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High alcohol intake is associated with increased mortality. We aimed to identify factors affecting mortality in people drinking extreme amounts of alcohol. We obtained information from the UK Biobank on approximately 500,000 participants aged 40–70 years at baseline assessment in 2006–2010. Habitual alcohol intake, lifestyle and physiological data, laboratory test results, and hospital diagnoses and death certificate data (to June 2020) for 5136 men (2.20% of male participants) and 1504 women (0.60%) who reported consuming ≥80 or ≥50 g/day, respectively, were used in survival analysis. Mortality hazard ratios for these excessive drinkers, compared to all other participants, were 2.02 (95% CI 1.89–2.17) for all causes, 1.89 (1.69–2.12) for any cancer, 1.87 (1.61–2.17) for any circulatory disease, and 9.40 (7.00–12.64) for any liver disease. Liver disease diagnosis or abnormal liver function tests predicted not only deaths attributed to liver disease but also those from cancers or circulatory diseases. Mortality among excessive drinkers was also associated with quantitative alcohol intake; diagnosed alcohol dependence, harmful use, or withdrawal syndrome; and current smoking at assessment. People with chronic excessive alcohol intake experience decreased average survival, but there is substantial variation in their mortality, with liver abnormality and alcohol dependence or other alcohol use disorders associated with a worse prognosis. Clinically, patients with these risk factors and high alcohol intake should be considered for early or intensive management. Research can usefully focus on the factors predisposing to dependence or liver abnormality. High alcohol intake increases mortality but little is known about risk factors which affect mortality in high‐risk drinkers. We assessed 6640 UKB participants reporting >80g/50g (men/women) alcohol per day. Alcohol use disorders, diagnosis of liver disease, abnormal liver function tests and erythrocyte morphology predicted higher risk of death overall, and from liver disease, cancers or cardiovascular diseases. Mortality Hazard Ratios, compared to all other participants, were ~2‐fold for all causes, cancers, circulatory diseases, and >9‐fold for any liver disease.

Bone and joint infection (BJI) epidemiology and outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTr) remain largely unknown. We aim to describe BJI in a multi‐center cohort of SOTr (Swiss Transplant Cohort Study). All consecutive SOTr with BJI (01.05.2008–31.12.2019) were included. A nested case–control study to identify risk factors for BJI was performed. Among 4482 patients, 61 SOTr with 82 BJI were included, at an incidence of 1.4% (95% CI 1.1–1.7), higher in heart and kidney‐pancreas SOTr (Gray's test p< .01). Although BJI were predominately late events (median of 18.5 months post‐SOT), most infections occurred during the first year post‐transplant in thoracic SOTr. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis was the most frequent infection (38/82, 46.3%), followed by non‐vertebral osteomyelitis (26/82, 31.7%). Pathogens included Gram‐positive cocci (70/131, 53.4%), Gram‐negative bacilli (34/131, 26.0%), and fungi (9/131, 6.9%). BJI predictors included male gender (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.26–6.89) and diabetes (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.34–6.56). Treatment failure was observed in 25.9% (21/81) patients and 1‐year mortality post‐BJI diagnosis was 14.8% (9/61). BJI remain a rare event in SOTr, associated with subtle clinical presentations, high morbidity and relapses, requiring additional studies in the future. In solid organ transplant recipients, bone and joint infections, rare complications with subtle clinical presentation, high morbidity and frequent relapse, require special attention from treating physicians.

Since the release of the first global hepatitis elimination targets in 2016, and until the COVID-19 pandemic started in early 2020, many countries and territories were making progress toward hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. This study aims to evaluate HCV burden in 2020, and forecast HCV burden by 2030 given current trends.

Immunocompromised patients may be at increased risk for complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. However, comprehensive data of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are still lacking. We performed a multicenter nationwide observational study within the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of the first microbiologically documented SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among SOT recipients. Overall, 21 patients were included with a median age of 56 years (10 kidney, 5 liver, 1 pancreas, 1 lung, 1 heart and 3 combined transplantations). The most common presenting symptoms were fever (76%), dry cough (57%), nausea (33%), and diarrhea (33%). Ninety‐five percent and 24% of patients required hospital and ICU admission, respectively, and 19% were intubated. After a median of 33 days of follow‐up, 16 patients were discharged, 3 were still hospitalized and 2 patients died. These data suggest that clinical manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in middle‐aged SOT recipients appear to be similar to the general population without an apparent higher rate of complications. These results need to be confirmed in larger cohorts. This study describes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of the first 21 solid organ transplant recipients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study.

Allergy transfer upon solid organ transplantation has been reported in the literature, although only few data are available as to the frequency, significance, and management of these cases. Based on a review of 577 consecutive deceased donors from the Swisstransplant Donor‐Registry, 3 cases (0.5%) of fatal anaphylaxis were identified, 2 because of peanut and 1 of wasp allergy. The sera of all 3 donors and their 10 paired recipients, prospectively collected before and after transplantation for the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, were retrospectively processed using a commercial protein microarray fluorescent test. As early as 5 days posttransplantation, newly acquired peanut‐specific IgE were transiently detected from 1 donor to 3 recipients, of whom 1 liver and lung recipients developed grade III anaphylaxis. Yet, to define how allergy testing should be performed in transplant recipients and to better understand the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on IgE sensitization, we prospectively studied 5 atopic living‐donor kidney recipients. All pollen‐specific IgE and >90% of skin prick tests remained positive 7 days and 3 months after transplantation, indicating that early diagnosis of donor‐derived IgE sensitization is possible. Importantly, we propose recommendations with respect to safety for recipients undergoing solid‐organ transplantation from donors with a history of fatal anaphylaxis. Based on the Swisstransplant donor registry, the Swiss‐Transplant‐Cohort‐Study, and a prospective analysis on allergy maintenance in atopic recipients, this study makes new recommendations for the management of allergy transfer upon solid organ transplantation, emphasizing the poor effect of immunosuppression on IgE sensitization and the need of early allergological investigation in the donor and respective recipients.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.Infection of humans by the larval stage of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus sensu latoor Echinococcus multiloculariscauses the life-threatening zoonoses cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Although cystic liver lesions are a hallmark of both diseases, course, prognosis, and patients’ management decisively differ between the two. The wide and overlapping spectrum of morphologies and the limited availability of ancillary tools are challenges for pathologists to reliably diagnose and subtype echinococcosis. Here, we systematically and quantitatively recorded the pathologic spectrum in a clinically and molecularly defined echinococcosis cohort (138 specimens from 112 patients). Immunohistochemistry using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAbEmG3) was implemented, including its combined application with the mAbEm2G11. Six morphologic criteria sufficiently discriminated between CE and AE: size of smallest (CE/AE: >2/≤2 mm) and largest cyst (CE/AE: >25/≤25 mm), thickness of laminated layer (CE/AE: >0.15/≤0.15 mm) and pericystic fibrosis (CE/AE: >0.6/≤0.6 mm), striation of laminated layer (CE/AE: moderate-strong/weak), and number of cysts (CE/AE: ≤9/>9). Combined immunohistochemistry with mAbEm2G11 (E. multilocularisspecific) and mAbEmG3 (reactive in AE and CE) was equally specific as and occasionally more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of these findings, we developed a diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of echinococcosis. In summary, we have not only identified the means to diagnose echinococcosis with greater certainty, but also defined morphologic criteria, which robustly discriminate between CE and AE. We expect our findings to improve echinococcosis diagnostics, especially of challenging cases, beneficially impacting the management of echinococcosis patients.

Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI) is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients (SOT). We aimed to assess incidence, risk factors, and outcome of CDIwithin the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS). We performed a case‐control study of SOTrecipients in the STCSdiagnosed with CDIbetween May 2008 and August 2013. We matched 2 control subjects per case by age at transplantation, sex, and transplanted organ. A multivariable analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression to identify risk factors and evaluate outcome of CDI. Two thousand one hundred fifty‐eight SOTrecipients, comprising 87 cases of CDIand 174 matched controls were included. The overall CDIrate per 10 000 patient days was 0.47 (95% confidence interval ([CI] 0.38‐0.58), with the highest rate in lung (1.48, 95% CI0.93‐2.24). In multivariable analysis, proven infections (hazard ratio [HR] 2.82, 95% CI1.29‐6.19) and antibiotic treatments (HR 4.51, 95% CI2.03‐10.0) during the preceding 3 months were independently associated with the development of CDI. Despite mild clinical presentations, recipients acquiring CDIposttransplantation had an increased risk of graft loss (HR2.24, 95% CI1.15‐4.37; P= .02). These findings may help to improve the management of SOTrecipients. The authors demonstrate that despite mild clinical presentations and good clinical responses, Clostridium difficileinfections are associated with an increased risk of graft loss in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study.

The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. Although no virological cure exists for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, existing therapies to control viral replication and prophylaxis to minimise mother-to-child transmission make elimination of HBV feasible. We aimed to estimate the national, regional, and global prevalence of HBsAg in the general population and in the population aged 5 years in 2016, as well as coverage of prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment.

BKpolyomavirus (BKPyV) causes premature kidney transplant (KT) failure in 1–15% of patients. Because antivirals are lacking, most programs screen for BKPyV‐viremia and, if positive, reduce immunosuppression. To evaluate the relationship of viremia and BKPyV‐specific immunity, we examined prospectively cryopreserved plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the time of transplantation (T0) and at 6 mo (T6) and 12 mo (T12) after transplant from 28 viremic KTpatients and 68 nonviremic controls matched for the transplantation period. BKPyVIgG seroprevalence was comparable between cases (89.3%) and controls (91.2%; p = 0.8635), but cases had lower antibody levels (p = 0.022) at T0. Antibody levels increased at T6 and T12 but were not correlated with viremia clearance. BKPyV‐specific T cell responses to pools of overlapping 15mers (15mer peptide pool [15mP]) or immunodominant CD8 9mers (9mer peptide pool [9mP]) from the early viral gene region were not different between cases and controls at T0; however, clearance of viremia was associated with stronger 9mP responses at T6 (p = 0.042) and T12 (p = 0.048), whereas 15mP responses were not informative (T6 p = 0.359; T12 p = 0.856). BKPyV‐specific T cells could be expanded in vitrofrom all patients after transplant, permitting identification of 78 immunodominant 9mer epitopes including 50 new ones across different HLAclass I. Thus, 9mP‐responses may be a novel marker of reconstituting CD8 T cell function that warrants further study as a complement of plasma BKPyVloads for guiding immunosuppression reduction. Interferon‐γ ELISpot responses of CD8 T cells to immunodominant 9mer epitopes from the BK polyomavirus early viral gene region significantly increased in BK viremic patients but not in nonviremic controls, and are associated with viremia clearance posttransplantation, while standard 15mer T cell responses or antibody levels were uninformative.

We assessed the impact of antiviral preventive strategies on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) infections in a nationwide cohort of transplant recipients. Risk factors for the development of HSVor VZVinfection were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression. We included 2781 patients (56% kidney, 20% liver, 10% lung, 7.3% heart, 6.7% others). Overall, 1264 (45%) patients received antiviral prophylaxis (ganciclovir or valganciclovir, n = 1145; acyclovir or valacyclovir, n = 138). Incidence of HSVand VZVinfections was 28.9 and 12.1 cases, respectively, per 1000 person‐years. Incidence of HSVand VZVinfections at 1 year after transplant was 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]3.5–5.8) in patients receiving antiviral prophylaxis versus 12.3% (95% CI10.7–14) in patients without prophylaxis; this was observed particularly for HSVinfections (3% [95% CI2.2–4] versus 9.8% [95% CI8.4–11.4], respectively). A lower rate of HSVand VZVinfections was also seen in donor or recipient cytomegalovirus‐positive patients receiving ganciclovir or valganciclovir prophylaxis compared with a preemptive approach. Female sex (hazard ratio [HR]1.663, p = 0.001), HSVseropositivity (HR5.198, p < 0.001), previous episodes of rejection (HR1.95, p = 0.004), and use of a preemptive approach (HR2.841, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with a higher risk of HSVinfection. Although HSVand VZVinfections were common after transplantation, antiviral prophylaxis significantly reduced symptomatic HSVinfections. In this national cohort of solid organ transplant recipients, patients receiving antiviral prophylaxis either with (val)ganciclovir or (val)acyclovir have a lower incidence of herpes simplex virus infections compared to patients managed with a preemptive approach for cytomegalovirus infection or not receiving antiherpes prophylaxis.

The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of—and expansion on—the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64–103) viraemic infections in 2013.

Zusammenfassung.Weltweit leiden 240 Millionen Menschen an einer chronischen Hepatitis-B-Infektion, und jährlich sterben Hunderttausende an den Folgen dieser Krankheit. Die Hauptübertragungswege sind ungeschützter Geschlechtsverkehr und Nadeltausch sowie die perinatale, vertikale Übertragung von der Mutter aufs Neugeborene. Die Diagnose einer Hepatitis B wird allein durch serologische Bestimmung von Antigenen und Antikörpern gestellt. Für eine HB-Screening-Untersuchung reicht die Bestimmung des HBsAg sowie der HBs- und HBc-Antikörper. Vor allem im Kindesalter erworbene Hepatitis-B-Infektionen chronifizieren sehr häufig (> 90 %). Von einer chronischen Hepatitis B spricht man bei HBsAg-Persistenz von über sechs Monaten. Die chronische Hepatitis B verläuft in verschiedenen Stadien („natural history“). Die erste Phase nach der Ansteckung ist die sogenannte Immuntoleranzphase, gefolgt von der immunreaktiven Phase. Die beste Prognose haben Patienten, welche in der inaktiven Phase der chronischen Hepatitis B sind (früher: „inaktive Carrier“). Nach HBeAg-Serokonversion kann es zu einem Wiederanstieg der Transaminasen und der Viruslast kommen Diese Phase wird als HBeAg negative chronische Hepatitis B bezeichnet. Verlieren die Patienten das HBsAg, spricht man von einer okkulten Infektion. Heute existieren zwei Therapiestrategien: 48-wöchige Therapie mit subkutan appliziertem PEG-Interferon und eine perorale Langzeit-Therapie mit Nukleosid / Nukleotid-Analoga. Eine besondere Patientengruppe stellen unter anderem Schwangere und Patientinnen im gebärfähigen Alter dar, bei welchen vor allem die Übertragung aufs Neugeborene verhindert werden soll. Patienten mit chronischer oder durchgemachter Hepatitis B, welche eine immunsuppressive Therapie erhalten, sind dem Risiko einer Hepatitis B Exazerbation / Reaktivierung ausgesetzt, und in dieser Situation sollte immer eine antivirale Therapie evaluiert werden. Das Hepatitis-D-Virus tritt immer gemeinsam mit einer Hepatitis-B-Infektion auf. Die einzig mässig effektive Therapie der Hepatitis D ist eine 12-monatige PEG-Interferontherapie. Die effektivste Prophylaxe gegen Hepatitis B und D besteht in der aktiven Immunisierung mittels eines Totimpfstoffs.

Fontan-associated liver disease is an increasing concern. Our aim was to assess prevalence and predictors of advanced liver fibrosis with a specific focus on utility of liver stiffness measurement by ultrasound transient elastography.

The 2016 World Health Assembly endorsed the elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a public health threat by 2030; existing therapies and prophylaxis measures make such elimination feasible, even in the absence of a virological cure. We aimed to estimate the national, regional, and global prevalence of HBV in the general population and among children aged 5 years and younger, as well as the rates of diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis, and the future burden globally.

Surgical site infections (SSI) are common healthcare-associated infections. SSIs after kidney transplantation (K-Tx) can endanger patient and allograft survival. Multicenter studies on this early post-transplant complication are scarce. We analyzed consecutive adult K-Tx recipients enrolled in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) that received a K-tx between May 2008 and September 2020. All data were prospectively collected with the exception of the categorization of SSI that was performed retrospectively according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. A total of 58 out of 3059 (1.9%) K-Tx recipients were affected by SSIs. Deep incisional (15, 25.9%) and organ/space infections (34, 58.6%) predominated. In the majority of SSIs (52, 89.6%) bacteria were detected, most frequently Escherichia coli(15, 28.9%), Enterococcusspp. (14, 26.9%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (13, 25.0%). A BMI ≥25kg/m2(multivariable OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.07-4.34, P=0.023) and delayed graft function (multivariable OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.56-5.34, P=0.001) were independent risk factors for SSI. In Cox proportional hazard models, SSI was independently associated with graft loss (multivariable HR 3.75, 95% CI 1.35-10.38, P=0.011). In conclusion, SSI was a rare complication after K-Tx. BMI ≥25kg/m2and delayed graft function were independent risk factors. SSI were independently associated with graft loss.

The results of this study show an association between dual-energy CT–derived perfusion parameters and those obtained with reference-standard perfusion CT, with highest correlations between the parameters of iodine density at dual-energy CT and arterial perfusion at perfusion CT.

There are conflicting data on the role of the lectin pathway of complement activation and its recognition molecules in acute rejection and outcome after transplantation. To help resolve this we analyzed polymorphisms and serum levels of lectin pathway components in 710 consecutive kidney transplant recipients enrolled in the nationwide Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, together with all biopsy-proven rejection episodes and 1-year graft and patient survival. Functional mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels were determined in serum samples, and previously described MBL2, ficolin 2, and MBL-associated serine protease 2polymorphisms were genotyped. Low MBL serum levels and deficient MBL2diplotypes were associated with a higher incidence of acute cellular rejection during the first year, in particular in recipients of deceased-donor kidneys. This association remained significant (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.18–2.60) in a Cox regression model after adjustment for relevant covariates. In contrast, there was no significant association with rates of antibody-mediated rejection, patient death, early graft dysfunction or loss. Thus, results in a prospective multicenter contemporary cohort suggest that MBL2polymorphisms result in low MBL serum levels and are associated with acute cellular rejection after kidney transplantation. Since MBL deficiency is a relatively frequent trait in the normal population, our findings may lead to individual risk stratification and customized immunosuppression.

We aimed to determine the rate of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, a recently increasingly recognized disease in the Western world, in liver transplant patients by direct molecular testing of liver tissue. A RT-PCR assay was designed for detecting the HEV open reading frame (ORF) 2/3 gene region in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and applied to all liver biopsies (n=683) taken 4 weeks or later from all patients (n=282) after liver transplantation of two large academic centers. HEV-RNA was detected in ten biopsies from four different patients (rate: 1%). Histology in early HEV infection was variable including cases with only few hepatocellular apoptoses, no or only minute inflammation. Hepatitis lasted for at least 6 months in 3/4 patients. Serologic testing for HEV-RNA in a subcohort (159 patients) was positive in five patients (rate: 3%), resulting in an overall HEV detection rate of 3% (8/282). In case both liver tissue and sera of a patient were available from the same time period, all cases tested positive in one material were also tested positive in the other material, respectively. All patients had de novo autochthonous infection with HEV genotype 3. Our data confirm that HEV infection is a relevant cause of liver injury after liver transplantation. Molecular testing for HEV in routinely processed transplant liver biopsies is powerful for evaluating patients with elevated transaminases of unknown origin. Histology of HEV infection under immunosuppression in the early phase is distinct from HEV infection in immunocompetent individuals.

We aimed to determine the rate of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, a recently increasingly recognized disease in the Western world, in liver transplant patients by direct molecular testing of liver tissue. A RT-PCR assay was designed for detecting the HEV open reading frame (ORF) 2/3 gene region in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and applied to all liver biopsies (n=683) taken 4 weeks or later from all patients (n=282) after liver transplantation of two large academic centers. HEV-RNA was detected in ten biopsies from four different patients (rate: 1%). Histology in early HEV infection was variable including cases with only few hepatocellular apoptoses, no or only minute inflammation. Hepatitis lasted for at least 6 months in 3/4 patients. Serologic testing for HEV-RNA in a subcohort (159 patients) was positive in five patients (rate: 3%), resulting in an overall HEV detection rate of 3% (8/282). In case both liver tissue and sera of a patient were available from the same time period, all cases tested positive in one material were also tested positive in the other material, respectively. All patients had de novoautochthonous infection with HEV genotype 3. Our data confirm that HEV infection is a relevant cause of liver injury after liver transplantation. Molecular testing for HEV in routinely processed transplant liver biopsies is powerful for evaluating patients with elevated transaminases of unknown origin. Histology of HEV infection under immunosuppression in the early phase is distinct from HEV infection in immunocompetent individuals.

ABSTRACTPatients with advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represent an unmet need. The HCV NS3/4A inhibitor, faldaprevir, was evaluated in combination with the nonnucleoside NS5B inhibitor, deleobuvir, with or without ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 1 infection in the SOUND-C2 study. Here, the efficacy and safety of this interferon-free regimen in a subset of patients with advanced liver fibrosis, including those with compensated cirrhosis, were assessed. Patients (n= 362) were randomized to once-daily faldaprevir with either twice-daily (BID) or three-times-daily (TID) deleobuvir for 16 (TID16W), 28 (TID28W and BID28W), or 40 (TID40W) weeks with or without ribavirin (TID28W-NR). Patients were classified according to fibrosis stage (F0 to F2 versus F3 to F4) and the presence of cirrhosis (yes/no). In total, 85 (24%) patients had advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis (F3 to F4) and 33 (9%) had cirrhosis. Within each treatment arm, differences in rates of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after completion of treatment (SVR12) between patients with mild to moderate fibrosis (F0 to F2) versus F3 to F4 did not show a consistent pattern and were not statistically significant (63% versus 47% for TID16W, 53% versus 76% for TID28W, 48% versus 67% for TID40W, 70% versus 67% for BID28W, and 40% versus 36% for TID28W-NR, respectively; P> 0.05 for each arm). The most frequent adverse events in patients with/without cirrhosis were gastrointestinal and skin events, which were mostly mild or moderate in intensity. The degree of liver fibrosis did not appear to affect the probability of achieving SVR12 following treatment with the interferon-free regimen of faldaprevir, deleobuvir, and ribavirin. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01132313.)

The expression and transport functions of organic anion transporters are modified in liver diseases, and therefore the vascular clearances of endogenous and exogenous organic anions that are taken up by these transporters have been used to assess liver diseases in patients. More recently, liver imaging with hepatobiliary contrast agents, tracers, and dyes that cross hepatocytes through the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)–multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) pathway were developed to detect and characterize focal lesions and to assess the severity of diffuse liver diseases. This review focuses mainly on magnetic resonance imaging and highlights the growing interest in imaging the OATPs–MRP2 pathway to better understand liver diseases. Imaging provides noninvasive measurements of tissue concentrations that result from the interplay between influx and efflux membrane transport systems in normal or injured hepatocytes. Imaging with magnetic resonance hepatobiliary contrast agents improves the detection and the characterization of hepatic focal lesions. New developments of imaging to assess liver function and understand the hepatocellular concentrations of contrast agents are discussed.

Background Faldaprevir (BI 201335) and deleobuvir (BI 207127) are direct-acting antiviral agents under development for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. This article describes the final results of the Phase Ib SOUND-C1 study that evaluated the interferon-free oral combination of faldaprevir, deleobuvir and ribavirin in 32 treatment-naive patients infected with HCV genotype 1.Methods Patients were randomized to receive deleobuvir 400 mg (n=15) or 600 mg (n=17) three times daily plus faldaprevir 120 mg once daily and weight-based ribavirin for 4 weeks. Interferon-free therapy was followed by response-guided faldaprevir plus pegylated interferon-a2a/ribavirin to week 24 or 48.Results At week 4, 73% (11/15) and 100% (17/17) of patients in the deleobuvir 400 mg and 600 mg groups achieved HCV RNA<25 IU/ml, respectively. During interferon-free treatment, virological breakthrough was reported in one patient and re-increase of HCV RNA in one patient. Both patients were successfully treated with interferon-containing therapy. The rate of sustained virological response 24 weeks after completion of treatment was 73% (11/15) in the deleobuvir 400 mg group and 94% (16/17) in the 600 mg group. During faldaprevir plus pegylated interferon-a2a/ ribavirin treatment, the most common adverse events were pruritus (38% of patients), rash (31%) and asthenia (31%); these were severe in approximately 3% of patients.Conclusions Potent antiviral activity and favourable safety of the treatment regimen were demonstrated. Furthermore, the results suggest that patients with breakthrough at week 4 may be rescued with an interferon-containing regimen. Clinical trials.gov number NCT01132313.

Die Bestimmung der Leberwerte im Serum gehört heute zu den häufigsten Laboruntersuchungen in der ärztlichen Praxis. Leberwerte werden nicht nur bei spezifischen Lebererkrankungen, sondern häufig bei der Abklärung eines unklaren Krankheitsbildes, sowie bei asymptomatischen Patienten im Rahmen eines „check-ups“ bestimmt. Oft ist ein Laborbefund nicht einfach zu beurteilen und es gibt keine kontrollierte klinische Studie, welche uns als Grundlage für Empfehlungen hinsichtlich eines rationalen Einsatzes von weiteren Abklärungen dient. Im ersten einführenden Abschnitt der vorliegenden Arbeit werden wir mögliche Algorithmen bei der Abklärung von erhöhten Leberwerten aufzeigen, in zweiten Abschnitt illustrieren vier Fallberichte aus der täglichen Praxis mögliche Ursachen von erhöhten Leberwerten.

Approximately 3% of the world population is chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), with potential development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of new antiviral agents, treatment remains suboptimal. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified rs12979860, a polymorphism nearby IL28B, as an important predictor of HCV clearance. We report the identification of a novel TT/-G polymorphism in the CpG region upstream of IL28B, which is a better predictor of HCV clearance than rs12979860. By using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals carrying different allelic combinations of the TT/-G and rs12979860 polymorphisms, we show that induction of IL28B and IFN-γ–inducible protein 10 (IP-10) mRNA relies on TT/-G, but not rs12979860, making TT/-G the only functional variant identified so far. This novel step in understanding the genetic regulation of IL28B may have important implications for clinical practice, as the use of TT/G genotyping instead of rs12979860 would improve patient management.

Background Chronic hepatitis C infection is a major cause of end-stage liver disease. Therapy outcome is influenced by 25-OH vitamin D deficiency. To further address this observation, our study investigates the impact of the vitamin D receptor (NR1I1) haplotype and combined effects of plasma vitamin D levels in a well-described cohort of hepatitis C patients.Methods A total of 155 chronic hepatitis C patients were recruited from the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study for NR1I1genotyping and plasma 25-OH vitamin D level measurement. NR1I1genotype data and combined effects of plasma 25-OH vitamin D level were analysed regarding therapy response (sustained virological response).Results A strong association was observed between therapy non-response and the NR1I1CCA (bAt) haplotype consisting of rs1544410 (BsmI) C, rs7975232 (ApaI) C and rs731236 (TaqI) A alleles. Of the HCV patients carrying the CCA haplotype, 50.3% were non-responders (odds ratio [OR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.07, 2.67; P=0.028). A similar association was observed for the combinational CCCCAA genotype (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.36, 6.37; P=0.007). The combinational CCCCAA genotype was confirmed as an independent risk factor for non-response in multivariate analysis (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.07, 5.87; P=0.034). Analysing combined effects, a significant impact of low 25-OH vitamin D levels on sustained virological response were only seen in patients with the unfavourable NR1I1CCA (bAt) haplotype (OR for non-SVR 3.55; 95% CI 1.005, 12.57; P=0.049).Conclusions NR1I1vitamin D receptor polymorphisms influence response to pegylated-interferon/ribavirin-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C and exert an additive genetic predisposition to previously described low 25-OH vitamin D serum levels.

Für viele chronische Lebererkrankungen und auch beim akuten Leberversagen ist eine Lebertransplantation die einzige kurative Therapie. In der Schweiz werden jährlich etwa 100 Lebertransplantationen durchgeführt. Beim akuten Leberversagen gelten die Clichy-Kriterien für die Transplantationsindikation. Bei einer Leberzirrhose hat die Transplantation ab einem MELD-Score von 15 einen günstigen Effekt auf das Langzeitüberleben. Das 5- und 10-Jahresüberleben nach Lebertransplantation beträgt 71% respektive 61%. Bei zunehmendem Langzeitüberleben wird das Management der Medikamentennebenwirkungen und kardiovaskulären Risiken immer wichtiger.

Chronic pancreatitis is usually caused by heavy alcohol intake and, in many studies, also smoking. Because heavy drinkers usually smoke, making it difficult to separate the effects of these 2 factors, we thought to study the impact of smoking on the progression of nonalcoholic idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP)

Unlike cadaveric liver transplantation, current attitudes in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) quote increased risk factors in the potential recipient such as retransplantation, multiple previous surgeries, or preexisting recipient portal vein thrombosis (PVT) as absolute or relative contraindications to this procedure.

Abstract:  DNA methylation plays an important part in the regulation of gene expression. Alterations in DNA methylation in tumours have been reported and have been used to generate hypotheses about mutagenesis and silencing of tumour suppressor genes. However, the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood, and conflicting data on the levels of overexpression of 5′-cytosine DNA methyltransferase in sporadic colon carcinoma have been published. We used a competitive RT-PCR assay for quantification of mRNA of 5′-cytosine DNA methyltransferase in colon biopsies obtained from patients with hereditary colon carcinoma syndromes and compared the results with those obtained in a control group. No significant difference was found between the flat mucosa of FAP patients and the mucosa of the control group. In FAP and HNPCC patients, the 5′-cytosine DNA methyltransferase mRNA levels of adenomas were significantly higher (P<0.05) than of flat mucosa in the same group, but both showed great variability from patient to patient. Our findings suggest that the mRNA levels of methyltransferase cannot be used as predictive marker for screening in families affected by hereditary colon carcinoma.

While infectious peritonitis is a common occurrence in patients with liver cirrhosis, Mycoplasmais rarely identified as a causative agent.