the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to site-specific aquatic ecosystems. Spatial and relational databases, provisional models and risk indices were integrated into Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to produce maps of exposure, effect and risk at watershed scale. Each active ingredient is characterised by a data set that includes input data as well as results represented by a risk assessment cartography. The aim of this procedure is to perform a site-specific risk assessment by integrating geographical distribution of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), ecotoxicological effects and the potential/actual quality of the exposed ecosystem. Examples of pesticide risk maps for surface waters in Lombardia Region (Northern Italy) are shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Site design is an essential but overlooked underpinning to the festival-making process at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Through effective layout, structures, and captioning, spatial strategies undergird a program concept and crystallize the interpretive frame for performance. This article traces the 1989 Hawai'i program's site design from the initial concept to the preperformance stage. It examines the tension between hegemonic festival parameters and the organizers' efforts to problematize colonially inflected narratives, and it argues that rather than being a passive backdrop for performance, the Hawai'i program site design was a discursive field rife with contradiction and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H. R. Müller, [2], had studied the polar moment of inertia for the orbit curves during the one-parameter closed planar motions and the area of the projection curve, [3], under the spatial kinematics. In this paper, under the one-parameter closed homothetic motion in three dimensional Euclidean space, we expressed the polar moment of inertia of the projection curve of the closed space curve. We also obtained formulas equivalent to the results given by [2] and [4]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The urban demographic explosion in the developing countries (DC) is generally accompanied by segregative phenomenon for the populations with low income and exposes them to several types of risks. This phenomenon of segregation, object of this study, is the result of the containment of the poor city dwellers in zones which are difficult to arrange, and in which the risks are numerous. This paper proposes a method of identification of the segregations and their domains of appearance, the analysis of the explanatory factors and their evaluation, using suitable mathematical tools. An application to the case of the town of Yaounde is used as illustration with our study. We charted the socio-spatial segregation in the town of Yaounde and implemented the characteristic elements of cartography of segregation in a given environment. We defined also the existence of the threshold of segregation and the intensity of a segregation associated with a domain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An automated crater detection algorithm is presented which exploits image data. The algorithm is briefly described and its application demonstrated on a variety of different Martian geomorphological areas and sensors (Viking Orbiter Camera, Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), and High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC)). We show assessment results through both an inter-comparison of automated crater locations with those from the manually-derived Mars Crater Consortium (MCC) catalogue and the manually-derived craters. The detection algorithm attains an accuracy of 70 to 90 percent and a quality factor of 60 to 80 percent depending on target sensor type and geomorphology. We also present crater detection results derived from HRSC images onboard the ESA Mars Express on a comparison between manually-determined Size-Frequency Distributions (SFDs) and those derived fully automatically. The approach described appears to offer great potential for chronological research, geomatic and geological analysis and for other purposes of extra-terrestrial planetary surface mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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