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Distinguishing between internal and external defects is extremely important for defect evaluation, but it is difficult for traditional methods to distinguish between internal and external defects in thick-walled ferromagnetic components effectively. In this article, a method based on a stepped array sensor is proposed for distinguishing internal and external defects in thick-walled ferromagnetic components. Theoretical modeling and simulation analysis show that the magnetic permeability perturbation testing (MPPT) signals of internal and external defects show different trends as the sensor size increases. Experiments show that the method can distinguish between $1 \times 1$ mm internal and external defects in a ferromagnetic plate with a thickness of 12 mm. In addition, this method has shown good performance when applied to ferromagnetic components of different thicknesses (including 8, 10, and 12 mm), and the magnetization state has no effect on the change trend. It is worth noting that it can distinguish defects with a depth of 8.3% of the total plate thickness, ensuring accurate and reliable detection. This method has no need for prior knowledge of the parameters of the ferromagnetic components and the optimum magnetization strength, which is of greater practical value.

There is a critical unmet need for safe and efficacious neoadjuvant treatment for cisplatin-ineligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Here we launched a phase 1b study using the combination of intravesical cretostimogene grenadenorepvec (oncolytic serotype 5 adenovirus encoding granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor) with systemic nivolumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with cT2-4aN0-1M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The primary objective was to measure safety, and the secondary objective was to assess the anti-tumor efficacy as measured by pathologic complete response along with 1-year recurrence-free survival. No dose-limiting toxicity was encountered in 21 patients enrolled and treated. Combination treatment achieved a pathologic complete response rate of 42.1% and a 1-year recurrence-free survival rate of 70.4%. Pathologic response was associated with baseline free E2F activity and tumor mutational burden but not PD-L1 status. Although T cell infiltration was broadly induced after intravesical oncolytic immunotherapy, the formation, enlargement and maturation of tertiary lymphoid structures was specifically associated with complete response, supporting the importance of coordinated humoral and cellular immune responses. Together, these results highlight the potential of this combination regimen to enhance therapeutic efficacy in cisplatin-ineligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, warranting additional study as a neoadjuvant therapeutic option. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04610671.

Plant pathogenic fungi and viruses are seriously threatening agricultural production. There is an urgent need to develop novel fungicides and antiviral agents with low toxicity and high efficiency. In this study, we designed and synthesized 32 thiazole-, hydrazone-, and amide-containing derivatives of laurene and systematically evaluated their antiviral activities and fungicidal activities. Structure-simplified compounds 5a–5c, 5i, 5k, 5l, 11a, 11j, and 12cdisplayed higher antiviral activities than that of ningnanmycin. Compound 11awith a simple chemical structure, convenient synthetic route, and excellent antiviral activity emerged as a secondary lead compound. The docking results show that compounds 5i, 5k, and 11ahave strong interactions with the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV CP). These compounds also exhibited significant fungicidal activities. Compounds 5g, 5k, 11j, and 11ldisplayed 9.15–17.45 μg/mL EC50values against Pyricularia grisea, and compounds 5h(EC50: 8.01 μg/mL) and 11i(EC50: 15.23 μg/mL) exhibited a similar level of EC50values with chlorothalonil (EC50: 7.33 μg/mL) against Physalospora piricola. Preliminary fungicidal mechanism research indicated that compound 5hhas a certain destructive effect on the hyphae of P. piricola. This work lays a foundation for the application of laurene derivatives in plant protection.

Jujube witches’ broom (JWB) phytoplasmas parasitize the sieve tubes of diseased phloem and cause an excessive proliferation of axillary shoots from dormant lateral buds to favour their transmission. In previous research, two JWB effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, were identified to induce lateral bud outgrowth by disrupting ZjBRC1-mediated auxin flux. However, the pathogenesis of JWB disease remains largely unknown. Here, tissue-specific transcriptional reprogramming was examined to gain insight into the genetic mechanisms acting inside jujube lateral buds under JWB phytoplasma infection. JWB phytoplasmas modulated a series of plant signalling networks involved in lateral bud development and defence, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. JWB-induced bud outgrowth was accompanied by downregulation of ABA synthesis within lateral buds. ABA application rescued the bushy appearances of transgenic Arabidopsisoverexpressing SJP1and SJP2in Col-0 and ZjBRC1in the brc1-2mutant. Furthermore, the expression of ZjBRC1and ABA-related genes ZjHB40and ZjNCED3was negatively correlated with lateral main bud outgrowth in decapitated healthy jujube. Molecular evidence showed that ZjBRC1 interacted with ZjBRC2 via its N-terminus to activate ZjHB40and ZjNCED3expression and ABA accumulation in transgenic jujube calli. In addition, ZjBRC1widely regulated differentially expressed genes related to ABA homeostasis and ABA signalling, especially by binding to and suppressing ABA receptors. Therefore, these results suggest that JWB phytoplasmas hijack the ZjBRC1-mediated ABA pathways to stimulate lateral bud outgrowth and expansion, providing a strategy to engineer plants resistant to JWB phytoplasma disease and regulate woody plant architecture to promote crop yield and quality.

The highly effective decarboxylative sp‐sp2coupling of alkynylcarboxylic acids with various aryl halides was carried in the presence of low‐cost and readily available copper(I) iodide/iron(III) acetylacetonate under ligand‐free and palladium‐free conditions using low catalyst loadings. This protocol makes such coupling reactions more practical and useful.

Highly selective couplingof aryl halides with terminal alkynes can be conducted using low‐cost and readily available [Cu(acac)2]⋅H2O under palladium‐ and amine‐free conditions. This protocol makes the typical Sonogashira reaction more practical and useful (TBAB=tetrabutyl ammonium bromide; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide; see scheme).

Highly effective palladium‐catalyzed Heck‐type couplings of hypervalent iodine reagents are reported for the first time. It is noteworthy that such reactions could be carried out in the absence of ligand at 40 °C and the catalytic system could be easily reused for five times.

The reaction of aryl iodides with a variety of reactive olefins is successfully achieved in the presence of Bu4NF.

The double bond geometry of the vinyl halide (I) and (V) is retained during the reaction.

It provides an efficient method to prepare a number of diarylalkynes.

The protocol employed to perform the Cu(I)‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling between alkyl and aryl halides with alkynoic acids (II) provides an alternative to traditional Pd‐catalysts for these transformations.

The Fe/Cu cocatalyzed coupling of diiodoarenes (I) with phenols (IV) or benzenethiol (II) provides an efficient access towards dimeric arylethers (V) or thioethers (III).