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Ultrathin organic nanofibers (UTONFs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials as they carry a set of favorable attributes, including ultrahigh specific surface area, lightweight, and mechanical flexibility, over inorganic counterparts, for use in biomedicine and nanotechnology. However, precise synthesis of uniform UTONFs (diameter ≤ 2 nm) with tailored functionalities remained challenging. Herein, we report robust multifunctional UTONFs using hydrophobic interaction-driven self-assembly of amphiphilic alternating peptoids containing hydrophobic photoresponsive azobenzene and hydrophilic hydroxyl moieties periodically arranged along the peptoid backbone. Notably, the as-crafted UTONFs are approximately 2 nm in diameter and tens of micrometers in length (an aspect ratio, AR, of ∼10000), exemplifying the UTONFs with the smallest diameter yielded via self-assembly. Intriguingly, UTONFs were disassembled into short-segmented nanofibers and controllably reassembled into UTONFs, resembling “step-growth polymerization”. Photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties leads to reversible transformation between UTONFs and spherical micelles. Such meticulously engineered UTONFs demonstrate potential for catalysis, bioimaging, and antibacterial therapeutics. Our study highlights the significance of the rational design of amphiphiles containing alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in constructing otherwise unattainable extremely thin UTONFs with ultrahigh AR and stimuli-responsive functionalities for energy and bionanotechnology.

Due to the wide application of lithium iron phosphate (LFP)-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the dissolution of LFP is a crucial step in the process of recycling LFP from LFP-based LIBs. However, the traditional methods for the dissolution of LFP typically require the usage of hazardous solvents, elevated temperatures, or limited efficiency. Achieving efficient, green, and selective dissolution of LFP at low temperatures remains a significant challenge. Here, we, for the first time, find that natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) containing glucose and lactic acid show a high Li leaching efficiency of 96.5% for LFP dissolution at a mild temperature, with Li more selectively separated from LFP than Fe. Both glucose and lactic acid in DESs are naturally available, cheap, biodegradable, and nontoxic. This research provides valuable guidance for the development of a green, mild, natural, and efficient process for achieving a sustainable recovery of spent LFP-based LIBs.

To improve the security and privacy of audio data stored in third party servers, a novel watermarking scheme is proposed. Firstly, the authors split the host signal into frames and scramble each frame to get the encrypted signal. Secondly, they generate watermark bits by using the frame number and embed them into each frame of the encrypted signal, which is the data that will be uploaded to the third party servers. For the users, they can download the encrypted data and verify the data is intact or not. If the data is intact, the users decrypt the data to get the audio signal. If the audio signal is attacked in the process of transmission, they can also locate the location of the attacked frame. The experimental results show that the method proposed is effective not only for encrypted signals, but also for the encrypted signals after decryption.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate are widely used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride products. Short-term exposures to phthalates affect hormone levels, ovarian follicle populations, and ovarian gene expression. However, limited data exist regarding the effects of long-term exposure to phthalates on reproductive functions. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that short-term and long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or diisononyl phthalate disrupts follicle dynamics, ovarian and pituitary gene expression, and hormone levels in female mice. Adult CD-1 female mice were exposed to vehicle, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, or diisononyl phthalate (0.15 ppm, 1.5 ppm, or 1500 ppm) via the chow for 1 or 6 months. Short-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0.15 ppm) and diisononyl phthalate (1.5 ppm) decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels compared to control. Long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate (1500 ppm) increased the percentage of primordial follicles and decreased the percentages of preantral and antral follicles compared to control. Both phthalates increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 1500 ppm; diisononyl phthalate at 1.5 ppm) and decreased luteinizing hormone levels (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 0.15 and 1.5 ppm; diisononyl phthalate at 1.5 ppm and 1500 ppm) compared to control. Furthermore, both phthalates altered the expression of pituitary gonadotropin subunit genes (Cga, Fshb, and Lhb) and a transcription factor (Nr5a1) that regulates gonadotropin synthesis. These data indicate that long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate alters follicle growth dynamics in the ovary and the expression of gonadotropin subunit genes in the pituitary and consequently luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis.Long-term exposure to phthalates affects ovarian follicle dynamics, peptide hormone-related genes, and peptide hormone levels.Graphical Abstract

Controlled-release urea (CRU) is widely reported to supply crop nitrogen (N) demand with one basal application, thus effectively replacing split applications of urea without diminishing grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE). However, its use for replacement for high-yield split applications of urea (CK) for rice is untested. In addition, the degree to which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rice systems are affected when CRU is substituted for CK remains unclear. During 2017 and 2018, we sampled plant growth and gas emissions in a rice paddy field treated with three CRU types (sulfur-coated urea [SCU], polymer-coated urea [PCU], and bulk blended CRU [BBU]) applied via two methods (surface broadcasting on the soil and subsurface banding at 5 cm depth), with CK as a control. The three CRUs led to different soil NH4+-N dynamics, and the N supply pattern under BBU was more beneficial for rice seedling establishment than under SCU and PCU, resulting in grain yield and NUE comparable to those under CK. CRU type showed no significant effect on either CH4emissions or N2O emissions, and broadcast CRUs exhibited significantly higher total GHG emissions than CK. However, banded CRUs significantly reduced the total GHG emissions in comparison with broadcast CRUs, by 9.2% averaged across the two years. Reduced CH4emissions, particularly during the period prior to the middle drainage, contributed largely to the GHG difference. With comparably high grain yield and low total GHG emissions, banded BBU showed a low yield-scaled GHG (GHG emissions divided by grain yield) comparable to that under CK in both years. Overall, our study suggested that N management synchronized with rice demand and contributing to a high NUE tended to minimize yield-scaled GHG. Broadcast CRU can hardly substitute for CK in terms of either grain yield or GHG emissions, but banded BBU is a promising N management strategy for sustaining rice production while minimizing environmental impacts.

Given the synergy of optogenetics and bioimaging in neuroscience, it is possible for light to simultaneously modulate and visualize synaptic events of optoelectronic synaptic devices, which are building blocks of a neuromorphic computing system with optoelectronic integration. Here we demonstrate the realization of the simultaneous modulation and visualization of synaptic events by using optically stimulated synaptic devices based on the heterostructure of fluorescent silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) and monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The charge-transfer-enabled photogating effect of the Si QDs/MoS2heterostructure leads to the nonvolatility of the synaptic devices, which exhibit important synaptic functionalities and synchronous fluorescence upon optical stimulation. An array of the Si QDs/MoS2optoelectronic synaptic devices is well-employed to mimic robust neural population coding. Defective devices in this array may be pinpointed by the absence of their fluorescence. This work has an important implication for the development of synaptic devices facilitating the system-level diagnosis and device-level positioning of a neuromorphic computing system.

The physicochemical properties of a semiconductor surface, especially in low-dimensional nanostructures, determine the electrical and optical behavior of the devices. Thereby, the precise control of surface properties is a prerequisite for not only preserving the intrinsic material quality but also manipulating carrier transport behavior for promoting device characteristics. Here, we report a facile approach to suppress the photocorrosion effect while boosting the photoresponse performance of n-GaN nanowires in a constructed photoelectrochemical-type photodetector by employing Co3O4nanoclusters as a hole charging layer. Essentially, the Co3O4nanoclusters not only alleviate nanowires from corrosion by optimizing the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics at the nanowire/electrolyte interface but also facilitate an efficient photogenerated carrier separation, migration, and collection process, leading to a significant ease of photocurrent attenuation (improved by nearly 867% after Co3O4decoration). Strikingly, a record-high responsivity of 217.2 mA W–1with an ultrafast response/recovery time of 0.03/0.02 ms can also be achieved, demonstrating one of the best performances among the reported photoelectrochemical-type photodetectors, that ultimately allowed us to build an underwater optical communication system based on the proposed nanowire array for practical applications. This work provides a perspective for the rational design of stable nanostructures for various applications in photo- and biosensing or energy-harvesting nanosystems.

Polymers are widely recognized to entail random conformations in good solvent governed by the need for achieving the highest entropy to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. In this context, it remains grand challenging to directly arrange them into ordered conformation as building blocks for further self-assembling into hierarchal structures. Herein, we report a simple yet viable strategy to progressively assemble rationally designed azobenzene-containing alternating copolymer (i.e., poly(binaphthyl-spacer-azobenzene-alt-hexaethylene glycol), denoted P(BNPSAzo-alt-EG6)24) into helical supramolecular nanorods. Specifically, P(BNPSAzo-alt-EG6)24chains in good solvent are firstly self-assembled into helical single molecular micelles in good solvent viaintramolecular π-π interaction between binaphthyl groups as well as between azobenzene moieties. Subsequently, by simply introducing water into the solution that is allowed to dwell for a certain period of time, single molecular micelles are self-assembled into well-defined vesicles. Finally, these isotropic vesicles could be further transformed into anisotropic helical supramolecular nanorods with enhanced aggregate-induced emission (AIE) capability driven by repeated, light-triggered cis-transisomerization of azobenzene moieties with the retention of π-π interacted binaphthyl groups. This study highlights a facile route to yielding morphology-rich, functional assemblies from a single polymer viajudiciously exploiting non-covalent interaction and light of different wavelength as highly effective trigger in a non-invasive manner for potential applications in controlled release and fluorescent labelling.

Global warming is expected to affect methane (CH4) emissions from rice paddies, one of the largest human-induced sources of this potent greenhouse gas. However, the large variability in warming impacts on CH4emissions makes it difficult to extrapolate the experimental results over large regions. Here, we show, through meta-analysis and multi-site warming experiments using the free air temperature increase facility, that warming stimulates CH4emissions most strongly at background air temperatures during the flooded stage of ∼26 °C, with smaller responses of CH4emissions to warming at lower and higher temperatures. This pattern can be explained by divergent warming responses of plant growth, methanogens, and methanotrophs. The effects of warming on rice biomass decreased with the background air temperature. Warming increased the abundance of methanogens more strongly at the medium air temperature site than the low and high air temperature sites. In contrast, the effects of warming on the abundance of methanotrophs were similar across the three temperature sites. We estimate that 1 °C warming will increase CH4emissions from paddies in China by 12.6%─substantially higher than the estimates obtained from leading ecosystem models. Our findings challenge model assumptions and suggest that the estimates of future paddy CH4emissions need to consider both plant and microbial responses to warming.

There is keen research interest in building highly effective semiconductor-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms, due to their selectivity for many probe molecules and suitability for complex scenario applications. However, current tuning approaches have not yet been successful in creating semiconductor-based SERS sensors for small inorganic molecules, due to the challenge of creating sufficient SERS enhancement in semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate the use of MoO3·xH2O quantum dots (QDs), to achieve direct and sensitive fingerprinting of the inorganic species hydrazine, which is a first attempt in semiconductor-based SERS research, as well as various other probe molecules. The resulting SERS platform that uses QDs with average size of 2.2 nm could successfully detect the signal of hydrazine with a limit of detection estimated to be around 4 × 10–5M, significantly lowering the detectable concentration by at least 1000-fold, in sharp contrast to the weak performance of 10 and 100 nm particles, demonstrating that quantum size effect triggered by small particle size below the Bohr radius is crucially responsible for high SERS activity. The significantly enhanced SERS activity is a result of vibronically coupled multipathway, highly efficient charge-transfer resonances induced by the divergence of energy states in quantum-sized MoO3·xH2O. This is a proof-of-concept demonstration of the exploitation of quantum size effect, toward significantly enhanced intrinsic SERS activity in semiconductor-based SERS materials.

Green and low-cost capture of radioactive iodine is urgently needed due to nuclear leaks and nuclear disasters. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are deemed as green solvents of the 21st century with high biocompatibility, high atom efficiency and high tunability. However, DESs used for the capture of radioactive iodine are hardly recyclable, leading to undesirable environmental pollution and high cost. Here, green and low-cost capture of radioactive iodine from wastewater is achieved using novel DES-derived adsorbents. The results show that the DES-derived adsorbents could improve the removal efficiency (>99%) of radioactive iodine and achieve recyclable utilization compared to reported DESs for iodine capture. Other pollutants in wastewater could also be efficiently removed by the DES-derived adsorbents. This work provides a green strategy for the sustainable and recyclable treatment of radioactive iodine with high efficiency using novel DES-derived adsorbents.

Poor light stress causes lodging risks in hybrid indica rice (Oryza sativaL.) in Sichuan Basin, China. However, the effective way of improving lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice by plant regulation strategy under poor light stress has not yet been investigated. A 2‐yr field study, comparing the three foliar application uniconazole rates under normal light and shading condition, was conducted to determine the lodging resistance and its physiological mechanism by using two hybrid rice varieties (Yuxiang203 [YX203] and Cliangyouhuazhan [CLYHZ]). The results showed that shading significantly decreased grain yield, but, increased lodging index (LI) due to poor stem breaking strength (M). Also, shading increased the non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC), but reduced structural carbohydrate (SC), especially for lignin in basal culm and thus, weakened the stem stiffness. Grain yield was first increased, and then declined with increasing foliar uniconazole rates. And, LI decreased sharply owing to improvement of M while reduction of bending moment by whole plant (WP). Larger section modulus (SM) of YX203 and higher bending stress (BS) of CLYHZ were contributed to higher M. Correlation analysis showed that M was significantly correlated with culm diameter, culm wall thickness and SC content for YX203, and that with SC content for CLYHZ, respectively. The results indicated that foliar application of uniconazole increased lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice for larger M and SC accumulation in basal stem. Uniconazole foliar application at 40 mg L–1can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield of hybrid indica rice in the Sichuan Basin, China. Shading rapidly raised lodging risks of hybrid indica rice due to poor stem strength of basal stem.The foliar application uniconazole increased lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice.The higher stem strength of Yuxiang203 rely on section modulus and structural carbohydrates.Uniconazole rate at 40 mg L–1rose lodging resistance and yield of hybrid indica rice in the Sichuan Basin.

Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status. However, little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet. In this study, using a deactivated plant as reference, we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet. Three japonicarice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials. Temperatures of flag leaf, superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer. The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor, posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet. On the other hand, it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle. Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis. Interestingly, sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain, confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling. Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature, thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.

Carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of a plant organ is an inherent signature reflecting its physiological property, and thus is used as an integrative index in crop breeding. It is also a non-intrusive method for quantifying the relative contribution of different source organs to grain filling in cereals. Using the samples collected from two-year field and pot experiments with two nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations of δ13C in source organs of leaf, sheath, internode, and bracts, and in sink organ grain. Constitutive nature of δ13C was uncovered, with an order of leaf (−27.84‰) < grain (−27.82‰) < sheath (−27.24‰) < bracts (−26.81‰) < internode (−25.67‰). For different positions of individual organs within the plant, δ13C of the leaf and sheath presented a diminishing trend from the top (flag leaf and its sheath) to the bottom (the last leaf in reverse order and its sheath). No obvious pattern was found for the internode. For temporal variations, δ13C of the leaf and sheath had a peak (the most negative) at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), whereas that of the bracts showed a marked increase at the time point of anthesis, implying a transformation from sink to source organ. By comparing the δ13C in its natural abundance in the water-soluble fractions of the sheath, internode, and bracts with the δ13C in mature grains, the relative contribution of these organs to grain filling was assessed. With reference to the leaf, the internode accounted for as high as 32.64% and 42.56% at 10 DAA and 20 DAA, respectively. Meanwhile, bracts presented a larger contribution than the internode, with superior bracts being higher than inferior bracts. In addition, N topdressing reduced the contribution of the internode and bracts. Our findings clearly proved the actual significance of non-foliar organs of the internode and bracts for rice yield formation, thus extending our basic knowledge of source and sink relations.

Seedling transplanting is one of the predominant rice production systems in China. The production of hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings (HLMS) is a novel seedling cultivation method that reduces labor costs and improves efficiency. There is an urgent need to explore the optimum seedling age that maximizes grain yield from HLMS. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of seedling age on the seedling quality, field growth characteristics and grain yield of rice grown from HLMS. The grain yield was higher for young seedlings (13 d) than for older seedlings (27 d) as a result of robust seedling quality, increased mechanical transplanting quality, slight transplanting shock, sufficient tillers and increased panicle numbers in both cultivars when grown from HLMS under normal seeding density, and there was no significant difference in grain yield between transplanted 13‐ and 20‐d‐old seedlings. Moreover, the decreased yield in Wuyunjing24 might due to the reduced number of spikelets per panicle in old seedlings. In addition, the force of root entwining was significantly enhanced with increasing seedling age for both seedling cultivation methods and cultivars, and it was significantly higher for HLMS than for conventional mat seedlings raised in soil (CMSS). In general, transplanting young seedlings (13–20 d) by the HLMS method under normal seeding density brings better plant performance and higher yield than does transplanting older seedlings; relative to CMSS, HLMS increased the flexibility of seedling age (>7 d) and operational feasibility, which can be mainly ascribed to the enhanced force of root entwining. Core IdeasHydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings significantly enhanced the force of root entwining (>8 kilograms per block), enabling rice seedlings of different ages to withstand farming operations.Relative to conventional mat seedlings raised in soil, hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings increased the flexibility of seedling age at transplant (>7 d).Transplanting young seedlings (13–20 d) by the hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings method achieved higher grain yield than did transplating older seedlings (27 d) under normal seeding density. Hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings significantly enhanced the force of root entwining (>8 kilograms per block), enabling rice seedlings of different ages to withstand farming operations. Relative to conventional mat seedlings raised in soil, hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings increased the flexibility of seedling age at transplant (>7 d). Transplanting young seedlings (13–20 d) by the hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings method achieved higher grain yield than did transplating older seedlings (27 d) under normal seeding density.

In the earliest phase of inflammation, histamine and other agonists rapidly mobilize P-selectin to the apical membranes of endothelial cells, where it initiates rolling adhesion of flowing neutrophils. Clustering of P-selectin in clathrin-coated pits facilitates rolling. Inflammatory cytokines typically signal by regulating gene transcription over a period of hours. We found that neutrophils rolling on P-selectin secreted the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM). The released OSM triggered signals through glycoprotein 130 (gp130)–containing receptors on endothelial cells that, within minutes, further clustered P-selectin and markedly enhanced its adhesive function. Antibodies to OSM or gp130, deletion of the gene encoding OSM in hematopoietic cells, or conditional deletion of the gene encoding gp130 in endothelial cells inhibited neutrophil rolling on P-selectin in trauma-stimulated venules of the mouse cremaster muscle. In a mouse model of P-selectin–dependent deep vein thrombosis, deletion of OSM in hematopoietic cells or of gp130 in endothelial cells markedly inhibited adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes and the rate and extent of thrombus formation. Our results reveal a paracrine-signaling mechanism by which neutrophil-released OSM rapidly influences endothelial cell function during physiological and pathological inflammation.

In the earliest phase of inflammation, histamine and other agonists rapidly mobilize P-selectin to the apical membranes of endothelial cells, where it initiates rolling adhesion of flowing neutrophils. Clustering of P-selectin in clathrin-coated pits facilitates rolling. Inflammatory cytokines typically signal by regulating gene transcription over a period of hours. We found that neutrophils rolling on P-selectin secreted the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM). The released OSM triggered signals through glycoprotein 130 (gp130)–containing receptors on endothelial cells that, within minutes, further clustered P-selectin and markedly enhanced its adhesive function. Antibodies to OSM or gp130, deletion of the gene encoding OSM in hematopoietic cells, or conditional deletion of the gene encoding gp130 in endothelial cells inhibited neutrophil rolling on P-selectin in trauma-stimulated venules of the mouse cremaster muscle. In a mouse model of P-selectin–dependent deep vein thrombosis, deletion of OSM in hematopoietic cells or of gp130 in endothelial cells markedly inhibited adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes and the rate and extent of thrombus formation. Our results reveal a paracrine-signaling mechanism by which neutrophil-released OSM rapidly influences endothelial cell function during physiological and pathological inflammation.

Herein, a novel route to synthesize unsymmetrically N,N-disubstituted formamides is reported, which is achieved via reductive coupling of primary amine and aldehyde with CO2/H2over a cobalt-based catalytic system composed of CoF2, P(CH2CH2PPh2)3and K2CO3. The mechanism investigation indicates that a secondary amine is formed via hydrogenation of the imine originated from aldehyde and primary amine, which further reacts with HCOOH generated from CO2hydrogenation, resulting in the formation of NNFA finally.

Inflammation is a major contributor to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Flow restriction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in mice induces DVT like that in humans. In this model, P-selectin–dependent adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes leads to release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and expression of tissue factor. However, it is not known what signals cause myeloid cells to generate these procoagulant effectors. Using ultrasonography and spinning-disk intravital microscopy in genetically engineered mice, we found that engagement of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and the chemokine receptor CXCR2 on rolling neutrophils propagated signals that cooperated to induce β2 integrin–dependent arrest in flow-restricted IVCs. Unlike previous reports, PSGL-1 signaling in neutrophils did not require L-selectin, and it used tyrosine 145 rather than tyrosines 112 and 128 on the adaptor Src homology domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa. PSGL-1 and CXCR2 signaling cooperated to increase the frequency and size of thrombi, in part by stimulating release of NETs. Unlike in neutrophils, blocking PSGL-1 or CXCR2 signaling in monocytes did not affect their recruitment into thrombi or their expression of tissue factor. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils cooperatively signal through PSGL-1 and CXCR2 to promote DVT.

Inflammation is a major contributor to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Flow restriction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in mice induces DVT like that in humans. In this model, P-selectin–dependent adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes leads to release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and expression of tissue factor. However, it is not known what signals cause myeloid cells to generate these procoagulant effectors. Using ultrasonography and spinning-disk intravital microscopy in genetically engineered mice, we found that engagement of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and the chemokine receptor CXCR2 on rolling neutrophils propagated signals that cooperated to induce β2 integrin–dependent arrest in flow-restricted IVCs. Unlike previous reports, PSGL-1 signaling in neutrophils did not require L-selectin, and it used tyrosine 145 rather than tyrosines 112 and 128 on the adaptor Src homology domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa. PSGL-1 and CXCR2 signaling cooperated to increase the frequency and size of thrombi, in part by stimulating release of NETs. Unlike in neutrophils, blocking PSGL-1 or CXCR2 signaling in monocytes did not affect their recruitment into thrombi or their expression of tissue factor. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils cooperatively signal through PSGL-1 and CXCR2 to promote DVT.

The reductive formylation of aryl iodides/bromides to aryl aldehydes using CO2/H2is presented for the first time. It was realized over a catalytic system composed of RhI3or RhI3/Pd(dppp)Cl2(dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenyphosphino)propane) and PPh3in the presence of Ac2O/Et3N at 100 °C, affording aromatic aldehydes in good to excellent yields, together with good functional-group tolerance and broad substrate scope. The reaction proceeds through three cascade steps, involving HCOOH formation, CO release, and formylation of aryl halides.

Basal silicon promotes rice growth and development at the tillering stage.After flooding, foliar spraying N or silicon timely had a better effect.Foliar spraying N had more advantages than silicon. Flooding is a major threat to rice (Oryza sativaL.) yields. We wondered if basal Si and foliar spraying fertilizer had an influence on rice submerged at tillering stage. The results showed that basal Si application promoted rice growth and development at the tillering stage, improving rice seedling tolerance to submergence stress. After the occurrence of flooding, timely foliar spraying of N or Si had significant remedial effects, and spraying N along with Si had a better effect. The combination of basal Si and post‐flooding N and Si spraying was the most promising method of nutrient application and as resistance to damage during submergence was enhanced, plants rapidly resumed growth and development. By maintaining a great number of green leaves and tillers as well as higher aboveground and belowground dry mass, sugar contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, these plants yielded significantly more grain. We conclude that reasonable use of Si leads to resistance and alleviation of the damaging effects of submergence and contributes to reducing yield losses in rice.

Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and structural carbohydrate (SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar (Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan (a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang (a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9% lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength. These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.

The elimination of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) from water has attracted extensive research attention. This study hydrothermally synthesized composite photocatalysts composed of BiVO4microspheres containing coexisting phases of monoclinic scheelite (M-BiVO4) and tetragonal zircon (T-BiVO4), i.e., MT-BiVO4, loaded onto P-doped g-C3N4nanosheets (PCNS). Furthermore, their morphology, structure, and photoelectrochemical properties were comprehensively characterized, and the performance and stability of photocatalytic degradation of TC-HCl were examined. Additionally, the effects of humic acid (HA), coexisting anions/cations, and actual water samples on the degradation efficiency of TC-HCl were investigated, and the degradation mechanism and pathways were examined. The findings indicated that the percentage of M-BiVO4in MT-BiVO4considerably influences the photocatalytic activity of the composite catalyst. Furthermore, the excellent photocatalytic performance of 5% BVO/PCNS was attributed to the synergistic effects of P-doping the modified g-C3N4, MT-BiVO4isotype heterojunction effects, and the Z-scheme heterojunction constructed from MT-BiVO4and PCNS, which can enhance the absorption range of the visible light and accelerate the transfer and separation of charge carriers between catalysts. The free radical capture experiments and electron spin resonance tests indicated that holes and O2-were the dominant active species in the photocatalytic degradation process. With high reusability and stability, the 5% BVO/PCNS composite has great potential for practical wastewater treatment applications. This study offers a new approach for preparing photocatalysts synergized by isotype and Z-scheme heterojunctions.

Global warming would deteriorate rice (Oryza sativaL.) quality, especially chalk characteristic. To better cope with the challenges from global warming, the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at heading stage on rice quality under elevated temperature during grain‐filling stage were investigated. Four different growth regimes, including no warming without N fertilizer at heading stage (CK), elevated temperature without N fertilizer at heading stage (ET), elevated temperature with N fertilizer at heading stage (ET+N), no warming with N fertilizer at heading stage (CK+N), were conducted. Elevated temperature during grain filling was achieved by a free‐air temperature enhancement facility with the increase of 4°C in ET and 3.7°C in ET+N. Results showed that elevated temperature decreased rice appearance quality and cooking quality and increased rice nutritional quality and eating quality. Grain‐filling rate and amyloplast development for both superior and inferior spikelets were obviously accelerated during early grain‐filling stage by elevated temperature. The application of N fertilizer at heading stage could inhibit the deterioration of rice quality, particularly for chalk performance, and may be associated with the alleviation of grain‐filling rate and amyloplast development. The above evidence indicated that the application of N fertilizer at heading stage is efficient to mitigate rice quality deterioration under higher temperatures in the Yangtze River Valley.

The existed content authentication schemes based on digital watermark have some shortcomings. In order to solve the problems, a speech content authentication scheme based on high-capacity watermark embedding is proposed, and the high-capacity embedding method is discussed. Firstly, speech signal is framed and segmented, and the samples of each segment are scrambled. Secondly, DCT is performed on the scrambled signal, and low-frequency coefficients are selected as the watermark embedding domain. Lastly, frame number is mapped to a sequence of integers and embedded into the domain based on the embedding method. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm is inaudible, robust to desynchronous attacks, enhances the embedding capacity, and improves the security of watermark system.

Water, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents have been deemed as traditional green solvents. The increasing demand for sustainable development necessitates the exploration of innovative green solvents due to some disadvantages of the traditional green solvents. In this regard, a novel concept of “natural biomass soups (NBSs)” is introduced to be eco-friendly alternatives to traditional green solvents. NBSs represent the solvents directly prepared from natural biomass without any additional industrial purification, rendering the advantages of being cheap, simple, green, biocompatible, natural, tunable, and task-specific and avoiding the usage of any additional solvents/catalysts/additives. An exemplary application of NBSs involves their exceptional ability to efficiently extract metals from lithium-ion battery cathodes at mild temperatures. NBSs have the potential to replace ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents and significantly expand the realm of green solvents and green chemistry.

Looming labor shortages and lower efficiency demand a shift from the cultivation of seedlings via the traditional nutritive soil method (CK) to hydroponically grown long‐mat seedlings (HLMS), a new method of raising rice (Oriza sativaL.) seedlings. This study was conducted to investigate the seedling quality and field growth characteristics of HLMS. We examined the effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield and benefit/cost ratio compared with those of CK (as a control). A widely grown conventional japonica rice cultivar (Wuyunjing24) and an indica hybrid rice cultivar (6Liangyou9368) were used as test material. The HLMS and CK showed no significant differences in weight/height ratio, seedling emergence rate, N content of leaves or antioxidant enzyme activities after transplantation; however, HLMS exhibited a more vigorous root system, a significantly decreased leaf area index and an extended transplantation period. The mechanical transplantation quality of HLMS was similar to that of CK but showed a significantly improved force of root entanglement. Compared with CK, the dry matter accumulation of HLMS differed quite low at the early field growth stage, whereas increased rapidly at the late growth stage. The yield and benefit/cost ratio of HLMS were equivalent or superior to those of CK. Briefly, the seedling quality of HLMS was better than that of the control, and its mechanical transplantation quality was comparable to that of the CK, enabling high‐yield and high‐efficiency rice production. Core Ideas Hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings is a novel seedling cultivation method that reduces labor costs and improves efficiency.The force of root entanglement of hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings was significantly improved.The yield and benefit/cost ratio of hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings were equivalent or superior to those of the control. Hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings is a novel seedling cultivation method that reduces labor costs and improves efficiency. The force of root entanglement of hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings was significantly improved. The yield and benefit/cost ratio of hydroponically grown long‐mat rice seedlings were equivalent or superior to those of the control.

To explore the common characteristics of high‐yield rice (Oryza sativaL.) production and the influence of transplanting density on yield, field experiments were conducted in eight ecological zones with local popular high‐yield rice varieties in China in 2009. This study revealed that different ecological types of rice exhibit robust differences in growth stage, yield composition, source, sink, grain/leaf ratio, plant type traits, and dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning. The different ecological types of rice displayed the following common features: (i) grain yield was correlated with sink such that larger sink was always associated with larger yield; (ii) DM accumulation before and after the heading stage showed large variation in contribution to yield regardless of DM accumulation enhancement, especially for postheading accumulation, which was beneficial for increasing yield; and (iii) under the suitable seedling population (36 seedlings m−2or 25 seedlings m−2), wide rows with narrow within‐row plant spacing was conducive for building high‐yield populations. Overall, transplanting density and ecological site both have significant effects on rice yield, source‐sink relationship, and DM accumulation. Core IdeasYield was closely correlated with sink such that larger sink was always associated with higher yield.The dry matter accumulation before and after the heading stage had enormous variation in contribution to yield regardless of the dry matter accumulation enhancement, especially the yield of postheading accumulation, which was beneficial for increasing yield.Under the suitable seedling population, wide rows and narrow within‐row plant spacing was conducive for building high‐yield populations to improve the yield. Yield was closely correlated with sink such that larger sink was always associated with higher yield. The dry matter accumulation before and after the heading stage had enormous variation in contribution to yield regardless of the dry matter accumulation enhancement, especially the yield of postheading accumulation, which was beneficial for increasing yield. Under the suitable seedling population, wide rows and narrow within‐row plant spacing was conducive for building high‐yield populations to improve the yield.

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Slow‐release N fertilizer is considered an effective method of improving the N use efficiency (NUE). To investigate yield and N uptake of bowl‐seedling machine‐transplanted rice (Oryza sativaL.) with slow‐release N fertilizer, three fertilizers treatments including slow‐release fertilizer blend (SFB), polymer‐coated urea (PCU), and sulfur‐coated urea (SCU), and two fertilizer methods including single basal application (B), and combined with tillering urea (BT) were performed from 2013 to 2014 in Jiangsu Yellow Sea Farm of China. Conventional split fertilization (CK) and zero N treatment (N0) are controls. Yield and NUE improvement was found in PCU under both fertilization methods in both years when compared with the CK. The SCU only showed a slight yield increase in 2014, while SFB increased the yields and NUEs under both fertilization methods in both years. The BT‐SFB got the highest yields as 13.6 and 13.3 Mg ha−1, as well as increased 7.9 and 10.8% compared with CK in both years, respectively. The recovery efficiency of N was also the highest for BT‐SFB with 52.7 and 38.5% for 2013 and 2014, respectively. The results indicated that SFB can meet the rice N demand and improve the yield and NUE, and the combined application of tillering urea and SFB was better than that of single basal application with SFB.