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We used time in target range (TTR) to characterize the long-term changes in body weight among 4468 adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes and assessed the associations of body weight TTR with cardiovascular outcomes.Participants with TTR of >50–100% achieved and maintained the target of body weight loss during the 10 years of follow-up.Higher body weight TTR was independently associated with lower risks of cardiovascular adverse events in a dose–response manner.Graphical abstract

IntroductionWe implemented a two-sample multivariable Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to estimate the causal effect of socioeconomic status and leisure sedentary behaviours on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).MethodsIndependent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with socioeconomic status and leisure sedentary behaviours at the genome-wide significance level from the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU) UK Biobank were selected as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for GERD were obtained from a recent publicly available genome-wide association involving 78 707 GERD cases and 288 734 controls of European descent. Univariable and multivariable two-sample MR analyses, using inverse variance weighted method for primary analyses, were performed to jointly evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status and leisure sedentary behaviours on GERD risk.ResultsThree socioeconomic status, including educational attainment (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.69; p<0.001), average total household income before tax (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.90; p=0.009) and Townsend Deprivation Index at recruitment (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.41; p=0.026), were independently and predominately responsible for the genetic causal effect on GERD. In addition, one leisure sedentary behaviour, such as time spent watching television, was independently and predominately responsible for genetic causal effect on GERD (OR 3.74; 95% CI 2.89 to 4.84; p<0.001). No causal effects of social activities and driving on GERD were observed.ConclusionsGenetically predicted Townsend Deprivation Index at recruitment and leisure watching television were causally associated with increased risk of GERD, and age at completion of full-time education and average total household income before tax were causally associated with decreased risk of GERD.

Graphical AbstractIncreasing triglyceride-glucose index is associated with higher risk of incident heart failure.

To assess whether the presence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction denoted by low heart rate variability (HRV) modifies the effect of intensive glycemic therapy on outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.