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ABSTRACTOlfactory dysfunction, one of the earliest non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), is accompanied by abnormal deposition of SNCA/α-synuclein in the olfactory bulb (OB). The macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) plays an important role in degrading pathological SNCA and modulating this pathway may be a promising treatment strategy. P2RX4 (purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4), a member of the purinergic receptor X family, is a key molecule regulating ALP. Piperine (PIP) is a Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of PIP on SNCA overexpression-induced PD cell and mouse models. We found that PIP oral administration (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks attenuated olfactory deficits and delayed motor deficits in Thy 1-SNCAtransgenic mice overexpressing human SNCA. This was accompanied by a degradation of pathological SNCA in OB. In addition, PIP improved cell viability and promoted degradation of human SNCA in SK-N-SH cells. These protective effects were exerted via autophagy flux promotion by enhancing autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. Furthermore, tandem mass tag proteomics analyses showed that P2RX4 plays an important role in PIP treatment-induced activation of autophagy flux. These findings demonstrate that PIP exerts neuroprotective effects in PD models via promotion of autophagy flux and may be an effective agent for PD treatment.Abbreviations:6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; ALP, autophagy-lysosome pathway; BafA1, bafilomycin A1; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IVE, ivermectin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3-II, lipid-conjugated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; mRFP-GFP, tandem monomeric red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; OB, olfactory bulb; P2RX4, purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4; PD, Parkinson disease; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PI: propidium iodide; PIP, piperine; PLG, piperlongumine; p-SNCA, SNCA phosphorylated at Ser129; Rap, rapamycin; RT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; SNARE, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor; SNCA/α-synuclein, synuclein, alpha; STX17, syntaxin17; TG, transgenic; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system; WT, wild-type

Gas-solid separation fluidized bed is a typical method for coal separation without water utilization. Geldart A particles is also considered as the ideal dense medium to strengthen separation efficiency. Fluidization stability reflects the bed pressure fluctuations and the distribution of bubble and emulsion phases, affecting the separation performance. And the main frequency of pressure fluctuations can directly reflect the degree of pressure fluctuations. Therefore, the detailed fluidization stability is analyzed combined the method of standard deviation of pressure fluctuations, power spectral density, etc. for Geldart A particles. The results showed that maintaining an appropriate gas velocity resulted in an average bed pressure of around 2000 Pa. The main frequency is mainly concentrated around 1-1.5 Hz. Finally, a prediction model of the main frequency of pressure fluctuations is established, and the error can be controlled within ±0.15. The investigation further proved the stable fluidization of Geldart A particles and provide a method for predicting the main frequency of pressure fluctuations in the gas-solid separation fluidized bed.

ABSTRACTParkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease and is caused by genetics, environmental factors and aging, with few treatments currently available. Apoptosis and macroautophagy/autophagy play critical roles in PD pathogenesis; as such, modulating their balance is a potential treatment strategy. BCL2 (B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2) is a key molecule regulating this balance. Piperlongumine (PLG) is an alkaloid extracted from Piper longumL. that has antiinflammatory and anticancer effects. The present study investigated the protective effects of PLG in rotenone-induced PD cell and mouse models. We found that PLG administration (2 and 4 mg/kg) for 4 wk attenuated motor deficits in mice and prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra induced by oral administration of rotenone (10 mg/kg) for 6 wk. PLG improved cell viability and enhanced mitochondrial function in primary neurons and SK-N-SH cells. These protective effects were exerted via inhibition of apoptosis and induction of autophagy through enhancement of BCL2 phosphorylation at Ser70. These results demonstrate that PLG exerts therapeutic effects in a rotenone-induced PD models by restoring the balance between apoptosis and autophagy.Abbreviations: 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; ACTB, actin, beta; BafA1, bafilomycin A1; BAK1, BCL2-antagonist/killer 1; BAX, BCL2-associated X protein; BCL2, B cell leukemia/lymphoma2; BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy related; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; COX4I1/COX IV, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; CsA, cyclosporine A; ED50, 50% effective dose; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; JC-1, tetraethylbenz-imidazolylcarbocyanine iodide; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; l-dopa, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine; MAPK8/JNK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; mRFP, monomeric red fluorescent protein; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NFE2L2/NRF2, nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; PD, Parkinson disease; PLG, piperlongumine; pNA, p-nitroanilide; PI, propidium iodide; PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTX, paclitaxel; Rap, rapamycin; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; WIPI2, WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; ZFYVE1/DFCP1, zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 1.

A high-fat diet (HFD) model was built to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of vitamin D on lipid metabolism in shrimp. An 8-week feeding trial was aimed to determine whether dietary vitamin D3would ameliorate the adverse effects of HFD feeding in Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 360 shrimp (initial weight of 0.50 ± 0.01 g) were randomly divided into three diets with three replicates, and each replication consisted of 40 shrimp. Three experimental diets included the control diet (NFD, 7.36% fat, 45.71% protein), HFD (11.32% fat, 45.89% protein) and the HFD supplemented with 0.57 mg/kg vitamin D3(HFD+VD). The results revealed that growth performance was not affected (P > 0.05) by different experimental diets in L. vannamei. Compared with the control group, HFD group significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride and hepatopancreas lipid accumulation (confirmed by genes expression, morphology observation and fatty acid composition) in L. vannamei.Hepatopancreas inflammation related gene (tnf-α, rab6a) levels and damaged mitochondria numbers were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while levels of immune related genes (alp, acp, lzm) and mitophagy related genes (ampkα, pink1, parkin, atg13, atg14, atg16, atg101) were decreased (P < 0.05) in L. vannamei. Compared with the HFD group, HFD+VD group significantly decreased (P < 0.05) hepatopancreas lipid deposition in L. vannamei.Hepatopancreas inflammation related genes (tnf-α, aif, rab6a) levels and damaged mitochondria numbers were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while mitophagy related genes (ampkα, pink1, parkin, becline, atg13, atg14, atg16, atg101, atg9, atg12, lc3) and immune related genes (alp, acp, lzm) were increased (P < 0.05) in L. vannamei. In conclusion, the results of present study showed that: (1) High fat diet could promote hepatopancreas lipid accumulation, increase inflammation and inhibit mitophagy in L.vannamei; (2) Dietary vitamin D3supplementation could alleviate high-fat induced hepatopancreas lipid accumulation and inflammation by activating AMPKkα/PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in L.vannamei.

In this article, we report a novel method for the design and development of a polyaniline (PANI)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) conducting composite fabric based on in situ polymerization. With the aim of improving fabric–PANI adhesion and good fastness to washing, we took some special steps: the alkali reduction pretreatment of the PET fabric before the polymerization of aniline onto the fabric, the introduction of squeezing the laboratory padder on the fabric to push the reagent into the inner part of the fabric, and short immersion time of the aniline‐absorbed fabric in oxidant solution. Factors affecting the conductivity and fastness to washing, including the alkali reduction percentage, the wet pickup of the reagent‐absorbed fabric, the immersion time in oxidant solution, and the reaction time, are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5775–5780, 2006

Polyaniline fibers were prepared with a continuous forming-drawn processing routine that better met practical production requirements. The continuous forming drawing of the fibers was conducted successfully with the following methods. A reducing agent was added to a polymer solution during the dissolution of a polyaniline emeraldine base in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). After the entire wet-spinning process was finished, the fibers were reoxidized and doped to obtain electric conductivity. The as-spun fibers were predrawn at a low drawing ratio in a warm water bath before a plasticization drawing process on a hot plate. After the fibers were predrawn, some solvent was still kept in the fibers and used as a plasticizer of the fibers so that the plasticization drawing process would be performed successfully. The spinning conditions that affected the mechanical properties and conductivity of the fibers were the content of NMP in the coagulation bath, the coagulation-bath temperature, the warm-water-bath temperature, the predrawing ratio, the hot-plate temperature, the plasticization drawing ratio, and the reoxidation and protonation treatment time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 956–960, 2004