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Posterior pilon variant ankle fractures (PPVF) are a unique subtype of posterior malleolar fractures which have been a source of controversy and confusion in recent years. There has not been a thorough literature review previously written on the topic. Database searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted from inception until June 2023. The key words included “pilon variant,” “posterior pilon variant,” and “posterior pilon” fractures. Outcomes were evaluated by union time, rates of delayed union, nonunion, malunion, and complication. A total of 15 articles relevant to surgical repair of pilon variant fractures were included in the literature review. The unique mechanism of injury has been reported to involve both rotational and axial forces, leading to involvement of the posterior and medial aspects of the distal tibia. Pilon variant fractures can be suspected by several characteristics on radiographs and have a high confirmation rate via CT images. Multiple systems have been proposed to classify this fracture pattern, but there is no consensus on the ideal classification system. Surgically, direct fixation has shown better short-term clinical outcomes versus indirect fixation or no fixation. PPVF have a distinct fracture pattern involving the posterior and medial columns of the distal tibial plafond, and results from a mechanism intermediate to rotational and axial forces. These fractures are more severe than tri-malleolar fractures due to increased rates of articular impaction and incongruity. Future classification systems should focus on joint surface area and the tibial pilon column involved to avoid confusion with less severe posterior malleolar fractures.

This systematic review was designed to compare the outcomes of the two braces against each other classified by the Graf method. The databases sources included PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The keywords included “DDH Tubingen versus Pavlik” and Tubingen and Pavlik separately. Included papers provided specific data regarding success and failure rate, avascular necrosis (AVN), duration, and age of intervention. The excluded studies discussed surgeries, diagnosis and mechanism, and ones that weren't in English. Total of 20 papers were included, resulting in 1243 Tubingen and 420 Pavlik samples. It was seen that the Tubingen splint had a statistically significant greater success rate and lower failure rate for Graf 2, D, and 3 hips, while both braces were not very successful for Graf 4 at success rates less than 60 %. Tubingen also had a lower incidence of AVN. Both braces shared similar ages of intervention, duration, and time per day. Both braces are very comparable to each other, each having better success rates for lower Graf grades, which points to the importance of bracing earlier to improve the success rates. The Tubingen splint had a higher success rate, lower failure rate, and lower AVN rate compared to the Pavlik harness. This points to the Tubingen splint potentially being the preferred option for bracing in infants.

Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a “global public health concern”. To address the growing epidemic of multidrug-resistant pathogens, the development of novel antimicrobials is urgently needed. In this study, by biomimicking cationic antibacterial peptides, we designed and synthesized a series of new membrane-active nonivamide and capsaicin derivatives as peptidomimetic antimicrobials. Through modulating charge/hydrophobicity balance and rationalizing structure–activity relationships of these peptidomimetics, compound 51was identified as the lead compound. Compound 51exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (MICs = 0.39–0.78 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 1.56–6.25 μg/mL), with low hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity. Compound 51displayed a faster bactericidal action through a membrane-disruptive mechanism and avoided bacterial resistance development. Furthermore, compound 51significantly reduced the microbial burden in a murine model of keratitis infected by Staphylococcus aureusor Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Hence, this design strategy can provide a promising and effective solution to overcome antibiotic resistance.

Periprosthetic fractures of the distal femur remain a challenge to treat due to variations in both patient- and fracture-specific factors. This study was designed to analyze the outcomes of different subtypes of periprosthetic distal femur fractures based on the Su et al. classification system.

Interprosthetic femur fractures (IFFs) are rare, but the treatment is challenging. Currently, there are many treatment methods used in practice, but an updated systematic review of comparison of common different surgical outcomes has not been thoroughly inspected.

Surgical outcomes of subtypes of periprosthetic tibia fractures after total knee arthroplasty were evaluated by using the Felix et al. classification system. Type 3 fractures were the most common classification of periprosthetic tibial fractures. Type 2 fractures had the highest rates of revision and nonunion. Type 3 fractures exhibited longer healing times than types 2 and 4. Far type 3 fractures showed the longest healing time of all fracture types but had very minimal complications. Type 4 fracture managed by K-wire/cerclage wire may require hardware removal or debridement but exhibited the shortest healing time compared to types 2 and 3.

Selection of superior clones in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) breeding programs follows a multistage process, starting in the first stage with selection of seedlings grown from seeds obtained from crosses. Effective selection of seedlings is important but notoriously difficult. Selection validity is affected by experimental error variation and interplant competition effects and is also complicated by the need to consider many different traits that affect economic value of cultivars (e.g., cane yield, sugar content, fiber content, disease resistance, etc.). In this study, we developed an optimized protocol for selection of sugarcane seedlings that balances the desire to maximize genetic gains but also be cost and labor efficient. A population of seedlings in commercial sugarcane breeding programs was first evaluated in a field trial (Stage 1). A subset of the population was then taken at random and grown in a subsequent trial (Stage 2) for evaluation in small plots. Minor modifications to application of the complete selection index that would greatly reduce labor requirements but have only a small impact on reducing genetic gains were then explored, to identify optimal selection protocols for routine application in commercial breeding programs. A procedure is recommended for routine selection of seedlings that involves (a) selection of families based on an index of four traits (stalk diameter, stalk height, trashiness, and pith rating, all derived from measurements of a small sample of seedlings in each family), followed by (b) sequential measurement and culling of individual seedlings in each selected family based on (in order) trashiness, stalk diameter, and pith rating. An optimized protocol for selection of sugarcane seedlings was developed.The desire to maximize genetic gains but also be cost and labor efficient was balanced.Recommended protocol achieved 85% of the gain possible with the optimal index but using far less labor.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most urgently important problems facing healthcare providers. A novel series of dipicolylamine-containing carbazole amphiphiles with strong Zn2+chelating ability were synthesized, biomimicking cationic antimicrobial peptides. Effective broad-spectrum 16combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+was identified as the most promising antimicrobial candidate. 16combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 0.78–3.125 μg/mL), weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Time-kill kinetics and mechanism studies revealed 16combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+had rapid bacterial killing properties, as evidenced by disruption of the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, effectively preventing bacterial resistance development. Importantly, 16combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+showed excellent in vivoefficacy in a murine keratitis model caused by Staphylococcus aureusATCC29213 or Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC9027. Therefore, 16combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+could be a promising candidate for treating bacterial infections.

Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria seriously endanger human health and global public health. Therefore, it is urgent to discover and develop novel antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of new membrane-active bakuchiol derivatives by biomimicking the structure and function of cationic antibacterial peptides. The most promising compound 28displayed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 1.56–3.125 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 3.125 μg/mL), very weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Compound 28had rapid bactericidal properties and avoided bacterial resistance. More importantly, compound 28showed strong in vivoantibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aeruginosain murine corneal infection models. This design strategy is expected to provide an effective solution to the antibiotic crisis.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the differences in functional outcomes and complication rates between percutaneous and open repair of Achilles tendon ruptures.

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, poses a severe threat to sugarcane production. The genetic basis of sugarcane resistance to S. scitamineumremains elusive. A comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic study was conducted on two wild Saccharumspecies of S. spontaneumwith contrast smut resistance. Following infection, the resistant line exhibited greater down-regulation of genes and metabolites compared to the susceptible line, indicating distinct biological processes. Lignan and lignin biosynthesis and SA signal transduction were activated in the resistant line, while flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction were enhanced in the susceptible line. TGA2.2and ARF14were identified as playing positive and negative roles, respectively, in plant defense. Exogenous auxin application significantly increased the susceptibility of S. spontaneumto S. scitaminum. This study established the significant switching of defense signaling pathways in contrast-resistant S. spontaneumfollowing S. scitamineuminfection, offering a hypothetical model and candidate genes for further research into sugarcane smut disease.

The development of new antimicrobial agents capable of curing drug-resistant bacteria-induced infections is becoming a major challenge to the global healthcare system. To develop antimicrobials with new molecular entities, a series of novel carbazole-based compounds were designed and synthesized by biomimicking the structural properties and biological function of antimicrobial peptides. Compound 29was selected as a lead compound from the structure–activity relationship analyses and biological activity evaluation. Compound 29showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MICs = 0.78–1.56 μg/mL), poor hemolytic activity (HC50> 200 μg/mL), and low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Compound 29had fast bactericidal properties and effectively prevented bacterial resistance in laboratory simulations. Antibacterial mechanism studies revealed that compound 29directly destroyed bacterial cell membranes, leading to bacterial deaths. Importantly, compound 29displayed an excellent efficacy in a murine bacterial keratitis model caused by Staphylococcus aureusATCC29213.

Because of the rapid increase in bacterial resistance, there is an urgent need for developing new antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of kaempferol derivatives as antimicrobial agents biomimicking the structural properties and biological functions of host defense peptides. After fine-tuning of hydrophobic and cationic hydrophilic moieties linked to the flavone scaffold of kaempferol, we obtained a lead compound (52) that displayed high membrane selectivity (>128), poor hemolytic activity, low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, and excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentrations = 1.56 μg/mL), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Compound 52can kill bacteria quickly by destroying the bacterial membranes and avoid developing bacterial resistance. Moreover, compound 52exhibited potent in vivo antibacterial activity against S. aureusin a murine corneal infection model. These results indicated that compound 52had the therapeutic potential as a novel membrane-active antimicrobial to combat Gram-positive bacterial infections.

Bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) has been shown to be the most osteogenic BMP. Most of these experiments, however, involve an adenovirus-transfection strategy. Here, we used the scaffold-based strategy to study the bone forming ability of recombinant BMP-9 combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A robust, injectable, multicomponent-releasing scaffold in the form of a composite gel was developed by combining chitosan microparticles (MPs) with thermosensitive gel (MPs-gel). The MPs acted as the carriers for BMP-9 and the gel was loaded with VEGF. The developed gel consisted of hydrophobic chains of methyl cellulose (MC) and the cross-linked structures of alginate (Alg) and calcium. Gelation was achieved at physiological temperature and thus facilitated the injection and localization of MPs enabling an increased efficacy of incorporated growth factors at the target site. A release profile of incorporated growth factors over a two-week period showed higher release of VEGF at each time point compared to that of BMP-9. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated within the MPs-gel maintained their viability. BMP-9 enhanced the proliferation of hMSCs along the surface of MPs. Furthermore, BMP-9 potently induced the osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated hMSCs elucidated by the increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the higher expression of ALP, collagen 1, and osteocalcin genes. In addition, in vivoexperiments demonstrated that MPs-gel with the combination of BMP-9-VEGF could significantly enhance both subcutaneous and cranial bone formation (p< 0.05). Taken together, the results here strongly suggest that BMP-9-VEGF incorporated MPs-gel holds promise as an injectable bone tissue engineering platform.

‘YZ081609’ (Reg. no. CV‐187, PI 689800) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the Yunnan Sugarcane Research Institute (YSRI) of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Yunnan Yunzhe Technology Development Co., Ltd. YZ081609 was selected from the cross YZ94‐343 × ‘Yuetang00‐236’ made by YSRI, and the fuzz was produced at Yacheng Sugarcane Breeding Station of the Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute, Yacheng, Hainan Province of mainland China in December 2007. The female parent, YZ94‐343, is an advanced clone developed by YSRI. The male parent, Yuetang00‐236, is a cultivar developed by the Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute. YZ081609 was selected from a five‐stage selection program in YSRI and tested in the 14th Yunnan Regional Trial for Sugarcane Varieties at six locations in Yunnan Province, China, for three crop cycles (two plant‐cane crops and one ratoon crop). YZ081609 was registered in China on 6 Feb. 2018. The cane yield of YZ081609 was 14.4 and 15.3% higher than ‘ROC22’ and ‘ROC16’ (two references cultivars), respectively; the sugar yield was 22.3 and 20.1% higher than ROC22 and ROC16, respectively. YZ081609 is moderately susceptible to smut and highly resistant to mosaic (Sorghum mosaic virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus).

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.To compare the current treatments for congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia, a total of 33 studies were reviewed. Vascularized fibular graft with external fixation or combined fixation had the fastest time till initial union (P<0.05). Bone morphogenetic protein had no advantage in terms of initial union, time till union, and refracture rates. This meta-analysis supports that fixation methods with corticocancellous bone autograft utilizing the combined technique of Ilizarov external fixation and intramedullary rod stabilization ensure a statistically significant reduction in the number of refractures compared with standalone fixation methods and would be the preferred method for preventing long-term complications in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.

New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapy is effective in tumors with NY-ESO-1 expression, but a safe and effective TCR-T cell therapeutic protocol remains to be improved. Here, we report a phase 1 investigational new drug clinical trial with TCR affinity-enhanced specific T cell therapy (TAEST16001) for targeting NY-ESO-1. Enrolled patients receive TAEST16001 cell infusion after dose-reduced lymphodepletion with cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg/day × 3 days) combined with fludarabine (20 mg/m2/day × 3 days), and the TCR-T cells are maintained with low doses of interleukin-2 injection post-adoptive transfer. Analysis of 12 patients treated with the regimen demonstrates no treatment-related serious adverse events. The overall response rate is 41.7%. The median progression-free survival is 7.2 months, and the median duration of response is 13.1 months. The protocol of TAEST16001 cells delivers a safe and highly effective treatment for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04318964).

Bug localization technologies and tools are widely used in software engineering. Although state-of-the-art methods have achieved great progress, they only consider the source code information at the text level, which may establish a wrong correlation between the source code and the bug report, affecting the localization accuracy and reliability. In this paper, we propose an improved bug localization model, which uses the semantics of source codes at the graph level to supplement its semantics at the text level, optimizing and adjusting the graph semantics in combination with the attention mechanism to obtain the code semantic feature including the shallow and deep semantics of the source code. Finally, the correlation between code semantic feature and report semantic feature is measured by cosine similarity. We conduct experiments on three open source Java projects to comprehensively evaluate the performance of proposed model. The experimental results show that the model is significantly better than state-of-the-art methods.

‘YZ01‐1413’ (Reg. No. CV‐170; PI 678580) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by Yunnan Sugarcane Research Institute (YSRI), of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Yunnan Yunzhe Technology Development Co., Ltd. It was released to growers in Yunnan Province, China, on 9 June 2014. YZ01‐1413 was selected from the cross ‘Yuetang 85‐177’ × ‘ROC10’ planned by YSRI and crossed at the Yacheng Sugarcane Breeding Station of Guangzhou Sugar Industry Research Institute, Yacheng, Hainan Province of mainland China in December 2000. The female parent (Yuetang 85‐177) is a cultivar developed by the Guangzhou Sugar Industry Research Institute. The male parent (ROC10) is a cultivar developed by the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute. YZ01‐1413 was selected from a five‐stage selection program in YSRI and tested in the 11th Yunnan Regional Trial of Sugarcane Varieties at five locations of Yunnan Province for 2 yr. YZ01‐1413 was released by the Yunnan Committee of Crop Variety Release because of its higher cane yield compared with reference cultivars ROC10 and ROC22 (25.8 and 8.4%, respectively), higher sugar yield compared with ROC10 and ROC22 (25.5 and 7.4%, respectively), tolerance to drought, and high resistance to smut.

As the prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, research on some of the lesser-known effects, including impaired bone health, are gaining a lot of attention. The two most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These two differ in their physiology, with T1DM stemming from an inability to produce insulin, and T2DM involving an insufficient response to the insulin that is produced. This review aims to highlight the most current information regarding diabetes as it relates to bone health. It looks at biochemical changes that characterize diabetic bone; notably increased adiposity, altered bone metabolism, and variations in bone mineral density (BMD). Then several hypotheses are analyzed, concerning how these changes may be detrimental to the highly orchestrated processes that are involved in bone formation and turnover, and ultimately result in the distinguishing features of diabetic bone. The review proceeds by explaining the effects of antidiabetes medications on bone health, then highlighting several ways that diabetes can play a part in other clinical treatment outcomes. With diabetes negatively affecting bone health and creating other clinical problems, and its treatment options potentiating these effects, physicians should consider the use of anti-osteoporotic drugs to supplement standard anti-diabetes medications in patients suffering with diabetic bone loss.

This study reviewed literature published in the last 10 years to investigate the reasons for revision failure. A total of 9952 revisions were identified and it was determined that the number one cause of failure was aseptic loosening (23.19%), followed by instability (22.43%) and infection (22.13%). Further analysis of applicable revisions investigated BMI and age at the failure rates. The rate of rerevision in obese patients was markedly higher (p < 0.01) compared to non-obese patients and individuals receiving a revision THA under the age of 55 are at a higher risk of rerevision (p < 0.01).

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.The surgical treatment of distal tibial fractures is still challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results associated with the use of a precontoured distal femoral locking plate as an external fixator in treating distal tibial fractures. From August 2011 to October 2012, 28 patients with distal tibial fractures were consecutively enrolled in this study. There were 9 OTA 43.A1, 9 43.A2, and 10 43.A3, including 21 closed and 7 open fractures. The precontoured distal femoral locking plate was placed on the anteromedial aspect of the tibia as an external fixator. All patients were followed for an average of 16 months. The mean surgical duration was 38 (25–60) minutes. The mean time until fracture healing was 16.7 (12–24) weeks. At final follow-up, the mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 93 (88–100). There were no nonunions, deep infections, or implant fractures. Three patients had transient superficial pin site infection, but these did not change the clinical outcome. External fixation using a precontoured distal femoral locking plate is a reliable option in treating distal tibial fracture. The procedure is easy to perform, is less invasive, and the low profile plate can be concealed under stockings and can be conveniently removed.

The authors report the results of 1-stage external fixation using a locking plate in 116 tibial fractures (85 closed and 31 open). The patients were followed for an average of 22 months. The mean duration of surgery was 42 minutes. The mean fracture healing time was 12 weeks for proximal, 20 weeks for shaft, 14 weeks for distal, and 24 weeks for multisegmental tibial fractures. Nonunion, deep infection, and breakage of screws did not occur. External plate fixation is effective for tibial fractures and especially for metaphyseal fractures. It has the advantages of being easy to perform and less invasive, and the plate is conveniently located for removal. [The authors report the results of 1-stage external fixation using a locking plate in 116 tibial fractures (85 closed and 31 open). The patients were followed for an average of 22 months. The mean duration of surgery was 42 minutes. The mean fracture healing time was 12 weeks for proximal, 20 weeks for shaft, 14 weeks for distal, and 24 weeks for multisegmental tibial fractures. Nonunion, deep infection, and breakage of screws did not occur. External plate fixation is effective for tibial fractures and especially for metaphyseal fractures. It has the advantages of being easy to perform and less invasive, and the plate is conveniently located for removal. [Orthopedics.2015; 38(8):494–497.]

‘YZ05‐51’ (Reg. No. CV‐161, PI 673444) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the Yunnan Sugarcane Research Institute (YSRI) of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Yunnan Yunzhe Technology Development Co. Ltd. It was released to growers in mainland China on 1 Aug. 2013. YZ05‐51 was selected from the cross Yacheng 90‐56 × ‘ROC 23’ planned by YSRI and crossed at Yacheng Sugarcane Breeding Station (YSBS) of the Guangzhou Sugar Industry Research Institute, Yacheng, Hainan Province of mainland China in January 2005. The female parent (Yacheng 90‐56) is an advanced clone developed by YSBS. The male parent (ROC23) is a cultivar developed by the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute. YZ05‐51 was selected from a five‐stage selection program in YSRI and tested in the eighth China Regional Trial for Sugarcane Varieties at 14 locations in mainland China for 2 yr. YZ05‐51 was released by the China Committee of Sugarcane Variety Release because of its higher cane yield compared with ROC16 and ROC22 (two reference cultivars) (7.1 and 1.1%, respectively), its higher sugar yield compared with ROC16 and ROC22 (10.6 and 2.7%, respectively), and its resistance to drought, high resistance to smut (caused by Ustilago scitamineaH. & P. Sydow), and moderate resistance to mosaic (Sorghum mosaic virusand Sugarcane mosaic virus).

Background:Evaluation of operative techniques used for medial malleolar fractures by classifying fracture geometry has not been well documented.Methods:One hundred eleven patients with medial malleolar fractures (transverse n = 63, oblique n = 29, vertical n = 7, comminuted n = 12) were included in this study. Seventy-two patients had complicating comorbidities. All patients were treated with buttress plate, lag screw, tension band, or K-wire fixation. Treatment outcomes were evaluated on the basis of radiological outcome (union, malunion, delayed union, or nonunion), need for operative revision, presence of postoperative complications, and AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score.Results:For transverse fractures, tension band fixation showed the highest rate of union (79%), highest average AOFAS score (86), lowest revision rate (5%), and lowest complication rate (16%). For oblique fractures, lag screws showed the highest rate of union (71%), highest average AOFAS score (80), lowest revision rate (19%), and lowest complication rate (33%) of the commonly used fixation techniques. For vertical fractures, buttress plating was used in every case but 1, achieving union (whether normal or delayed) in all cases with an average AOFAS score of 84, no revisions, and a 17% complication rate. Comminuted fractures had relatively poor outcomes regardless of fixation method.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that both tension bands and lag screws result in similar rates of union for transverse fractures of the medial malleolus, but that tension band constructs are associated with less need for revision surgery and fewer complications. In addition, our data demonstrate that oblique fractures were most effectively treated with lag screws and that vertical fractures attained superior outcomes with buttress plating.Level of Evidence:Level III, retrospective comparative series.

Concerns have been raised about screw breakage within the tibia or fibula, referred to as intraosseous breakage. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the technical aspects of syndesmotic screw placement in multiple anatomic breakage locations.

Due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the lack of new antibacterial agents, it has become urgent to discover and develop new antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as the first line of defense for the host. In this work, we have designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated a series of phenyl sulfide derivatives by biomimicking the structural features and biological functions of AMPs. Among these derivatives, the most promising compound 17exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentrations = 0.39–1.56 μg/mL), low hemolytic activity (HC50> 200 μg/mL), and high membrane selectivity. In addition, 17can rapidly kill Gram-positive bacteria within 0.5 h through membrane-targeting action and avoid antibiotic resistance. More importantly, 17showed high in vivo efficacy against Staphylococcus aureusin a murine corneal infection model. Therefore, 17has great potential as a lead compound for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.

Educational ObjectivesAs a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:1.Understand the etiology, epidemiology, and importance of treatment of isolated subtalar dislocation.2.Understand the most common management practices when treating isolated subtalar dislocation and identify variations in management that may affect prognosis.3.Consolidate reported patient outcomes as they pertain to variations in management strategies to explore which practices may provide the best prognosis after treatment of isolated subtalar dislocation.4.Highlight the importance of further study to determine the best course of management for isolated subtalar dislocation regarding variables in treatment.This study reviews the literature on isolated subtalar dislocation published within the past 5 years. Variation in management existed mostly in the categories of treatment choice, immobilizer type, and period of immobilization, with closed reduction, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, below-knee casting, less than 4 weeks of immobilization, and 6 weeks of immobilization reporting good results. The good results described after the addition of percutaneous K-wire fixation to the initial treatment method of isolated subtalar dislocation, immobilization via below-knee casting, and shorter periods of immobilization suggest that these practices may be useful for the treatment of this rare injury.

Posterior dislocation of the elbow with fractures of the radial head and coronoid process is known as the “terrible triad” because of inherent difficulty in treatment and high rate of complications. An extensive search of the recent literature was conducted and identified articles were reviewed. The treatment modalities for terrible triad injury were then analyzed on the basis of the functional outcomes resulting from each technique. Measurements of outcomes included elbow flexion-extension arc, forearm rotation arc, and Mayo elbow performance index. In total, the current review reports on 21 studies over the last 10 years in which there were patients with elbow dislocation, fracture of the coronoid process and radial head, treatment specific to those patients was described, and a validated form of patient assessment was used to measure outcomes at follow-up. It was found that the most common method of treatment is prosthetic replacement of the radial head, coronoid fixation by transosseous suture, and repair of the lateral collateral ligament complex. The literature suggests that range of motion and Mayo elbow performance index scores are highest for patients treated early with either radial head prosthesis or open reduction and internal fixation, and transosseous suture of the coronoid.

Sugarcane improvement has traditionally been conducted by nationally focussed breeding programs, with some exchange of elite cultivars among some programs. It has been generally assumed by breeders that genotype×country interactions are large, and therefore selection trial data in one country may be of limited relevance to another. However, no studies quantifying clone×country interactions have been reported to our knowledge. In research reported here, a common set of mostly unselected sugarcane genotypes was evaluated in commercial production environments in Australia and China. Consistent with past studies, genotype×site interaction was an important source of variation within each country. Overall a moderate to high genetic correlation existed between production environments in China and Australia for cane yield and sugar content (0.77 for both traits). This suggests that despite difference in environmental conditions and crop management in production environments between countries, that selection trials in China have some relevance for selecting clones for Australian environments and vice versa. It also supports the hypothesis that regular exchange of selected germplasm from effective breeding programs between countries will have mutual benefits.

Cross-sectional study.

A retrospective study, analyzing midterm results of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for removal of a sacral chordoma.

An experimental anatomic study performed on elderly cadaveric skulls.

Numerous fixation methods have been described for the fixation of Vancouver type B1 periprosthetic fractures, but there have been a very few reports in the literature regarding the use of locking plates and their outcomes for this fracture. The objective of this study was to analyze clinically and radiographically, the results of fixation of Vancouver type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures with a reversed distal femoral locking plate.

A fracture of the posteromedial talar tubercle is also referred to as the Cedell fracture and is an infrequently described injury. Failure to recognize this injury may lead to posteromedial ankle pain and tarsal tunnel syndrome. It is therefore important to diagnose these fractures at the time of the initial presentation to avoid future morbidity.

Background: The spring ligament complex (SLC) is a static support of the head of the talus and a major anatomical contributor to the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch, particularly if the dynamic support of the posterior tibial tendon is compromised. For this reason, we sought to further elucidate the anatomical components and dimensions of this ligamentous complex. Methods: Dissection was performed on 30 adult cadaver feet disarticulated at the ankle joint that were preserved by embalming technique. Results: The superomedial ligament (SML) averages 42.51 ± 3.93 mm and 33.44 ± 3.34 mm at the superomedial and inferolateral borders, respectively. The width at the level of sustentaculum tali and navicular tuberosity averaged 20.00 ± 2.35 mm and 10.26 ± 2.05 mm, respectively. The medioplantar oblique (MPO) ligament averaged 23.56 ± 2.15 mm and 21.20 ± 1.42 mm at the medial and the lateral borders, respectively. The widths at the navicular and calcaneal side were 2.71 ± 0.39 mm and 8.14 ± 0.56 mm, respectively. The inferoplantar longitudinal (IPL) ligament measured 4.26 ± 0.43 mm and 2.66 ± 0.42 mm at the medial and lateral borders, respectively. The width at the calcaneal and navicular insertions measured 5.21 ± 0.53 mm and 3.39 ± 0.39 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The distinction between the SML and MPO components of the spring ligament complex is difficult. This study tried to clarify the dimensions and configurations of these components of the SLC. Clinical relevance: This effort may aid surgeons who wish to repair this ligament with more precision.

One of the consequences of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) is progressive collapse of the fractured osteoporotic vertebral body. This can lead to spinal kyphosis that may cause restriction of respiratory function. The balloon kyphoplasty procedure can reduce kyphosis and relieve the pain. There are few studies that have appropriate data and follow-up to evaluate the effect of deformity correction on pulmonary function after the kyphoplasty procedure. The current study explores changes of pulmonary function of 30 older women who suffered from OVCFs in the thoracolumbar segment after kyphoplasty. After kyphoplasty was performed on these women, thoracic kyphotic angle, local kyphotic angle, pain scores, and pulmonary function parameters—vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured. All measurements were taken before, 3 days after, and 1 month after the kyphoplasty. The height of the vertebral body was restored, the local kyphotic angle was improved, and pain scores were significantly decreased after kyphoplasty. FVC and MVV were significantly increased 3 days after the procedures; whereas only MVV had gone on to improve 1 month later. The decreased values of pain scores had a remarkably positive correlation with the percentage of improvement of FVC (r0.536) and MVV (r0.614) measured 3 days after kyphoplasty. In patients with OVCFs, kyphoplasty could partially improve their impaired lung function.